力学专业英语考试重点整理
[新版]力学专业英语
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字号：大中小力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopicmechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopicmechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method,Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundationsystem静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section 通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-oceaninteraction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect 简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressuretechnique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium 热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion 电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference 第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow 磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamicstability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold。
力学专业 英语词汇
专业英语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。
材料力学专业英语1
Test Specimens
试样
样品
The axial loading shown in Fig. 1-2(a) occurs frequently in structural and machine 夹具 design problems. To simulate this loading in the 电力地 laboratory, a test specimen is held in the grips of either an electrically driven gear-type testing machine or a hydraulic machine. Both of these machines are commonly used in materials 液压的 testing laboratories for applying axial tension.
Normal Stress
法应力
应力
Instead of speaking of the internal force acting on some比较的 element of area, it is small better for comparative purposes to treat the normal force acting over a unit area of the 把…称作 cross section. The intensity of normal force per unit area is termed the normal stress and is expressed in units of force per unit area, e,g., 1N/m2.
力学专业英语force-free
力学专业英语force-free力学是一门研究物体运动和力的学科，涉及到许多复杂的术语和概念。
其中force-free是力学专业中的一个重要术语，本文将从力学专业英语force-free的含义、应用领域和相关概念等方面进行介绍。
一、force-free的含义1. 定义force-free是力学中的一个术语，指的是物体受到的所有力的合力为零的状态。
也就是说，物体在force-free的情况下，受到的所有外力和内力的合力为零，不会引起物体的运动或变形。
2. 数学表达式在力学中，force-free可以用数学表达式来描述，即ΣF = 0，其中ΣF 表示受到的所有力的合力，为零表示物体处于force-free的状态。
3. 物理意义force-free表示物体受到的力平衡，不会引起物体的加速度或变形。
在实际应用中，force-free的状态往往是研究物体受力情况、力的平衡和静力学等问题的基础。
二、force-free的应用领域1. 结构工程在结构工程中，force-free的概念被广泛应用。
在建筑物的设计和构建过程中，需要考虑建筑结构在受力时是否处于force-free的状态，以确保结构的稳定和安全。
2. 地质学在地质学领域，force-free的概念也具有重要意义。
地质构造的形成和演化过程中，地球的受力情况往往是复杂的，因此需要通过研究force-free状态来理解地质现象的机制和规律。
3. 物质科学在材料科学和工程中，force-free的概念也有着重要的应用。
在材料的强度和稳定性研究中，需要考虑材料在受力时是否处于force-free 的状态，以评估材料的性能和可靠性。
三、相关概念1. 力的平衡force-free的概念与力的平衡密切相关。
力的平衡是指受力物体的合力为零的状态，即ΣF = 0，也就是force-free的情况。
力的平衡是力学研究的基础之一，对于研究物体的受力情况和力的平衡状态具有重要意义。
专业英语工程力学
专业英语工程力学第一篇：专业英语工程力学1.In the finite element method ,the actual continuum or body of matter like solid ,liquid orgasis represented as an assemblage of subdivisions called finite elements.these elements areconsidered to be interconnected at specified joints which are called nodes or nodal points.the nodes usually lie on the element boundaries where adjacent elements are considered to be connected.在有限元方法中，本来连续体物质像固体液体气体被看做是一个划分后有限单元的集合。
这些单元被认为是在指定的关节是相互联系的,这些关节被称为节点。
这些节点通常附着在与附近单元相联系的边界上2.With the program registered in some information support, and the data and proper controlcommands added, the program is ready to be tested by submitting it for processing.At the beginning, the program will include some errors that may be syntax errors and logic errors.Syntax errors appears because some of the rules of the language are violated.Normally these can be easily detected and corrected.Logic errors correspond to the case that a syntax error-free program is submitted for execution, but it does not produce the desired results.随着程序的编写在信息的支持下，数据和合适的控制命令的增加，这个程序快速的被测试，通过提交它给过程。
力学专业英语11 应力平衡和相容
应力平衡和相容当一个物体上作用有外力，其影响通过材料传递。
内力引起这样的结果，在物体任意截面一边的材料一般来说，在另一边的材料上施加作用力。
在考虑力通过物体的传递后，不仅要关心合力也要关心力的分布。
为了做到这样，有必要定义一个描述一点处分布力的强度。
这个量叫做应力。
为了定义固体上一点处的应力分量，必须参考通过这点的平面。
为这个参考面选择的方向是任意的，事实上，为了完全描述一点处的应力状态，至少要给出三个平面上的应力分量。
按照惯例，选作参考面的三个平面要分别垂直于三个坐标轴x1,x2,x3。
在平面垂直于坐标轴的小长方体单元的中心的应力状态，可以定义为极限值比率F ij A i，其中A i是合力量F ij作用的平面的面积。
由于在单元的三个面的每一个面上有三个应力分量，总共有九个应力分量。
由于应力与作用在物体内部面上的合力有关，利用力学定律可以获得平衡条件。
正如F=ma必须适用于整个物体，它也必须适用于物体的小单元。
作用在物体上的合力和力偶可以表达成作用在每一个面上的应力分量和平面面积的形式。
如果除了应力，还有作用在物体上的每单位体积的力，例如重力、静电力或者磁力，将会有额外的力作用在物体上。
这个力叫做体力。
在每一个坐标方向上，作用在单元上的合力必须等于单元的质量乘以在那个方向上的加速度，因此在x1方向，可以得到ðσ11ðx1+ðσ21ðx2+ðσ31ðx3+X i=ρa11，式中X i是体力分量，ρ是物体的质量密度。
对x2,x3方向力求和可以得到类似的方程。
单元必须服从，合扭矩等于角动量的变化率这样一个条件。
由于当单元的尺寸变为零是，惯性矩在极限情况下将为零，这个情况意味着合扭矩将消失，因此可以得到σ12=σ21,σ23=σ32,σ31=σ132。
应该强调这些平衡方程仅仅是牛顿第二定律的特殊表达形式。
所以，这些适用于所有材料，不论其所包含的材料特性类型。
力学专业英语资料(一)考研必备
I. Theoretical Mechanics理论力学Gravitational Force, Gravity重力Concurrent Force汇交力, Coplanar Force共面力Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束力，反应，被动力，内力Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静力学直角坐标分量，合力，平行四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force力的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)矢量, Scalar标量静力平衡平衡方程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒子运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有角的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动力学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中心Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向心力II. Mechanics of Materials材料力学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应力应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, RelaxationBrittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨氏模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最大应力准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论Shear Force剪力, Bending Moment弯矩, Flexural Load弯曲荷载梁 Bending Stress弯曲应力, Normal Stress正应力, Shear Stress剪应力 (Horizontal/Longitudinal, Vertical/Transverse)5. Beam Neutral Axis中性轴, Flexure屈曲, Deflection挠曲Cantilever Beam悬臂梁, Simply Supported Beam简支梁, Pin-end, Fixed End固定端Uniformly/Linearly Distributed Load均布荷载, Concentrated Load集中荷载Buckling屈曲系数, Euler’s Equation欧拉方程6. Column 长细比，有效长度，临界荷载，偏心率Slenderness Ratio, Effective Length, Critical Load/Stress, Eccentricity RatioTension弹力, Compression压缩, Uniaxial/Axial Load单轴荷载7. Shaft杆, Rod长杆, Bar Inner/Outer Diameter内/外径Torsion扭转, Torque扭矩, TwistingRadial Distance辐射距离平面应变平面应力双向应力（单轴，三轴）应变能最大/小主应力8. Plane Strain, Plane Stress, Biaxial Stress (Uniaxial, Triaxial), Strain Energy, Major (Minor) Principal Stress Deformation变形, Displacement位移, Deflection偏向Stiffness, Rigidity刚度, Hardness硬度, Flexibility弹性, ComplianceDynamic Loading动力荷载, Cyclic/Fluctuating Loading脉冲荷载, Fatigue疲劳度Thermal Stress热应力/Strain/Deformation, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数Factor of Safety安全系数, Safety FactorLimit State Design极限状态设计 (Ultimate Limit State极限状态, Serviceability Limit State正常使用极限状态), Probabilistic Design概率设计III. Structural Mechanics, Structural AnalysisRod, Shaft, Bar构件Beam, Girder1. Structural Element Column, PillarPlate, Shell, MembraneShear Wall, Shear Panel2. Truss构架, 3-hinge Arch, Rigid Frame刚性框架 (Joint节点, Pin-Joint, Hinge, Node)3. Statically Determinate静定, Statically Indeterminate超静定, Degree of Static Indeterminacy, N-fold Statically Indeterminate, Degree of Freedom自由度虚功原理 Virtual Displacement, (Matrix) Displacement Method, Stiffness Method4. Virtual Work Principle Virtual Force, (Matrix) Force Method, Flexibility MethodFinite Element MethodIV. Theory of Elasticity(Differential) Equilibrium Equation, Physical Equation, Compatibility/Geometrical EquationBoundary Conditions。
力学专业英语词组+解释
拉力 tensile force正应力 normal stress切应力 shear stress静水压力 hydrostatic pressure集中力 concentrated force分布力 distributed force线性应力应变关系 linear relationship between stress andstrain弹性模量 modulus of elasticity横向力 lateral force transverse force轴向力 axial force拉应力 tensile stress压应力 compressive stress平衡方程 equilibrium equation静力学方程 equations of static比例极限 proportional limit应力应变曲线 stress-strain curve拉伸实验 tensile test‘屈服应力 yield stress极限应力 ultimate stress轴 shaft梁 beam纯剪切 pure shear横截面积 cross-sectional area挠度曲线 deflection curve曲率半径 radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数 reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴 longitudinal axis悬臂梁 cantilever beam简支梁 simply supported beam微分方程 differential equation惯性矩 moment of inertia静矩 static moment扭矩 torque moment弯矩 bending moment弯矩对x的导数 derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数 the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁 statically determinate beam静不定梁 statically indeterminate beam相容方程 compatibility equation补充方程 complementary equation中性轴 neutral axis圆截面 circular cross section两端作用扭矩 twisted by couples at two ends刚体 rigid body扭转角 twist angle静力等效 statically equivalent相互垂直平面 mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心 through the centroid of the cross section 一端铰支 pin support at one end一端固定 fixed at one end弯矩图 bending moment diagram剪力图 shear force diagram剪力突变 abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移 rotation and translation虎克定律 hook’s law边界条件 boundary condition初始位置 initial position、力矩面积法 moment-area method绕纵轴转动 rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标 abscissa扭转刚度 torsional rigidity拉伸刚度 tensile rigidity剪应力的合力 resultant of shear stress正应力的大小 magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏 brittle fail对称平面 symmetry plane刚体的平衡 equilibrium of rigid body约束力 constraint force重力 gravitational force实际作用力 actual force三维力系 three-dimentional force system合力矩 resultant moment标量方程 scalar equation、矢量方程 vector equation张量方程 tensor equation汇交力系 cocurrent system of forces任意一点 an arbitrary point合矢量 resultant vector反作用力 reaction force反作用力偶 reaction couple转动约束 restriction against rotation平动约束 restriction against translation运动的趋势 tendency of motion绕给定轴转动 rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动 move in a direction控制方程 control equation共线力 collinear forces平面力系 planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力 unknown reaction forces参考框架 frame of reference大小和方向 magnitude and direction几何约束 geometric restriction刚性连接 rigidly connected运动学关系 kinematical relations运动的合成 superposition of movement固定点 fixed point平动的叠加 superposition of translation刚体的角速度 angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学 particle dynamics运动微分方程 differential equation of motion工程实际问题 practical engineering problems变化率 rate of change动量守恒 conservation of linear momentum定性的描述 qualitative description点线 dotted line划线 dashed line实线 solid line矢量积 vector product点积 dot product极惯性矩 polar moment of inertia角速度 angular velocity角加速度 angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率。
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力学专业英语考试重点整理一、单词：英译汉、汉译英Centroid 质心，形心Elasticity 弹力，弹性Linear 线性的，直线的Prismatic 棱镜的，棱柱形的Strain 应变Stress 应力Tension 张力，拉力，拉紧Alloy 合金Aluminium 铝Ductile 易延展的，韧性的Failure 失败，破坏，失效Lateral 侧面的，横向的Necking 颈缩Couple 力偶Cylinder 圆筒，圆筒状物Inertia 惯性，惯量，惰性Shaft 轴，杆状物Torsion 扭矩Cantilever 悬臂梁，伸臂Neutral 中性的Statics 静力学，静止状态，静态Symmetry 对称Transverse 横向的，横断的Astronomer 天文学家Galaxy 天河，银河，星系Planet 行星Collinear 共线的，在同一直线上的Dimension 尺寸，大小，维数Equate 使相等，等同Parameter 参量，参数Visualize 想象，形象化，使看得见Acceleration 加速度Dynamics 动力学Stationary 不动的，稳定的，定常的Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Angular 角的，角度的Coordinate 坐标Radian 弧度Shaft 轴Symbol 符号Conservation 守恒，保存Differentiation 微分Integration 积分，集成，一体化Interval 间隔，间隙，空隙Linear 直线的，线性的，一次的Moment 力矩，瞬间，片刻Vector 矢量Velocity 速度Derivative 导数，派生的Frequency 频率Friction 摩擦Magnitude 大小，量级Power 力量，乘方，幂Viscous 黏性的Continuum 连续体，连续统Rectangular 矩形的，成直角的Resultant 合成的，合力，合量Torque 扭转力，扭矩Dilatation 膨胀，扩张Distortion 扭曲，变形Isotropic 各向同性的Tensor 张量Coordinate 坐标Crack 裂缝Curvature 曲率Ellipse 椭圆Formula 公式Function 函数，功能Buckle 屈曲，皱曲，弄弯，翘曲Deflection 挠曲，偏向Wrinkle 皱纹，皱褶，起皱Factor 因数，系数Flexural 弯曲的，挠曲的Notch 缺口，凹槽，刻痕Vibrate 振动（v）Vibration 振动（n）Detector 发现者，侦察器，探测器，检波器Vacuum 真空，空间，真空的，产生真空的Other than 除了二、句子：英译汉1、The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of a prismatic bar. As shown in Fig. 1, a prismatic bar is one that has constant cross section throughout its length and a straight axis. In this illustration the bar is assumed to be loaded at its ends by axial forces P that produce a uniform stretching, or tension, of the bar.翻译：应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。
一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。
在这个实例中，假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F，并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。
2、By making an artificial cut (section mm) through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate part of the bar as a free body [see Fig. 1(b)]. At the left-hand end the tensile force P is applied, and at the other end there are forces representing the action of the removed portion of the bar upon the part that remains. These forces will be continuously distributed over the cross section, analogous to the continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure over a submerged surface.翻译：通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm，我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。
在左端施加有拉力P，在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。
这些力是连续分布在横截面的，类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。
3、We are so used to our life on the surface of the earth that it can be quite an effort for our minds to break free of all the ideas that we take for granted. We talk about ‘up’and ‘down’ , but we know that what is ‘down’ for us is ‘up’ for someone else on theother side of the world. We can feel that things are heavy, and we often think of ‘weight’ as being a fixed quality in an object, but it is not really fixed at all. If you could take a one-pound packet of butter 4,000 miles out from the earth, it would weigh only a quarter of a pound.翻译：我们是如此熟悉在地球表面上的生活，以至于需要很努力才能从心理打破我们认为理所当然的观点。
我们谈论“上”和“下”，但是我们知道对于我们来说是“上”，对于世界另一边的人来说就是“下”。
我们可以感受到物体很重，并且我们经常认为“重量”是物体固定的量，但是它不总是固定的。
如果你把一1磅。
包一磅重的黄油带到离地球4000英里的地方，它将只有44、Why would things weigh only a quarter as much as they do at the surface of the earth if we took them 4,000 miles out into space? The reason is this : all objects have a natural attraction for all other objects, this is called gravitational attraction. But the power of attraction between tow objects gets weaker as they get farther apart.1？理由翻译：为什么我们把物体带到空中4000英里处，它的重量只有地表时的4是：所有的物体对于其他的物体都有自然的吸引力，这叫做万有引力。
但是两个物理间吸引的程度会随着他们愈来愈远，变的愈来愈弱。
5、What about the weight of our one-pound packet of butter on the surface of the moon? On the moon there will be an attraction between the butter and the moon, but the butter will weigh only about one sixth as much as it does on the earth. This is because the moon is so much smaller than the earth. The amount of gravitational pull that a body produces depends on the amount of material in it. So this is one of the first things we need to remember: that the weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the surface of the earth.翻译：一包一磅重的黄油在月球上的重量又是多少呢？在月球上，黄油和月球之1。
这是因为月球比地球小的多。
物体产间有吸引力，但是黄油只有地球上重量的6生的引力值取决于它自身材料的数量。
因此这是我们首先需要记住的事情：物体在太空中的重量与在地球表面的重量是不同的。
6、When a medium is disturbed by the passage of a wave through it, the particles comprising the medium are caused to vibrate. To take a simple example, corks floating on the surface of a pond will bob up and down owing to the influence of water waves. The bob of a simple pendulum and the weight hanging freely from the end of a spring are other examples of particles which may be set in vibration, and most readers will have a good mental picture of these vibrate.翻译：当介质由于波通过它而引起扰动时，由介质组成的质点发生振动。