2020年高考英语精选考点：阅读理解(科普类)(教师版)
2020年全国高考英语试题分类汇编：阅读之科普知识类
2020全国高考英语汇编阅读之科普知识类一（2020安徽卷）BRecordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)-either recorded or real-may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer's crops.In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops. But before she asked farmer to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, which burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a close to each family.From a distance, Lucy switched on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees. Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them. When Lucy Played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn't tested enough groups yet to know, but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers. She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.60. We know from the passage that elephants may he frightened of .A. loud noisesB. some cropsC. video camerasD. angry bees61. As mentioned in the passage, LucyA. works by herself in AfricaB. needs to test more elephant groupsC. has stopped elephants eating cropsD. has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms62. Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?A. To record the sound of bees.B. To make a video of elephants.C. To see if elephants would run away.D. To find out more about the behavior of bees.63. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Young elephants ignore African honeybees.B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.C. Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.D. Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.【考点】考察科普知识类阅读【文章大意】本文讲述了非洲大陆的大象十分害怕蜜蜂的声音，科学家Lucy King正在研究十分可以利用这个现象来保护庄稼不受大象的侵扰。
2020年高考英语试题分类汇编 科普类阅读理解 Word版含解析
2020年高考英语试题分类汇编科普类阅读理解 Word版含解析【重庆卷】CAlmost every machine with moving parts has wheels,yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel wasinvented or what it was used for、 We do know, however, that they existed over5,500 years ago in ancient Asia、The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in2002 in Slovenia、 It is over5,100 years old、 Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didnt become popular for a while, though、 This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around、But it could also be because of a difficult situation、 While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces werent going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them、 Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later、 Therehad been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design、In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road from miceto dogs, cats, and humans、 So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure、 But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet、If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?Because our bodies adapt to everything we do tothem、And as far as your body is concerned, it’s "useit, or lost it”! Its not that exercise makes you healthy; its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weakand easily affected by disease、46、 What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?A、 Blue、B、 Light yellow、C、 Red、D、 Dark reddish purple、47、 Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?A、 Because their spine is in active use、B、 Because they are more easily affected bygravity、C、 Because they keep growing backwards、D、 Because their spine becomes more bent、48、 Which of the following statements about our brain is true?A、 In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart、B、 When our brain senses the spinning, we will fell dizzy、C、 The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans、D、 Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain、49、 What is the main purpose of the selection?A、 To give advice on how to stay healthy、B、 To provide information about our body、C、 To challenge new findings in medical research、D、 To report the latest discoveries in medical science、【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。
超实用高考英语专题复习：专题09阅读理解之科普类(原卷版)高考英语热点题型归纳与变式演练(全国通用)
阅读理解之科普类-高考英语热点题型归纳与变式演练（全国通用）距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
目录一、热点题型归纳........................................................................................................................................................【题型一】寻找最佳标题或主旨题....................................................................................................................【题型二】推理判断题（包括写作目的题）....................................................................................................【题型三】作者的观点态度题............................................................................................................................【题型四】例证题................................................................................................................................................二、最新模考题组练....................................................................................................................................................科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，每四篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章，有的省份的考题甚至出现两篇科普文章，以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。
2020高考英语 分项突破训练阅读理解精析精练08 科普知识类
2020;2020高考英语分项突破训练·阅读理解精析精练科普知识类【精选试题】名校模拟题及其答案Last week, we explained that the planet Mars has passed “opposition.”It passed a point opposite the Sun. This week, we tell about the planet’s surprising motion(运动)among the stars.For thousands of years, people have recognized that planets travel among the stars. The planets generally follow the path taken by the Sun through the sky. The Sun’s path is called the ecliptic. The groups of stars along the ecliptic are called the Zodiac.The motion of the planets can be confusing at times. Everyone knows the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. But this is caused by the turning motion of the Earth. Planets generally move from west to east.However, Mars will appear to move backward for about two months this year. This happens because the Earth is overtaking Mars on its way around the Sun. Mars began its backward, or westward, motion on May 11th, It will start moving eastward again on July 19th.Mars’ apparent motion has been a mystery to astronomers for hundreds of years. Most early theories of the solar system argued that the Sun and planets turned around the Earth. But the sudden westward motion of Mars presented a problem. Why would Mars move west for two months when it nears “opposition”?In 1543, a Polish church worker named Nicolas Copernicus published a different theory. His theory said the Earth and planets moved around the Sun in perfectly circular orbits. Copernicus’ theory was simpler. But his Sun – centered system still did not explain the observed motion of Mars very well.Finally, a German mathematician named Johannes Kepler published a complete theory of the motion of the planets in 1619. He had carefully studied the motion of Mars for many years.Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets do not move in circular orbits around the sun. Instead, they travel in flattened orbits called ellipses. Mars’ elliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size.During the next several weeks, you can see for yourself why the mysterious motion of Mars has caused so many people to wonder.(1) From the passage we can learn that .A．the sun and planets generally travel westwardB．Kepler studied the orbit of the planets in 1619C．Copernicus’ theory well explained the motion of MarsD．the Earth’s turning motion causes the sun to rise in the east(2) On July 19th Mars .A．will pass the “opposition”B．appears to change its direction againC．will begin to move westward D．appears to change its orbit again(3) Why does Mars appear to be bigger and brighter when it passes “opposition”?A．It is overtaking the earth. B．It follows the path of the sun.C．It moves in an elliptical orbit. D．It travels in a circular orbit.(4) What is the best title for the passage?A．The Recent Research into Mars B．The Surprising Motion of MarsC．The Great Discovery on Mars D．The Wonderful Mystery of Mars【文章大意】本文属于科普性质的文章，主要说了行星令人惊奇的运动。
2020届高考英语二轮复习常考题型大通关(全国卷)：阅读理解---科教科普类
1、 A large male emperor penguin waddles(蹒跚行走) slowly across the ice to the water. He dives deep into the cold salt water and then springs back onto the ice. Nearby a female penguin sleeps as her baby rests on the top of her feet. The penguins are enjoying another beautiful day of sunshine and freezing temperatures in the Penguin Encounter, a special home built for them in sunny California.The Penguin Encounter is located at SeaWorld in San Diego. It was built to help study the emperor penguin,the l argest of all penguins. The emperor penguins’ natural home is in the Antarctic, near the South Pole. Increases in Earth’s temperatures could cause large amounts of ice to break up. Scientists feared that this drastic(剧烈的) change in the environment could destroy the emperor penguins’ nesting areas. This would cause the number of emperor penguins to greatly decrease. A new home for them seemed to be the perfect solution.Scientists wanted to make the Penguin Encounter a comfortable home for the black-and-white feathered birds. A team of scientists was sent to the Antarctic to learn more about the emperor penguins Scientist Frank Todd led the team. Todd is an expert on penguins. He has spent more than 25 years studying them.Getting close to the emperor penguins in the Antarctic wasn’t difficult for the group of scientists. Sometimes they would waddle close to Todd and his team. The scientists concluded that this behavior could be the result of poor eyesight. Penguins are nearsighted, which allows them to see better in the water than on land. Another possible reason for their behavior was that they had little to fear on the ice. Their enemies, such as leopard seals and killer whales,hunt mainly in the water.Todd and his team spent many months studying the diet and social habits of the emperor penguins. It was easy to get close to the penguins, but it wasn't easy to study them.In the Antarctic, the temperature rarely rises above zero degree, which is perfect for penguins, hut not for scientists. Once Todd and his team had finally gathered enough information, they made plans for a new home in California for a number of emperor penguins. Scientists hoped to study the birds in conditions that were more scientist-friendly. When the "new Antarctic" was completed, Todd and his team brought several hundred emperor penguins to California from the Antarctic. 1.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word in the first paragraph?A.Moves.B.Jumps.C.Holds.D.Flies.2.Why did scientists need to study penguins in the Antarctic before building the Penguin Encounter?A.They were afraid that the emperor penguins’ homes would be destroyed.B.They wanted the Penguin Encounter just to be like the emperor penguins' natural home.C.They wanted to see how the emperor penguins reacted to the rising temperatures.D.They knew it would take long to gather enough emperor penguins for the Penguin Encounter.3.Why do emperor penguins have little to fear on the ice?A.It is easy to see their enemies on the white ice.B.Their enemies usually hunt in the water.C.They can easily escape on the smooth ice.D.It is too cold for other animals to survive on the ice.4.The passage mainly emphasizes _______.A.scientists working as a team in the AntarcticB.a science team finding a way to stop global wanningC.how to protect the emperor penguins at Sea WorldD.scientists building a special home to learn more about the emperor penguins2、From the moment you open your eyes in the morning, you can feel sweat (汗水)running down your body, even if you're barely moving at all. That's what most people in China felt like this summer. In fact, the entire northern hemisphere(半球)saw high temperatures in July. The Arctic Circle(北极圈) was no exception(例外). Temperatures in the city of Norilsk, which is in the Arctic Circle, reached a record high of 32 ℃, The Atlantic reported. Temperatures there are usually just 10 ℃at this time of the year.The heat wave in the Arctic is mainly a long-term result of global warming, according to the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. In fact, while the whole world is getting warmer, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This is called the polar amplification effect（极地放大效应）.The most direct impact（影响）of Arctic warming is the melting of Arctic ice. According to NASA, Arctic sea ice is now disappearing at a rate of 13.2 percent every 10 years. NASA said that if this continues, the Arctic will have no ice by the year 2040. This has put some Arctic animals,like polar bears, in danger. The ice that the bears live on has shrunk(缩小), the Toronto Star reported.Melting ice can also cause sea levels to rise in the long term. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a rate of 3.2 cm every 10 years, the Guardian reported. Some countries, such as Tuvalu（图瓦鲁）in the South Pacific Ocean and Maldives（马尔代夫）in the Indian Ocean, are at risk of disappearing into the sea.1. Which of the following is true?A. Some countries in the ocean will disappear in 10 years.B. China is the hottest in the northern hemisphere this summer.C. The temperatures in Norilsk used to be lower than this summer.D. The world gets warmer because of the heat wave in the Arctic.2. What does the underlined word "this" in the third paragraph refer to?A. The heat wave in the ArcticB. The result of global warmingC. Getting warmer in the worldD. The Arctic getting warm faster3. What may be the result of the melting of Arctic ice?A. The polar will become dangerousB. Sea levels rise in the long termC. There will be an end of water shortageD. There will be no ice in the world by 20404. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Heat hits ArcticB. Arctic animals are in dangerC. The world became hotter than beforeD. Some countries may disappear into the sea3、Why are photos and videos of cats high-fiving suddenly popping up on social media?Ask Jackson Galaxy, who launched Cat Pawsitive last year, a program that encourages animal shelters to teach cats how to do tricks to make them more attractive for adoption.The idea is simple. A kitty that can sit on command or give a high five shows that it can listen to instructions and connect with others. A high five can make a shy cat open up, Galaxy said.“Big life changes can lead to cats losing their conf idence, and we help those cats to feel more confident and to feel safe interacting with new people.” Christie Rogero, program manager for Cat Pawsitive, said.And Stephen Holdeman, training manager at the KC Pet Project, added: “All we need to train a cat to do tricks is the right amount of patience, timing and motivation.” He uses a technique called “operant conditioning (操作性条件反射)”, which associates a cat’s action with getting a reward such as a favorite food or treat.He also uses a clicker—a training dev ice that makes a clicking noise. “In the initial stage, we get the cat used to the idea that when it hears the sound of the clicker, one of its favorite treats appears. After we have bridged these two ideas together we can use the clicker to reinforcediff erent actions the cat does to let it know that if it repeats the action, it will get a treat.”After several repetitions, the cat starts to link everything together. Now all you need to do is let your extended hand be the target, and we’ve got a high five.1.According to the text, how can learning tricks benefit cats at animal shelters?A.It is a good way for shelters to raise money.B.It allows them to pick up skills to stay safe.C.It helps them interact more with each other.D.It helps them build confidence and get adopted.2.According to the text, what should be done from the start to train cats to learn tricks?A.Teaching them different actions.B.Teaching them how to use a clicker.C.Making them patient enough to repeat actions.D.Helping them connect the sound of a clicker with treats.3.What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A.recordB.strengthenC.ignoreD.reward4.What is the main purpose of the article?A.To explain how to train cats to perform tricks.B.To show how cats are treated at animal shelters.C.To describe the popularity of cats on social media.D.To inform us of a program that trains cats to do tricks.4、The majority of people on this planet live through ego(自我意识). They feel that they are themselves special, apart from the crowd in some way. Also, they aren't willing to acknowledgeother people's specialness, and feel that they are threatened by the people who are different from them.Besides, there are many different 'exclusive clubs' which people join under certain conditions, like Colour of skin clubs, Sports clubs, and so on. What many people fail to acknowledge, however, is that there is in fact only one club The Human Being club.Our diversity is what makes life interesting. I love watching people who dance or create music beautifully, draw out emotions through their acting skills, or are accomplished athletes. I also understand myself well enough to know that I don't have enough passion for any of these things to make the sacrifices necessary to come close to their level of excellence.I believe that it is human nature to communicate and cooperate with people who are like us, but what a lot of people see as 'like us' is narrowed down to very superficial(表面) characteristics.I remember my Jamaican friend's sister being most put out. She had been the only black woman in her company and then another black woman was employed. They were automatically put to work together because they were both black and obviously had a lot in common - so thought the employer! The truth was that they had nothing in common, didn't come from the same country and actively disliked each other. It's always a mistake to assume anything on a purely superficial basis.I have many friends who are members of a variety of the above mentioned clubs and each one of them has taught me so much about different cultures and life styles, and has enriched my life in the process. I encourage anyone to strike up a conversation with someone who doesn't look like them - you might be surprised at exactly how much you have in common.1.According to the first two paragraphs people tend to _________.A.feel they are specialB.feel they are lack of egoC.admit others are specialD.admit only one club exist2.How is the Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A.By analyzing causes.B.By setting an example.C.By giving a description.D.By making comparisons.3.The author mentioned his Jamaican friend’s sister to show ___________.A.black women have a lot in common indeedB.it is human nature to cooperate with peopleC.people understand “like us” in a narrow wayD.people often make mistakes in judging others4.What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?A.To enrich their own life.B.To join an exclusive club.C.To talk to different people.D.To experience different life.5、People generally like to feel happy, but achieving a state of happiness takes time and effort. Aekyoung Kim of Rutgers University in the U.S. and Sam Maglio of the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada have conducted four studies in which they studied how the pursuit of happiness as well as the state of being happy influenced people’s perception (看法) of time.In the studies, some participants were either instructed to list things that would make them happier or asked to try to make themselves feel happy while watching a boring movie about building bridges, thus showing happiness as a goal to pursue. The other participants came to think of happiness as a goal that they had already accomplished, achieved by watching a comedy or listing things showing that they were already happy. Afterwards, all participants reported how much free time they felt they had.The researchers’ main finding showed that a person’s perception of time scarcity (缺乏) is influenced by their pursuit of (often unattainable) happiness. The feeling that time was scarce became less strong for participants who said that they had attained their goal of being happy to some degree.“Time seems to disappear during the pursuit of happiness, but only when it’s seen as a goal requiring continued pursuit,” explain the researchers. “This finding suggests that the pursuit of happiness can destroy well-being.” According to the researchers, the finding implies that while happiness can hurt positive emotions, it need not necessarily do so. Instead, if someone believes they have achieved happiness, they are left with the time to appreciate this. The research further explains that people have different concepts about happiness, which in turn may well influence how they perceive the time they have to achieve happiness.“Because going through experiences and sharing feelings require more time compared with only, for example, buying material goods, feeling that time is lacking also leads people to prefer material possessions rather th an enjoying pleasant experiences,” the researchers continue. “Encouraging people to worry less about pursuing happiness as a never-ending goal might just end up giving them more time and, in turn, more happiness.”1.The tasks given to the two groups of participants differ in __________.A.how they spent their free timeB.how they drew up shopping listsC.what kind of movies interested themD.whether they had acquired happiness2.We can infer from the finding in Paragraph 4 that __________.A.happiness is determined by timeB.happiness is a matter of choiceC.happiness is a never-ending goalD.happiness can hurt positive emotions3.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A.Will time-saving tasks make you happier?B.Is emotion management training necessary?C.Can pursuing happiness make you unhappy?D.Should you express your unhappiness in hard times?6、A culture's values can be mirrored by its humor.Humor has been evaluated by many great minds such as Thomas Hobbes,who disliked humor,"Laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from some sudden thought of feeling far better than others."He thought humor to be a negative quality of human narrow-mindedness.However, Mordechai Gordon,PhD of Education,insists,"Humor allows us to view the world from an angle that is amusing rather than serious."I agree with Gordon.Learning to look at the world through humour is important.In the United States,every four years an election occurs.Without humor as a way to express their feelings,how else would Americans keep from clawing their eyes out and going the way of lemming? Television shows like“The Daily Show”have become important parts of American culture.They are mothering the masses by metaphorically airplane-ing politics into our mouths.They make politics fun.Of course,politics is only one type of humor.Social humor helps people through the twists andturns of the human condition.American pop culture promotes an unhealthy self-image.On the topic of self-image,Hari Kondabolu stands out.He has a joke about the popular musical group“The Pussycat Dolls”,describing their hit song"Don't Cha”as a negative representation of women.He points out an obvious offence in American culture.A study from Loyola University of Maryland has shown that humor is one determining factor for selecting a mating partner.Amongst other things,mates look for an outstanding funny bone in apotential partner.Of course,humor is not always used for good purposes.Humor can be linked to vulgarity and racism,but,like everything else,it has potential to unite human beings by allowing us to laugh at ourselves,our failures and our connection with one another.Though life may seem tough and depressing at times,all I have to do is look in the mirror at my increased wrinkles to know that there is a comedy out there that even Chaplin wasn't aware of.With that in mind,remember to laugh with humanity and sometimes at humanity.1.Hobbes believed that humor___________.A.was only a way to laugh at others to make oneself feel betterB.resulted in narrow-mindedness of human beingsC.had the power to mirror personal glory and national valuesD.was for people to view the world from another angle2.What is the author's attitude towards political humor?A.Worried.B.Disappointed.C.Curious.D.Appreciative.3.The fourth paragraph is developed mainlyA.by exampleB.by processC.by comparisonD.by classification4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.Chaplin wasn't aware of being laughed at.B.The author feels helpless and sad about getting older.C.Never be the one who laughs at other people.D.The author is determined to face life with a sense of humor.7、Sharks use their good sense of smell to search for prey(猎物). But a new study shows that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean could reduce sharks' ability to find food. It's bad news for a healthy ocean. Sharks are top predators(掠食动物) and are like the ocean’s weed controllers.Dixson works at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. Her earlier work has shown that clown fish in acidifying(酸化的) water act strangely. “We want to expand thisresearch to sharks because we know how important it is for sharks to find their food through their sense of smell," said Dixson.Her team started by placing sharks in each of three different pools for five days. Each pool had a different level of carbon dioxide in it. The first had the same amount as today s ocean water. The second had a level of carbon dioxide that scientists expect to reach by 2050. The third pool had the highest level of carbon dioxide that could develop by the year 2100.Sharks weren't allowed to eat any food while in the pools. This made sure that they would be hungry. Then, Dixson released the sharks—one at a time—into a pool with two side-by-side streams of flowing water. In one stream, the researchers pumped water, in which a dead squid had been overnight. This water smelled strongly of squid. The other stream contained ocean water with no scent(气味). Because each stream flowed at the same rate and in the same direction, the squid smell stayed in its stream. The sharks could choose to swim in either stream.Sharks that had been swimming for five days in pools of regular ocean water spent more than 60 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream. The same was true for sharks that had been in water with the carbon dioxide level that could develop by the year 2050. But sharks exposed to the highest level of carbon dioxide spent just 15 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream.1.Why did the writer mention the sharks’ smell at the beginning of the passage?A.Because the writer appreciates its ability to find food.B.Because the writer considers it dangerous to human beings.C.Because the writer intends to show how to control weed in the ocean.D.Because the writer worries about the sharks in the ocean.2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.What the ocean in the future will be like.B.Who helped Dixson conduct the study.C.What kinds of pools were used during the study.D.What the levels of carbon dioxide will be at in the ocean in the future.3.The researchers pumped water where a dead squid had been overnight to _________.A.help the sharks look for foodB.test the sharks’ sense of smellC.prove that sharks like eating squidsD.explain why carbon dioxide in the ocean affects sharks4.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph suggest?A.Sharks like the squid-scented stream better.B.Sharks like the stream with the high level of carbon dioxide.C.Sharks spent 15% of their time in the squid-scented stream.D.The high level of carbon dioxide can affect the sharks’ ability to smell.8、 Today, many people use plants from other places to design their yards. Well, do they have any influence on animals living nearby? As we know, plants supply food for things like insects and plant-eating animals. In turn, birds and meat-eating animals feed on these insects andplant-eating animals. It is easy to see how important plants are.Although foreign plants may look beautiful, they can cause problems when there are too many of them. I live in Virginia, USA, and sometimes see a plant—commonly known as Kudzu —that seems to cover everything in the area, even climbing over whole trees and houses.Kudzu is an unbelievable plant since it grows very fast. It was first brought to the United States from south-east Asia around the 1870’s as a crop that farmers could grow. However, Kudzu quickly came to be considered harmful throughout the southern United States.Since Kudzu grows fast in many different environments, it can completely cover areas of land quickly. The plant is also not eaten by any insects or birds in the United States so it can grow unchecked. Kudzu can cover trees, bushes, and even houses. It costs the United States 500 million dollars a year to just keep Kudzu from growing too fast. The plant is a perfect example of what scientists call an invasive (侵略性的) species, which grows more quickly than other native plants. All foreign plants have the possibility to spread quickly. Not only are they costly, but planting them in gardens actually takes away food from insects. If everyone filled their garden with plants native to where they live, many lovely butterflies and other native creatures would be attracted to their backyards! So, take a look out of your window — how does your garden grow?1.We can learn from the text that Kudzu in Virginia _______.A.is very popularB.is difficult to growC.can cause big troubleD.can make air cleaner2.Which of the following is TRUE of Kudzu?A.It served as food at first in America.B.It came to America in the early 19th century.C.It grows fast in Asia, but slowly in America.D.It is often eaten by insects or birds in America.3.How does the author sound when telling of these foreign plants?A.Sad.B.Worried.C.Proud.D.Excited.4.What does the author mainly discuss in the text?A.Everyone should learn to love nature.B.It is a hard job to grow plants in yards.C.Gardening has become a serious hobby.D.It is important to say no to foreign plants.9、If you have ever had a cat, or have watched one of the many funny cat videos online, you’ll know that cats have a mind of their own. A lot of the things they do are hard to understand—they like to climb up tall furniture, fit themselves in small spaces and attack small objects for no reason at all.Now scientists have managed to figure out what exactly is going on in the brains of our little friends. According to Tony Buffington, a professor at Ohio State University in the US, cats’ strange behavior largely comes from their way of life back in the wild. “Cats today still have many of the same instincts(本能) that allowed them to live in the wild for millions of years.” he said in a TED Talk. “To them, our homes are their jungles.”In the wild, cats are hunters. Their bodies and great balancing abilities allow them to climb to high spots to better look at the environment. Even though they don’t have to hunt anymore in human houses, they still keep the old habit of viewing the living room from, for example, the top of the refrigerator.Cats’ hunting instinct is also what makes them attack small things like keys and USB drives. In the wild, they hunt whatever they can get, and most of the animals they kill are small.However, cats can also be prey. This explains why they like to stay in small spaces like drawers or washing machines—they are hiding, or they think they are hiding, from more dangerous animals. This is also why cats prefer a clean box: a smelly one could easily show enemies where they are.Knowi ng how cats’ minds work is not only useful for better understanding them. It may also help cats’ owners to better meet cats’ needs. For example, owners could try to make climbing easier for cats by moving their furniture around. They could also use “food puzzles” to make eating feel more like hunting instead of just giving food to the cats.1.According to Tony Buffington, .A.cats’ strange behavior is hard for people to understandB.cats are more used to living in the wild than in humans’ homesC.cats behave strangely mainly because of some instincts in the wildD.cats’ instincts are as helpful to them today as they were millions of year ago2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Cats like to climb up high because they want to hide from dangerous animalsB.Cats attack keys and USB drives because they have a habit of hunting small animalsC.Cats enjoy staying in small spaces because they usually live in small caves in the wildD.Cats’ preference for a clean box probab ly has something to do with their hunting instincts3.The underlined word “prey” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A.an animal that is too lazyB.an animal that likes hiding gamesC.an animal that keeps itself cleanD.an animal that is hunted4.This article is mainly written to .A.explore the reasons behind cats’ strange behaviorB.describe cats’ past wild experience to readersC.tell cat owners how to make life easier for catspare cats’ behavior in human homes with that in the wild10、Runners who encounter visual and auditory(听觉的) distractions may be more likely to suffer leg injuries, according to research by the Association of Academic Physiatrists in Las Vegas. Runners often seek distractions from the task at hand. Whether it is music, texting, daydreaming, taking in the sights,or propping a book up on the treadmill(跑步机),more often than not a distraction is welcome. But, researchers from the University of Florida have recently discovered that those distractions may lead to injury.Daniel Herman, MD, assistant professor at the University of Florida, and his team conducted research on the effects of visual and auditory distractions on 14 runners to determine what effect these distractions would have on things such as the heart rate, how many times a runner breathes per minute and how much oxygen is consumed by the body.The runners were all injury-free at the time of the study and ran 31 miles each week. Dr. Herman^ team had each participant run on a treadmill three separate times. The first time was without any distractions. The second time added a visual distraction, during which the runnersconcentrated on2 a screen displaying different letters in different colors with the runners having to notice when a specific letter-color combination appeared. The third time added an auditory distraction similar to the visual distraction, with the runners having to notice when a particular word was spoken by a particular voice.When compared to running without distractions, the participants had faster application of force to their left and right legs, called the loading rate, with auditory and visual distractions. They also experienced an increased amount of force from the ground on both legs, called ground reaction force, with auditory distractions. Finally, the runners tended to breathe heavier and had higher heart rates with visual and auditory distractions than without any distractions at all.“ Running in environments with different distractions may unfavorably affect running performance and injury risk," explains Dr. Herman. "Sometimes these things cannot be avoided, but you may be able to minimize potentially cumulative(累积的) effects. For example,when running a new route in a chaotic environment such as during a marathon, you may want to skip listening to something which may require more attention—like a new playlist."Dr. Herman’s team will continue to investigate the potential relationship between distracted running and leg injuries, and any effect this relationship has on different training techniques that use auditory or visual cues.1.Paragraph 2 tells us the research ______.A.processB.questionsC.resultsD.reflection2.Based on the research, runners with auditory distractions tended to ____.A.breathe heavier and have lower heart ratesB.gain a faster speed with slower loading ratesC.apply more force with less oxygen consumptionD.get an increased amount of ground reaction force3.What can we infer from the passage?A.Running with distractions becomes uncommon nowadays.B.Listening to a new song while running guarantees performance.C.Runners are advised to minimize distractions in a destination of marathon.D.Runners are more likely to get injured in an environment without distractions.4.What is probably the next task for Dr. Herman's team?。
2020年高考英语阅读理解科普环保类专练(附答案)
2020年高考英语阅读理解科普环保类专练（附答案）一、阅读理解（共10题；共82分）1.阅读理解Water is very important to living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. We need water to drink, to cook our food and to clean ourselves. Water is needed in offices, factories and schools. Water is needed everywhere.There is water in seas, rivers and lakes. Water is found almost everywhere. Even in the desert part of the world, there is some water in the air. You can't see or feel it when it is a part of the air. The water in the seas, rivers and lakes is a liquid, the water in the air is a gas, and we call it water vapor (蒸汽).Clouds are made of water. They may be made of very small drops of water. They may also be made of snow crystals(结晶体). Snow crystals are very small crystals of ice. Ice is frozen water. It is a solid. There can be snow and ice everywhere in winter.Water may be a solid or a liquid or a gas. When it is a solid, it may be as hard as a stone. When it is a liquid, you can drink it. When it is a gas, you can not see or feel it.（1）Where can we find water?A. We can find water when it turns into vapor.B. Water can be found almost everywhere.C. We can find water in deserts here and there.D. Water is found only in seas and rivers.（2）Clouds are made of .A. seas, rivers and lakesB. blocks of iceC. solid, liquid and gasD. very small drops of water or snow crystals（3）Water has three states(状态) .A. ice, snow and airB. solid, vapor, snowC. solid, liquid and gasD. drops of water, blocks of ice and crystals of water（4）We can drink water when it is .A. a liquidB. a solidC. in the airD. turned into ice2.阅读理解Words and the way we use them offer a rare window on social and cultural trends. Kory Stamper and Peter Sokolowski know that better than most.The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典) lexicographers(词典编纂者) are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.What is a lexicographer?Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said, "Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.What do you guys do all day?Stamper: The two main duties of a lexicographer are reading and defining. We read everything: books, journals, blogs, phone books, take-out menus, and so on. What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.When we are writing or revising a dictionary, most of our time is spent defining. We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.Drafting definitions requires some training, some experience and a lot of concentration. It's very, very quiet on the editorial floor.How closely do the most looked-up words on your online dictionary seem to be related to the news or trends?Stamper: When our dictionary went online back in 1996, we could see for the first time which were the most looked-up words in English: Affect, effect and ubiquitous were the top words. It was fascinating to us-dictionary editors spend so much time writing definitions but never could have known if anyone ever read them. We could follow what people were thinking about according to what words they were looking up. Thanks to our online dictionary, we had data.（1）What do lexicographers do?A. They collect as many words as they can and edit them into a dictionary.B. They interview as many people as they can to collect new words.C. They do research about language and edit the truth about words.D. They make deep studies of social and cultural trends.（2）What's the function of lexicographers' records during their reading?A. The records show how large the dictionary is.B. The records contain what kind of things they read.C. The records are the main things to add to the database.D. The records offer the raw material to the editors.（3）Which of the following is the correct order of a lexicographer defining a word?a. Write a draft of the definition.b. Conclude the usage of the word.c. Pay attention to the new words and new senses.d. Decide whether the usage has been covered.A. adbcB. dbacC. bdcaD. cbda（4）What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Observers of the language.B. Process of making a dictionary.C. Development of language.D. Experience of editing new words.3.阅读理解I love our kitchen. It's one of the most used parts of our home. About 9 years ago we updated our kitchen and got all new collections. At the time I didn't really do a lot of research on the functions of the equipment and Ireally wish I had. There were so many different choices on the market and I ended up buying some that I didn't really like all that much and now that it's time to update them again, I'll be more careful with the ones I choose.I've had my eye on KitchenAid for a while, especially the new KitchenAid equipment at BestBuy. The new KitchenAid equipment at Best Buy has a cook-like quality without the premium price that you might expect to pay, so it won't cost you a fortune. The equipment has a professionally inspired design that is a perfect balance of good taste and functionality.With the new KitchenAid equipment you will find cooking more optional and flexible, which contributes to your amazing performance while preparing a meal. Its five-door fridge offers organized storage and easier access to food.I love these new collections and I can't think of a better time to update your kitchen than right now, because when you buy now at Best Buy you will get 18 months financing or 5% rewards on major equipment and free delivery on purchases over $399. To learn more about how to transform your kitchen with the new KitchenAid collections, be sure to visit .（1）What is the author's regret for her last update of the kitchen?A. She didn't buy the latest equipment.B. She spent little time studying how they work.C. She purchased something she didn't like at all.D. She didn't make full use of the kitchen.（2）The underlined word "premium" in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _____.A. favorableB. reasonableC. highD. special（3）Why is the author most impressed by the products of KitchenAid equipment?A. They can save electricity.B. The fridge has a large storage.C. The price is very low.D. They make cooking easy.（4）What is the purpose of this text?A. To recommend some kitchen equipment.B. To introduce a website.C. To compare prices of some goods.D. To describe a fridge.4.阅读理解We all know that listening to music can soothe emotional pain, but Taylor Swift, Jay-Z and Alicia Keys can also ease physical pain, according to a study of children and teenagers who had major surgery.The research was carried out because of a very personal experience. Sunitha Suresh was a college student when her grandmother had major surgery and was put in intensive care (重症监护). This meant her family couldn't always be with her. They decided to put her favorite music on an iPod so she could listen around the clock.It was very calming, Suresh says. “She knew that someone who loved her had left that music for her and she was in a familiar place.”Suresh could see that the music relaxed her grandmother and made her feel less anxious, but she wondered if she also felt less pain. That would make sense, because anxiety can make people more sensitive to pain. At the time Suresh was majoring in biomedical engineering with a minor (兼修) in music cognition (认知) at Northwestern University where her father, Santhanam Suresh, is a professor of pediatrics (儿科).So the father and daughter decided to do a study. And since Dr Suresh works with children, they decided to look at how music chosen by the children themselves might affect their tolerance for pain.It was a small study, involving 60 patients between 9 and 14 years old. All the patients were undergoing big operations that required them to stay in the hospital for at least a couple of days. Right after surgery, patients received narcotics (麻醉药) to control pain. The next day they were divided into three groups. One group heard 30 minutes of music of their choice, one heard 30 minutes of stories of their choice and one listened to 30 minutes of silence via noise canceling headphones.After a 30-minute session, the children who listened to music or books reduced their pain burden by 1 point on a 10-point scale. Sunitha Suresh says it's equal to taking an over-the-counter pain medication like Advil or Tylenol.The findings suggest that doctors may be able to use less pain medication for their pediatric patients. And that's a good thing, says Santhanam Suresh, as children are smaller and are more likely to suffer side effects. So the less pain medication, he says, the better.（1）What does the underlined word “soothe” in Paragraph 1 mean?A. reduceB. influenceC. stopD. ignore（2）What inspired Sunitha Suresh to do the research on the effects of music?A. Her father's study into music cognition.B. Her grandmother's experience of recovery.C. A book that claims anxiety can reduce pain.D. Her desire to find a way to help patients relieve pain. （3）During the research, all the participants _______.A. were under twelve years oldB. received narcotics to control pain after big operationsC. were required to stay in the hospital for a couple of monthsD. were divided into 3 groups to listen to the same music（4）What did Suresh and her father find out from their research?A. Listening to books didn't reduce the children's pain burden at all.B. Music was even more effective than pain medication for the children.C. Listening to music did reduce the children's pain burden to a great extent.D. The longer the children listened to music, the less pain they felt.（5）The findings are especially important for children because ________.A. they are more sensitive to music than adultsB. they can easily get addicted to pain medicationC. they usually don't like taking pain medicationD. they are more likely to suffer side effects of pain medication5.阅读理解There are lots of insects that farmers hate. But there also are some they like. They protect crops against damage from other insects. A good example is the lady beetle, which is also known as the ladybug(瓢虫)．Lady beetles are a natural control for aphids(蚜虫). Lady beetles are red, orange or black. They often have black spots, though some have light colored spots. Different kinds of lady beetles have different numbers of spots. There are lady beetles with four, five, seven and fourteen spots.Many of the well-known kinds of lady beetles come from Asia or Europe. They now are common throughout the United States.American scientists imported one kind of lady beetle, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, as early as 1916. They released them as an attempt to control some kinds of insects. Over the years, the beetle has become established, possibly helped by some that arrived with imported plants on ships.Experts say over 450 kinds of lady beetles are found in North America. Some are native to the area. Others have been brought from other places. Almost all are helpful to farmers.The Asian lady beetles now in the United States probably came from Japan. The Asian lady beetle eats aphids that damage crops like soybeans, fruits and berries.In the southern United States, Asian lady beetles have reduced the need for farmers to use reskilling poisons on pecan trees. This popular tree nut suffers from aphids and other pests that the lady beetles eat.But some people say the Asian lady beetle has itself become a pest. They worry that the lady beetles may eat their late autumn fruit crops.Experts say Asian lady beetles may appear in large numbers in some years. But they say the insects are too helpful to be considered as pests.（1）What do ladybugs look like?A. All kinds of ladybugs are of the same color.B. Most of them are red, orange or black.C. They each have the same number of spots on them.D. Most of them have fourteen spots.（2）Asian ladybugs have been in the United States for______.A. nine decadesB. hundreds of yearsC. half a centuryD. a century（3）According to the passage the following statements are supported EXCEPT________.A. there are more than 450 kinds of ladybugs in North America, including native onesB. only some imported ladybugs are helpful to the local plantsC. soybeans, fruits and berries are favorites of aphids.D. pecan trees are common in the south of America （4）According to the experts, ladybugs are________.A. more helpful than considered as petsB. more pests than helpful insectsC. helpful as well as destructiveD. are more destructive than helpful6.阅读理解Physics is a different world now. Will there ever be another Einstein?Scientists say a new Einstein will appear, but it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival (对手) , Isaac Newton. Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn't been born yet, or is only a baby now. That's because the searching for a unified(统一的) theory that would explain all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein appearing anytime soon. For one thing, physics is quite a different field today. In Einstein's day, there were a few thousand physicists worldwide, and fewer theoreticians. Education is different, too. One extremely important aspect of Einstein's training that failed to be considered is the philosophy he read as a teenager. It taught him how to think theoretically about space and time.And he was a skilled musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would fiercely play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren't many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical and rewarding efforts.Besides, those who stay in science don't work alone. It's very difficult to imagine an independent person like Einstein ever tolerating this.（1）Which of the following best explains the reason that the next Einstein hasn't been born yet?A. Education today doesn't pay enough attention to philosophy teaching.B. We don't know who will be another Einstein among newly-born babies.C. There were more physicists in Einstein's time than today.D. Math today is limited and cannot help the further development of physics.（2）One of the reasons that made Einstein a great scientist is _________.A. the philosophy he read in his teensB. the lack of physicists in his dayC. the knowledge learnt from Isaac NewtonD. his decision of not working at Wall Street（3）The underlined word “knotty” here probably means________.A. interesting and usefulB. important and meaningfulC. difficult and puzzlingD. realistic and hard（4）From Paragraphs 3 and 4, how many reasons does the writer give to explain that another Einstein hasn't appeared?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.7.阅读理解For many people who live in cities, parks are an important landscape. They provide a place for people to relax and play sports, as well as a shelter from the often severe environment of a city. What people often overlook is that parks also provide considerable environmental benefits.One benefit of parks is that plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. According to one study, an acre of trees can absorb the same amount of carbon dioxide that a typical car emits in 11,000 miles of driving. Parks also make cities cooler. Scientists have long noted what is called the Urban Heat Island Effect: building materials such as metal and concrete (混凝土) absorb much more of the sun's heat and release it much more quickly than trees and grass. Because city landscapes contain so much of these building materials, cities are usually warmer than surrounding rural areas. Parks and other green spaces help to lessen the Urban Heat Island Effect.Unfortunately, many cities cannot easily create more parks. However, cities could benefit from many of the positive effects of parks by encouraging citizens to create another type of green space: rooftop gardens. While most people would not think of starting a garden on their roof, human beings have been planting gardens on rooftops for thousands of years. Some rooftop gardens are simple container gardens that anyone can create with the investment (投资) of a few hundred dollars and a few hours of work.Rooftop gardens provide many of the same benefits as other urban parks and garden spaces, but without taking up the much-needed land. In the summer, rooftop gardens prevent buildings from absorbing heat from the sun, which can significantly reduce cooling bills. In the winter, gardens help control the heat that materials like brick and concrete release so quickly, leading to savings on heating bills. Rooftop vegetables and herb gardens can also provide fresh food for city settlers, making their diets healthier. Rooftop gardens are not only something everyone can enjoy but also a smart environmental investment.（1）The underlined word “emits” in the second paragraph probably means _________.A. takes upB. gives outC. carries awayD. breathes in（2）Which of the following contributes to the Urban Heat Island Effect?A. More rooftop gardens.B. More trees and grass.C. More parking lots.D. More building materials.（3）When it comes to rooftop gardens, what can be inferred from the passage?A. They make people much happier.B. They provide more benefits from urban parks.C. They help to save money and keep a healthy diet.D. They have become very popular in recent years. （4）What's the author's attitude towards rooftop gardens?A. Supportive.B. Doubtful.C. Critical.D. Objective.8.阅读理解A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.“It's extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it's connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers' fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board c ould have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”（1）The robotic fly project has been conducted __________.A. just by accidentB. within a decadeC. just by a professorD. for more than ten years（2）The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.A. they had no model in their mindB. they did not have sufficient timeC. they had no ready-made componentsD. they could not assemble the components（3）Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.D. Wood's design can replace animals in some experiments.（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Father of Robotic FlyB. Inspiration from Engineering ScienceC. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life InsectD. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study9.阅读理解On a college camping trip, curiosity about waves and sand caused Rob Thieler to study shorelines around the world. Thirty years later and now a U.S. Geological Survey research geologist, Thieler, is combining science and smartphone technology to help study an endangered bird, the Atlantic Coast piping plover.The piping plover is a shorebird that breeds（繁殖）along the Atlantic Coast, the Great Lakesand the Great Plains. Rising sea levels associated with climate change, as well as increased development in their beach habitats （栖息地）, threaten the species（物种）. To help track changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012. This is a marked change from the typical way scientists collect data, which involves gathering information using specialized equipment or writing in notebooks and then putting into spreadsheets.Since releasing iPlover, scientists have gathered data across 1500 km of breeding range. Thatequals about a third of the distance across the U.S., which is a large area to cover for only two thousand breeding pairs of piping plovers on the east coast. Instead of having to travel and spend days at each site, a number of cooperators in the field use the app to collect and send data, allowing scientists to gather data more efficiently. It also allows them to collect data at the same time during each breeding season, providing a better picture of changes that happen over longer periods of time. And fast, centralized access means scientists can look at data quickly to get areal-time idea of where and how piping plovers are using their habitats.While iPlover is used by trained field staff, other apps like the U. S. Geological Survey'sweb-based “iCoast—Did the Coast Change?” invite citizen scientists to identify coastal changes by comparingbird's-eye-view photographs taken before and after storms. All the information scientists and citizen scientists alike collect helps federal and state agencies create policyplans for addressing climate change impacts (影响) worldwide.（1）What can we know about the piping plover?A. Its behaviour is changing.B. Its habitat is growing bigger.C. Its living environment is becoming worse.D. Its breeding is limited to the Atlantic Coast.（2）Why did Thieler develop iPlover?A. To study shorelines across America.B. To advance information technology.C. To find out global climate change.D. To monitor changes of piping plover habitats.（3）Which of the following benefits the shorebirds?A. The camping equipment.B. Research on smartphones.C. The changeable coast.D. Progress in technology.（4）What would be the best title of the text?A. Protecting Endangered ShorebirdsB. Rob Thieler, a Creative ScientistC. IPlover, Tool for Training Field StaffD. Differences Between IPlover and ICoast10.阅读理解When someone is happy, can you smell it?You can usually tell when someone is happy based on seeing them smile, hearing them laugh or perhaps from receiving a big hug. But can you also smell their happiness? Surprising new research suggests that happiness does indeed have a scent, and that the experience of happiness can be transmitted through smell, reports .For the study, 12 young men were shown videos meant to bring about a variety of emotions while researchers gathered sweat samples from them. All of the men were healthy and none of them were drug users or smokers, and all were asked to abstain from drinking or eating smelly foods during the study period.Those sweat samples were then given to 36 equally healthy young women to smell, while researchers monitored their reactions. Only women were selected to smell the samples, apparently because previous research has shown that women have a better sense of smell than men and are also more sensitive to emotional signaling—though it's unclear why only men were chosen to produce the scents.Researchers found that the behavior of the women after smelling the scents—particularly their facial expressions—indicated a relationship between the emotional states of the men who produced the sweat and the women who sniffed them.“Human sweat produced when a person is happy brings about a state similar to happiness in somebody who breathes this smell,” said study co-author Gun Semin, a professor at Koc University in Turkey.This is a fascinating finding because it not only means that happiness does have a scent, but that the scent is capable of transmitting the emotion to others. The study also found that other emotions, such as fear, seem to carry a scent too. This ensures previous research suggesting that some negative emotions have a smell, but it is the first time this has proved to be true of positive feelings.Researchers have yet to isolate(分离) exactly what the chemical compound for the happiness smell is, but you might imagine what the potential applications for such a finding could be. Happiness perfumes, for instance, could be invented. Scent therapies（香味疗法）could also be developed to help people through depression or anxiety.Perhaps the most surprising result of the study, however, is our broadened understanding of how emotions get communicated, and also how our own emotions are potentially managed through our social context and the emotional states of those around us.（1）What is the main finding of the new research?A. Pleasant feelings can be smelt out.B. Negative emotions have a smell.C. Men produce more sweats.D. Women have a better sense of smell.（2）The underlined part “abstain from” in Paragraph 3 probably means _________.。
2020年高考英语题型步步衔接 专题19 科普阅读(含解析)
19 科普阅读【母题来源】【2015·湖北卷高考阅读理解】【母题原题】【2015·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly,how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【参考答案】A C D B【命题意图】本题考查了学生的阅读理解能力和基本的科普知识。
2020届高考英语通关(全国卷)：阅读理解---科教科普类 Word版含答案
1、 A large male emperor penguin waddles(蹒跚行走) slowly across the ice to the water. He dives deep into the cold salt water and then springs back onto the ice. Nearby a female penguin sleeps as her baby rests on the top of her feet. The penguins are enjoying another beautiful day of sunshine and freezing temperatures in the Penguin Encounter, a special home built for them in sunny California.The Penguin Encounter is located at SeaWorld in San Diego. It was built to help study the emperor penguin,the l argest of all penguins. The emperor penguins’ natural home is in the Antarctic, near the South Pole. Increases in Earth’s temperatures could cause large amounts of ice to break up. Scientists feared that this drastic(剧烈的) change in the environment could destroy the emperor penguins’ nesting areas. This would cause the number of emperor penguins to greatly decrease. A new home for them seemed to be the perfect solution.Scientists wanted to make the Penguin Encounter a comfortable home for the black-and-white feathered birds. A team of scientists was sent to the Antarctic to learn more about the emperor penguins Scientist Frank Todd led the team. Todd is an expert on penguins. He has spent more than 25 years studying them.Getting close to the emperor penguins in the Antarctic wasn’t difficult for the group of scientists. Sometimes they would waddle close to Todd and his team. The scientists concluded that this behavior could be the result of poor eyesight. Penguins are nearsighted, which allows them to see better in the water than on land. Another possible reason for their behavior was that they had little to fear on the ice. Their enemies, such as leopard seals and killer whales,hunt mainly in the water.Todd and his team spent many months studying the diet and social habits of the emperor penguins. It was easy to get close to the penguins, but it wasn't easy to study them.In the Antarctic, the temperature rarely rises above zero degree, which is perfect for penguins, hut not for scientists. Once Todd and his team had finally gathered enough information, they made plans for a new home in California for a number of emperor penguins. Scientists hoped to study the birds in conditions that were more scientist-friendly. When the "new Antarctic" was completed, Todd and his team brought several hundred emperor penguins to California from the Antarctic. 1.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word in the first paragraph?A.Moves.B.Jumps.C.Holds.D.Flies.2.Why did scientists need to study penguins in the Antarctic before building the Penguin Encounter?A.They were afraid that the emperor penguins’ homes would be destroyed.B.They wanted the Penguin Encounter just to be like the emperor penguins' natural home.C.They wanted to see how the emperor penguins reacted to the rising temperatures.D.They knew it would take long to gather enough emperor penguins for the Penguin Encounter.3.Why do emperor penguins have little to fear on the ice?A.It is easy to see their enemies on the white ice.B.Their enemies usually hunt in the water.C.They can easily escape on the smooth ice.D.It is too cold for other animals to survive on the ice.4.The passage mainly emphasizes _______.A.scientists working as a team in the AntarcticB.a science team finding a way to stop global wanningC.how to protect the emperor penguins at Sea WorldD.scientists building a special home to learn more about the emperor penguins2、From the moment you open your eyes in the morning, you can feel sweat (汗水)running down your body, even if you're barely moving at all. That's what most people in China felt like this summer. In fact, the entire northern hemisphere(半球)saw high temperatures in July. The Arctic Circle(北极圈) was no exception(例外). Temperatures in the city of Norilsk, which is in the Arctic Circle, reached a record high of 32 ℃, The Atlantic reported. Temperatures there are usually just 10 ℃at this time of the year.The heat wave in the Arctic is mainly a long-term result of global warming, according to the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. In fact, while the whole world is getting warmer, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This is called the polar amplification effect（极地放大效应）.The most direct impact（影响）of Arctic warming is the melting of Arctic ice. According to NASA, Arctic sea ice is now disappearing at a rate of 13.2 percent every 10 years. NASA said that if this continues, the Arctic will have no ice by the year 2040. This has put some Arctic animals,like polar bears, in danger. The ice that the bears live on has shrunk(缩小), the Toronto Star reported.Melting ice can also cause sea levels to rise in the long term. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a rate of 3.2 cm every 10 years, the Guardian reported. Some countries, such as Tuvalu（图瓦鲁）in the South Pacific Ocean and Maldives（马尔代夫）in the Indian Ocean, are at risk of disappearing into the sea.1. Which of the following is true?A. Some countries in the ocean will disappear in 10 years.B. China is the hottest in the northern hemisphere this summer.C. The temperatures in Norilsk used to be lower than this summer.D. The world gets warmer because of the heat wave in the Arctic.2. What does the underlined word "this" in the third paragraph refer to?A. The heat wave in the ArcticB. The result of global warmingC. Getting warmer in the worldD. The Arctic getting warm faster3. What may be the result of the melting of Arctic ice?A. The polar will become dangerousB. Sea levels rise in the long termC. There will be an end of water shortageD. There will be no ice in the world by 20404. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Heat hits ArcticB. Arctic animals are in dangerC. The world became hotter than beforeD. Some countries may disappear into the sea3、Why are photos and videos of cats high-fiving suddenly popping up on social media?Ask Jackson Galaxy, who launched Cat Pawsitive last year, a program that encourages animal shelters to teach cats how to do tricks to make them more attractive for adoption.The idea is simple. A kitty that can sit on command or give a high five shows that it can listen to instructions and connect with others. A high five can make a shy cat open up, Galaxy said.“Big life changes can lead to cats losing their conf idence, and we help those cats to feel more confident and to feel safe interacting with new people.” Christie Rogero, program manager for Cat Pawsitive, said.And Stephen Holdeman, training manager at the KC Pet Project, added: “All we need to train a cat to do tricks is the right amount of patience, timing and motivation.” He uses a technique called “operant conditioning (操作性条件反射)”, which associates a cat’s action with getting a reward such as a favorite food or treat.He also uses a clicker—a training dev ice that makes a clicking noise. “In the initial stage, we get the cat used to the idea that when it hears the sound of the clicker, one of its favorite treats appears. After we have bridged these two ideas together we can use the clicker to reinforcediff erent actions the cat does to let it know that if it repeats the action, it will get a treat.”After several repetitions, the cat starts to link everything together. Now all you need to do is let your extended hand be the target, and we’ve got a high five.1.According to the text, how can learning tricks benefit cats at animal shelters?A.It is a good way for shelters to raise money.B.It allows them to pick up skills to stay safe.C.It helps them interact more with each other.D.It helps them build confidence and get adopted.2.According to the text, what should be done from the start to train cats to learn tricks?A.Teaching them different actions.B.Teaching them how to use a clicker.C.Making them patient enough to repeat actions.D.Helping them connect the sound of a clicker with treats.3.What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A.recordB.strengthenC.ignoreD.reward4.What is the main purpose of the article?A.To explain how to train cats to perform tricks.B.To show how cats are treated at animal shelters.C.To describe the popularity of cats on social media.D.To inform us of a program that trains cats to do tricks.4、The majority of people on this planet live through ego(自我意识). They feel that they are themselves special, apart from the crowd in some way. Also, they aren't willing to acknowledgeother people's specialness, and feel that they are threatened by the people who are different from them.Besides, there are many different 'exclusive clubs' which people join under certain conditions, like Colour of skin clubs, Sports clubs, and so on. What many people fail to acknowledge, however, is that there is in fact only one club The Human Being club.Our diversity is what makes life interesting. I love watching people who dance or create music beautifully, draw out emotions through their acting skills, or are accomplished athletes. I also understand myself well enough to know that I don't have enough passion for any of these things to make the sacrifices necessary to come close to their level of excellence.I believe that it is human nature to communicate and cooperate with people who are like us, but what a lot of people see as 'like us' is narrowed down to very superficial(表面) characteristics.I remember my Jamaican friend's sister being most put out. She had been the only black woman in her company and then another black woman was employed. They were automatically put to work together because they were both black and obviously had a lot in common - so thought the employer! The truth was that they had nothing in common, didn't come from the same country and actively disliked each other. It's always a mistake to assume anything on a purely superficial basis.I have many friends who are members of a variety of the above mentioned clubs and each one of them has taught me so much about different cultures and life styles, and has enriched my life in the process. I encourage anyone to strike up a conversation with someone who doesn't look like them - you might be surprised at exactly how much you have in common.1.According to the first two paragraphs people tend to _________.A.feel they are specialB.feel they are lack of egoC.admit others are specialD.admit only one club exist2.How is the Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A.By analyzing causes.B.By setting an example.C.By giving a description.D.By making comparisons.3.The author mentioned his Jamaican friend’s sister to show ___________.A.black women have a lot in common indeedB.it is human nature to cooperate with peopleC.people understand “like us” in a narrow wayD.people often make mistakes in judging others4.What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?A.To enrich their own life.B.To join an exclusive club.C.To talk to different people.D.To experience different life.5、People generally like to feel happy, but achieving a state of happiness takes time and effort. Aekyoung Kim of Rutgers University in the U.S. and Sam Maglio of the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada have conducted four studies in which they studied how the pursuit of happiness as well as the state of being happy influenced people’s perception (看法) of time.In the studies, some participants were either instructed to list things that would make them happier or asked to try to make themselves feel happy while watching a boring movie about building bridges, thus showing happiness as a goal to pursue. The other participants came to think of happiness as a goal that they had already accomplished, achieved by watching a comedy or listing things showing that they were already happy. Afterwards, all participants reported how much free time they felt they had.The researchers’ main finding showed that a person’s perception of time scarcity (缺乏) is influenced by their pursuit of (often unattainable) happiness. The feeling that time was scarce became less strong for participants who said that they had attained their goal of being happy to some degree.“Time seems to disappear during the pursuit of happiness, but only when it’s seen as a goal requiring continued pursuit,” explain the researchers. “This finding suggests that the pursuit of happiness can destroy well-being.” According to the researchers, the finding implies that while happiness can hurt positive emotions, it need not necessarily do so. Instead, if someone believes they have achieved happiness, they are left with the time to appreciate this. The research further explains that people have different concepts about happiness, which in turn may well influence how they perceive the time they have to achieve happiness.“Because going through experiences and sharing feelings require more time compared with only, for example, buying material goods, feeling that time is lacking also leads people to prefer material possessions rather th an enjoying pleasant experiences,” the researchers continue. “Encouraging people to worry less about pursuing happiness as a never-ending goal might just end up giving them more time and, in turn, more happiness.”1.The tasks given to the two groups of participants differ in __________.A.how they spent their free timeB.how they drew up shopping listsC.what kind of movies interested themD.whether they had acquired happiness2.We can infer from the finding in Paragraph 4 that __________.A.happiness is determined by timeB.happiness is a matter of choiceC.happiness is a never-ending goalD.happiness can hurt positive emotions3.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A.Will time-saving tasks make you happier?B.Is emotion management training necessary?C.Can pursuing happiness make you unhappy?D.Should you express your unhappiness in hard times?6、A culture's values can be mirrored by its humor.Humor has been evaluated by many great minds such as Thomas Hobbes,who disliked humor,"Laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from some sudden thought of feeling far better than others."He thought humor to be a negative quality of human narrow-mindedness.However, Mordechai Gordon,PhD of Education,insists,"Humor allows us to view the world from an angle that is amusing rather than serious."I agree with Gordon.Learning to look at the world through humour is important.In the United States,every four years an election occurs.Without humor as a way to express their feelings,how else would Americans keep from clawing their eyes out and going the way of lemming? Television shows like“The Daily Show”have become important parts of American culture.They are mothering the masses by metaphorically airplane-ing politics into our mouths.They make politics fun.Of course,politics is only one type of humor.Social humor helps people through the twists andturns of the human condition.American pop culture promotes an unhealthy self-image.On the topic of self-image,Hari Kondabolu stands out.He has a joke about the popular musical group“The Pussycat Dolls”,describing their hit song"Don't Cha”as a negative representation of women.He points out an obvious offence in American culture.A study from Loyola University of Maryland has shown that humor is one determining factor for selecting a mating partner.Amongst other things,mates look for an outstanding funny bone in apotential partner.Of course,humor is not always used for good purposes.Humor can be linked to vulgarity and racism,but,like everything else,it has potential to unite human beings by allowing us to laugh at ourselves,our failures and our connection with one another.Though life may seem tough and depressing at times,all I have to do is look in the mirror at my increased wrinkles to know that there is a comedy out there that even Chaplin wasn't aware of.With that in mind,remember to laugh with humanity and sometimes at humanity.1.Hobbes believed that humor___________.A.was only a way to laugh at others to make oneself feel betterB.resulted in narrow-mindedness of human beingsC.had the power to mirror personal glory and national valuesD.was for people to view the world from another angle2.What is the author's attitude towards political humor?A.Worried.B.Disappointed.C.Curious.D.Appreciative.3.The fourth paragraph is developed mainlyA.by exampleB.by processC.by comparisonD.by classification4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.Chaplin wasn't aware of being laughed at.B.The author feels helpless and sad about getting older.C.Never be the one who laughs at other people.D.The author is determined to face life with a sense of humor.7、Sharks use their good sense of smell to search for prey(猎物). But a new study shows that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean could reduce sharks' ability to find food. It's bad news for a healthy ocean. Sharks are top predators(掠食动物) and are like the ocean’s weed controllers.Dixson works at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. Her earlier work has shown that clown fish in acidifying(酸化的) water act strangely. “We want to expand thisresearch to sharks because we know how important it is for sharks to find their food through their sense of smell," said Dixson.Her team started by placing sharks in each of three different pools for five days. Each pool had a different level of carbon dioxide in it. The first had the same amount as today s ocean water. The second had a level of carbon dioxide that scientists expect to reach by 2050. The third pool had the highest level of carbon dioxide that could develop by the year 2100.Sharks weren't allowed to eat any food while in the pools. This made sure that they would be hungry. Then, Dixson released the sharks—one at a time—into a pool with two side-by-side streams of flowing water. In one stream, the researchers pumped water, in which a dead squid had been overnight. This water smelled strongly of squid. The other stream contained ocean water with no scent(气味). Because each stream flowed at the same rate and in the same direction, the squid smell stayed in its stream. The sharks could choose to swim in either stream.Sharks that had been swimming for five days in pools of regular ocean water spent more than 60 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream. The same was true for sharks that had been in water with the carbon dioxide level that could develop by the year 2050. But sharks exposed to the highest level of carbon dioxide spent just 15 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream.1.Why did the writer mention the sharks’ smell at the beginning of the passage?A.Because the writer appreciates its ability to find food.B.Because the writer considers it dangerous to human beings.C.Because the writer intends to show how to control weed in the ocean.D.Because the writer worries about the sharks in the ocean.2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.What the ocean in the future will be like.B.Who helped Dixson conduct the study.C.What kinds of pools were used during the study.D.What the levels of carbon dioxide will be at in the ocean in the future.3.The researchers pumped water where a dead squid had been overnight to _________.A.help the sharks look for foodB.test the sharks’ sense of smellC.prove that sharks like eating squidsD.explain why carbon dioxide in the ocean affects sharks4.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph suggest?A.Sharks like the squid-scented stream better.B.Sharks like the stream with the high level of carbon dioxide.C.Sharks spent 15% of their time in the squid-scented stream.D.The high level of carbon dioxide can affect the sharks’ ability to smell.8、 Today, many people use plants from other places to design their yards. Well, do they have any influence on animals living nearby? As we know, plants supply food for things like insects and plant-eating animals. In turn, birds and meat-eating animals feed on these insects andplant-eating animals. It is easy to see how important plants are.Although foreign plants may look beautiful, they can cause problems when there are too many of them. I live in Virginia, USA, and sometimes see a plant—commonly known as Kudzu —that seems to cover everything in the area, even climbing over whole trees and houses.Kudzu is an unbelievable plant since it grows very fast. It was first brought to the United States from south-east Asia around the 1870’s as a crop that farmers could grow. However, Kudzu quickly came to be considered harmful throughout the southern United States.Since Kudzu grows fast in many different environments, it can completely cover areas of land quickly. The plant is also not eaten by any insects or birds in the United States so it can grow unchecked. Kudzu can cover trees, bushes, and even houses. It costs the United States 500 million dollars a year to just keep Kudzu from growing too fast. The plant is a perfect example of what scientists call an invasive (侵略性的) species, which grows more quickly than other native plants. All foreign plants have the possibility to spread quickly. Not only are they costly, but planting them in gardens actually takes away food from insects. If everyone filled their garden with plants native to where they live, many lovely butterflies and other native creatures would be attracted to their backyards! So, take a look out of your window — how does your garden grow?1.We can learn from the text that Kudzu in Virginia _______.A.is very popularB.is difficult to growC.can cause big troubleD.can make air cleaner2.Which of the following is TRUE of Kudzu?A.It served as food at first in America.B.It came to America in the early 19th century.C.It grows fast in Asia, but slowly in America.D.It is often eaten by insects or birds in America.3.How does the author sound when telling of these foreign plants?A.Sad.B.Worried.C.Proud.D.Excited.4.What does the author mainly discuss in the text?A.Everyone should learn to love nature.B.It is a hard job to grow plants in yards.C.Gardening has become a serious hobby.D.It is important to say no to foreign plants.9、If you have ever had a cat, or have watched one of the many funny cat videos online, you’ll know that cats have a mind of their own. A lot of the things they do are hard to understand—they like to climb up tall furniture, fit themselves in small spaces and attack small objects for no reason at all.Now scientists have managed to figure out what exactly is going on in the brains of our little friends. According to Tony Buffington, a professor at Ohio State University in the US, cats’ strange behavior largely comes from their way of life back in the wild. “Cats today still have many of the same instincts(本能) that allowed them to live in the wild for millions of years.” he said in a TED Talk. “To them, our homes are their jungles.”In the wild, cats are hunters. Their bodies and great balancing abilities allow them to climb to high spots to better look at the environment. Even though they don’t have to hunt anymore in human houses, they still keep the old habit of viewing the living room from, for example, the top of the refrigerator.Cats’ hunting instinct is also what makes them attack small things like keys and USB drives. In the wild, they hunt whatever they can get, and most of the animals they kill are small.However, cats can also be prey. This explains why they like to stay in small spaces like drawers or washing machines—they are hiding, or they think they are hiding, from more dangerous animals. This is also why cats prefer a clean box: a smelly one could easily show enemies where they are.Knowi ng how cats’ minds work is not only useful for better understanding them. It may also help cats’ owners to better meet cats’ needs. For example, owners could try to make climbing easier for cats by moving their furniture around. They could also use “food puzzles” to make eating feel more like hunting instead of just giving food to the cats.1.According to Tony Buffington, .A.cats’ strange behavior is hard for people to understandB.cats are more used to living in the wild than in humans’ homesC.cats behave strangely mainly because of some instincts in the wildD.cats’ instincts are as helpful to them today as they were millions of year ago2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Cats like to climb up high because they want to hide from dangerous animalsB.Cats attack keys and USB drives because they have a habit of hunting small animalsC.Cats enjoy staying in small spaces because they usually live in small caves in the wildD.Cats’ preference for a clean box probab ly has something to do with their hunting instincts3.The underlined word “prey” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A.an animal that is too lazyB.an animal that likes hiding gamesC.an animal that keeps itself cleanD.an animal that is hunted4.This article is mainly written to .A.explore the reasons behind cats’ strange behaviorB.describe cats’ past wild experience to readersC.tell cat owners how to make life easier for catspare cats’ behavior in human homes with that in the wild10、Runners who encounter visual and auditory(听觉的) distractions may be more likely to suffer leg injuries, according to research by the Association of Academic Physiatrists in Las Vegas. Runners often seek distractions from the task at hand. Whether it is music, texting, daydreaming, taking in the sights,or propping a book up on the treadmill(跑步机),more often than not a distraction is welcome. But, researchers from the University of Florida have recently discovered that those distractions may lead to injury.Daniel Herman, MD, assistant professor at the University of Florida, and his team conducted research on the effects of visual and auditory distractions on 14 runners to determine what effect these distractions would have on things such as the heart rate, how many times a runner breathes per minute and how much oxygen is consumed by the body.The runners were all injury-free at the time of the study and ran 31 miles each week. Dr. Herman^ team had each participant run on a treadmill three separate times. The first time was without any distractions. The second time added a visual distraction, during which the runnersconcentrated on2 a screen displaying different letters in different colors with the runners having to notice when a specific letter-color combination appeared. The third time added an auditory distraction similar to the visual distraction, with the runners having to notice when a particular word was spoken by a particular voice.When compared to running without distractions, the participants had faster application of force to their left and right legs, called the loading rate, with auditory and visual distractions. They also experienced an increased amount of force from the ground on both legs, called ground reaction force, with auditory distractions. Finally, the runners tended to breathe heavier and had higher heart rates with visual and auditory distractions than without any distractions at all.“ Running in environments with different distractions may unfavorably affect running performance and injury risk," explains Dr. Herman. "Sometimes these things cannot be avoided, but you may be able to minimize potentially cumulative(累积的) effects. For example,when running a new route in a chaotic environment such as during a marathon, you may want to skip listening to something which may require more attention—like a new playlist."Dr. Herman’s team will continue to investigate the potential relationship between distracted running and leg injuries, and any effect this relationship has on different training techniques that use auditory or visual cues.1.Paragraph 2 tells us the research ______.A.processB.questionsC.resultsD.reflection2.Based on the research, runners with auditory distractions tended to ____.A.breathe heavier and have lower heart ratesB.gain a faster speed with slower loading ratesC.apply more force with less oxygen consumptionD.get an increased amount of ground reaction force3.What can we infer from the passage?A.Running with distractions becomes uncommon nowadays.B.Listening to a new song while running guarantees performance.C.Runners are advised to minimize distractions in a destination of marathon.D.Runners are more likely to get injured in an environment without distractions.4.What is probably the next task for Dr. Herman's team?。
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专题18 阅读理解（科普类）1.C【2019·全国I】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. It'll be environment-friendly.B. It'll reach consumers soon.C. It'll be made of plasticsD. It'll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。
目前,数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人,为网络空间用户保护隐私。
28. D 细节理解题。
由第一段“At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”和第二段的“they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.”可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。
故选D。
29. C 推理判断题。
由第二段“These patterns are unique to each person. Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities”可知,因为每个人的打字方式不同,使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。
故选C。
30. B 推理判断题。
由最后一段“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日上市,也就是希望早日到达消费者手中。
故选B。
31. D 推理判断题。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是科技说明文,结合所给选项可知,本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。
故选D。
2.D【2019·全国II】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These考点突破·备战高考kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear different forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.D. To link space technology with school education34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B【解析】本文为说明文。