Unified Soil Classification System
饱和_非饱和有机质粉土抗剪强度的对比
图 2 饱和土抗剪强度τsat 与净正应力σˊ试验曲线 Fig. 2 Variation of shear strength τsat with net normal stress σˊ under same matric suctions ψ for saturated soil 图 3 非饱和土抗剪强度τf 与净正应力σˊ试验曲线 Fig. 3 Variation of shear strength τf with net normal stress σˊ under different matric suctions ψ for unsaturated soil
Abstract: Comparisons of shear strength between the saturated and unsaturated sandy silt were shown based on the measured shear strength using a modified direct shear device, and shear strength was predicted using the saturated soil properties and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) for the sandy silt. It was illustrated that the saturated shear strength was less than the unsaturated shear strength, and the unsaturated shear strength increased with increasing matric suction. It was shown by this study that properties of the saturated-unsaturated fine-grained soils were affected by physical conditions and the stress condition in the field. Key words: unsaturated sandy silt; shear strength; matric suction; SWCC
Soil Classification
United Soil Classification System
S ieve A nalysis
Coarse-grained soils
Y es
M ore than 50% retained on N o. 200
sieve?
No Fine-grained soils
M ore than 50% of
AASHTO Classification System
AASHTO Classification System
Group Index
Group Index = (F-35)[0.2+0.005(LL-40)]+0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
The percent of soil passing No. 200 Sieve (F) Liquid Limit (LL) Plasticity Index (PI)
and may be may be elastic as well
as subject to high volume change. 5.3
(2.4.1) Subgroup A-7-6 includes those materials with high plasticity indexes in relation to liquid limit and which are subject to extremely high volume change
G ravels
Y es
c oars e frac tion retained on
No
S ands
No. 4 sieve
Les s than 5% fines
Y es Clean graveines
基于法国标准的工程地质勘察与国内的主要区别新
P94-250-1 Calcul géotechnique
3 标准规范体系
第二类为规则（régle）或指导类（guide），系由部委或行业协会发布，
一般情况下应该执行。
3 标准规范体系
共收集到与本专业有关的规范86本，为方便中国工程师使用并尽快形成生产能力， 在东西高速公路项目中通过系统整理筛选又将其进一步分为：应用执行规范、参 阅参考规范共63本。 岩土工程勘察、设计 1、岩土工程计算基本原理（欧标7） NF P94-250-1 2、工程地质勘察术语、符号、缩写 NF P 94-010 3、土的命名、鉴别与分类 NF P 94-011 4、岩土取样方法和程序 XP P 94-202 5、公路隧道的指导文件CETU：第2节：地质学_水文地质_工程地质（1998年7 月） 6、CETU第62分册：土木工程基础计算规则； 7、建筑深基础计算规则 NF P94-211： 8、地下工程防震保护和设计 AFPS/AFTES9、GTR : 路基及垫层填筑技术指南 FasciculeⅠ: Principes généraux （SETRA/LCPC 1992） 10、 GTR : 路基及垫层填筑技术指南 FasciculeⅡ: Annexes techniques （SETRA/LCPC 1992） 11、 岩体描述方针 （AFTES-2003-n。177） 12、设计应用的工程地质试验及参数选择（AFTES-2003-n。123） 13、土木工程隧道——地质-水文地质-工程地质 section2
3
欧标补充勘察标准
标 准 规 范 体 系
实验室试验
岩土鉴别
原位试验
4 勘 察 依 据
国外大型建设项目通常采用总承包合同，合
同技术条款会对勘察、设计、施工条件作出 很多具体规定，甚至包括勘察设计所采用技 术标准、勘察工作量布置要求等，所以一般 勘察活动的工作依据依次为： 合同条款（专用技术条款CCTP）、设计文 件、标准、规范（normale）或规则、指导 （régle、guide）； 经业主监理审批的勘察计划（类似于国内的 勘察大纲，只是要更详细、原则上要有完整 的勘探点平面布置、勘探深度、勘探方法、 勘探手段、试验种类数量）； 经业主监理审批的勘察质量保证计划。
岩土工程专业英语词汇1
岩土工程专业英语词汇岩土工程专业英语词汇一. 综合类综合类 1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程岩土工程 2.foundation engineering 基础工程基础工程3.soil, earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学土力学 cyclic loading 周期荷载周期荷载 unloading 卸载卸载 reloading 再加载再加载 viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基粘弹性地基 viscous damping 粘滞阻尼粘滞阻尼 shear modulus 剪切模量剪切模量5.soil dynamics 土动力学土动力学6.stress path 应力路径应力路径二. 土的分类土的分类1.residual soil 残积土残积土 groundwater level 地下水位地下水位2.groundwater 地下水地下水groundwater table 地下水位地下水位 3.clay minerals 粘土矿物粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals 次生矿物次生矿物ndslides 滑坡滑坡 7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察工程地质勘察 8.boulder 漂石漂石9.cobble 卵石卵石 10.gravel 砂石砂石 11.gravelly sand 砾砂砾砂 12.coarse sand 粗砂粗砂 13.medium sand 中砂中砂14.fine sand 细砂细砂 15.silty sand 粉土粉土 16.clayey soil 粘性土粘性土 17.clay 粘土粘土 18.silty clay 粉质粘土粉质粘土19.silt 粉土粉土 20.sandy silt 砂质粉土砂质粉土 22.saturated soil 饱和土饱和土 23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土填土 29.soft clay 软粘土软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭泥炭32.loess 黄土黄土 33.frozen soil 冻土冻土三. 土的基本物理力学性质土的基本物理力学性质24.degree of saturation 饱和度饱和度 25.dry unit weight 干重度干重度 26.moist unit weight 湿重度湿重度27.saturated unit weight 饱和重度饱和重度 28.effective unit weight 有效重度有效重度 29.density 密度密度pactness 密实度密实度 31.maximum dry density 最大干密度最大干密度32.optimum water content 最优含水量最优含水量 33.three phase diagram 三相图三相图34.tri-phase soil 三相土三相土 35.soil fraction 粒组粒组 36.sieve analysis 筛分筛分37.hydrometer analysis 比重计分析比重计分析 38.uniformity coefficient 不均匀系数不均匀系数39.coefficient of gradation 级配系数级配系数 40.fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土细粒土41.coarse- grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土粗粒土 42.Unified soil classification system 土的统一分类系统土的统一分类系统43.ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineer 美国土木工程师学会美国土木工程师学会44.AASHTO= American Association State Highway Officials 美国州公路官员协会美国州公路官员协会45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会国际土力学与岩土工程学会 四. 渗透性和渗流渗透性和渗流1.Darcy ’s law 达西定律达西定律2.piping 管涌管涌3.flowing soil 流土流土4.sand boiling 砂沸砂沸5.flow net 流网流网6.seepage 渗透（流）渗透（流）7.leakage 渗流渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力渗透压力9.permeability 渗透性渗透性 10.seepage force 渗透力渗透力 11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩（负）摩阻力打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力有效应力4.total stress 总应力总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩再压缩 11.bearing capacity 承载力承载力 12.soil mass 土体土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）接触应力（压力） 14.concentrated load 集中荷载集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous 均质均质 17.isotropi 17.isotropic c 各向同性各向同性18.strip footing 条基条基 19.square spread footing 方形独立基础方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）下卧层（土） 21.dead load =sustained load 恒载恒载 持续荷载持续荷载22.live load 活载活载 23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载长期荷载 26.settlement 沉降沉降 27.deformation 变形变形 28.casing 套管套管 29.dike=dyke 堤（防）堤（防） 30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组粘粒粒组32.subgrade 路基路基 33.well-graded soil 级配良好土级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力正应力 36.shear stresses 剪应力剪应力 37.principal plane 主平面主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress 最大（中、最小）主应力最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件库仑破坏条件42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力孔隙水压力 43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量压缩模量 45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数压缩系数pression index 压缩指数压缩指数 47.swelling index 回弹指数回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力自重应力 49.additional stress 附加应力附加应力 50.total stress 总应力总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降最终沉降 52.slip line 滑动线滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖（挖方）开挖（挖方）2 dewatering （基坑）降水（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起（基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分布孔压分布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法降低地下水位法 9 well point system 井点系统（轻型）井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point 深井点深井点 11 vacuum well point 真空井点真空井点 12 braced cuts 支撑围护支撑围护 13 braced excavation 支撑开挖支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation 桩基础桩基础 1)cast –in-place 灌注桩灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩沉管灌注桩 bored pile 钻孔桩钻孔桩 piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩钻孔扩底墩3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩钢桩 steel pipe pile 钢管桩钢管桩 steel sheet pile 钢板桩钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）沉井（箱）3.diaphram wall 地下连续墙地下连续墙 截水墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile 端承桩端承桩6.shaft 竖井；桩身竖井；桩身 8.pile caps 承台（桩帽）承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力单桩承载力 teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力单桩横向极限承载力13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩静力压桩 18.uplift pile 抗拔桩抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数（η） 22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度最后贯入度 27.pile head=butt 桩头桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端（头）桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距桩距 30.pile plan 桩位布置图桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻桩侧阻 35.pile cushion 桩垫桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩（振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验拔桩试验 38.pile shoe 桩靴桩靴 八. 地基处理--ground treatment2.cushion 垫层法垫层法3.preloading 预压法预压法4.dynamic compaction 强夯法强夯法5.dynamic compaction replacement 强夯置换法强夯置换法6.vibroflotation method 振冲法振冲法7.sand-gravel pile 砂石桩砂石桩 8.gravel pile(stone column)碎石桩碎石桩9.cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩水泥粉煤灰碎石桩 10.cement mixing method 水泥土搅拌桩水泥土搅拌桩 11.cement column 水泥桩水泥桩 12.lime pile (lime column)石灰桩石灰桩 13.jet grouting 高压喷射注浆法高压喷射注浆法14.rammed-cement-soil pile 夯实水泥土桩法夯实水泥土桩法 15.lime-soil compaction pile 灰土挤密桩灰土挤密桩 lime-soil compacted column 灰土挤密桩灰土挤密桩 lime soil pile 灰土挤密桩灰土挤密桩16.chemical stabilization 化学加固法化学加固法 17.surface compaction 表层压实法表层压实法18.surcharge preloading 超载预压法超载预压法 19.vacuum preloading 真空预压法真空预压法21.geofabric ,geotextile 土工织物土工织物 posite foundation 复合地基复合地基23.reinforcement method 加筋法加筋法 24.dewatering method 降低地下水固结法降低地下水固结法26.expansive ground treatment 膨胀土地基处理膨胀土地基处理27.ground treatment in mountain area 山区地基处理山区地基处理28.collapsible loess treatment 湿陷性黄土地基处理湿陷性黄土地基处理 29.artificial foundation 人工地基人工地基30.natural foundation 天然地基天然地基 31.pillow 褥垫褥垫 32.soft clay ground 软土地基软土地基 33.sand drain 砂井砂井 34.root pile 树根桩树根桩 35.plastic drain 塑料排水带塑料排水带九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi ’s consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论太沙基固结理论2.Barraon ’s consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论巴隆固结理论3.Biot ’s consolidation theory 比奥固结理论比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结多维固结 8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结主固结 10.secondary consolidation 次固结次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度固结度 15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力前期固结压力 17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强2.residual strength 残余强度残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔－库仑理论莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力粘聚力 12.failure criterion 破坏准则破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度十字板抗剪强度 14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model 弹性模型弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model 邓肯－张模型邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型刚塑性模型 8.cap model 盖帽模型盖帽模型 9.work softening 加工软化加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化加工硬化 11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔－库仑屈服准则莫尔－库仑屈服准则 14.yield surface 屈服面屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型文克尔地基模型 十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化整体剪切破化3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure 主动土压力主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力静止土压力4.Coulomb ’s earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论库仑土压力理论5.Rankine ’s earth pressure theory 朗金土压力理论朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose 休止角休止角 3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数边坡稳定安全系数5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙锚定板挡土墙 8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙锚定板板桩墙 十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩木板桩5.timber piles 木桩木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation 箱型基础箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础片筏基础3.strip foundation 条形基础条形基础4.spread footing 扩展基础扩展基础pensated foundation 补偿性基础补偿性基础6.bearing stratum 持力层持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础刚性基础 8.flexible foundation 柔性基础柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析 十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量动剪切模量 9.dynamic magnification factor 动力放大因素动力放大因素10.liquefaction strength 抗液化强度抗液化强度 11.dimensionless frequency 无量纲频率无量纲频率12.evaluation of liquefaction 液化势评价液化势评价 13.stress wave in soils 土中应力波土中应力波14.dynamic settlement 振陷（动沉降）振陷（动沉降）十九. 动力机器基础动力机器基础1.equivalent lumped parameter method 等效集总参数法等效集总参数法2.dynamic subgrade reaction method 动基床反力法动基床反力法3.vibration isolation 隔振隔振4.foundation vibration 基础振动基础振动5.elastic half-space theory of foundation vibration 基础振动弹性半空间理论基础振动弹性半空间理论6.allowable amplitude of foundation 基础振动容许振幅基础振动容许振幅7.natural frequency of foundation 基础自振频率基础自振频率二十. 地基基础抗震地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering 地震工程地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学土动力学3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验固结试验3.falling head permeability 变水头试验变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD) paction test 击实试验击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验固结快剪试验 10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验慢剪试验 12.sieve analysis 筛分析筛分析 13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验土工模型试验 14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪直剪仪 16.direct shear test 直剪试验直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验直接单剪试验 18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪动单剪 20.free （resonance ）vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验振柱试验 二十二. 原位测试原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验动力触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test 原位试验原位试验。
岩土工程词汇英汉词汇表
box shear apparatus 盒式剪切仪
consolidation apparatus 固结仪
expansion apparatus 膨胀仪
resonant column triaxial test apparatus
共振柱三轴仪
simple shear apparatus 单剪仪
axis of principal stress 主应力轴
axis of symmetry 对称轴
岩土博客
2 / 36
岩土工程中英文词汇Байду номын сангаас
B
back calculation 反算法
backfill 回填土
bahymetry 测深法
banded lode 带状矿脉
concrete beam 混凝土梁
foundation beam 地基梁
bearing 方位角，承载
allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力
bearing graph 反应曲线（桩工）
bed （一）层，床
coal bed煤层
confining bed 隔水层
chopping bit 冲击钻头
blanket 铺盖
clay blanket 粘土铺盖（水工）
block 块
anchor block 锚块
upthrown block 上升盘
blow-in 涌入
bluff 悬崖
bog 沼泽
boiling 翻浆
bore 钻孔
counter bore扩空钻
borehole 钻孔
cased borehole 套管钻孔
土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨
土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨吴克宁;赵瑞【摘要】土壤质地是土壤重要的物理特性之一, 严重影响土壤的持水、通气等特性, 研究统一土壤质地分类制意义重大.针对我国土壤质地分类制混用的现象, 文章在介绍国内外主要的土粒分级标准, 比较四种土壤质地分类制的特点, 回顾第二次土壤普查初期采用前苏联的卡庆斯基制, 后期采用国际制的基础上, 重点对比了我国的国标、各部门行标或规范等所运用的土壤质地分类标准.研究发现我国目前还没有普遍采用统一的土壤质地分类系统.土壤质地分类推荐采用美国制.%Soil texture is one of the important physical propertries of soil, which seriously affects the water holding and ventilation characteristics of soil. It is significant to study the unified soil texture classification system. In view of the chaos phenomenon of using soil texture classification systems in China, the study introduces some important standards for grading of soil particles prevailing home and abroad, compares the characteristics of four soil texture classification systems, and retrospects the use of the experiment-CCCP's Kazhinski system during the first phase of the Second National Soil Survey of China and the shift to the international system later, with focus on comparison of the standards for soil texture classification adopted by the nation and various departments in the country. Nowadays, there is no such a soil texture classification system that can universally be used in China. It is, therefore, recommended to use the American system.【期刊名称】《土壤学报》【年(卷),期】2019(056)001【总页数】15页(P227-241)【关键词】土粒分级;土壤质地分类;分类标准;美国制【作者】吴克宁;赵瑞【作者单位】中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京 100083;国土资源部土地整治重点实验室,北京 100035;中国地质大学(北京)土地科学技术学院,北京100083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S152.3土壤质地很大程度上支配土壤的各种耕作性能，施肥反应，以及持水、通气等特性，其分类标准是土壤科学的重要问题之一。
岩土力学英文版
岩土力学英文版IntroductionGeotechnical Engineering, also known as Soil Mechanics or Rock Mechanics, is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the behavior of soil and rock materials under various conditions. It is an important field of study as it helps engineers understand the properties and characteristics of these materials, which in turn enables them to design and construct safe and stable structures.Soil MechanicsSoil Mechanics is the study of the behavior of soil materials, including its formation, classification, and properties. Various aspects of soil mechanics are essential in geotechnical engineering, such as soil compaction, permeability, and soil stability.Soil formation is a complex process that involves the weathering and erosion of existing rocks, resulting in the formation of different soil types. The composition and particle size distribution of soil influence its properties, including its bearing capacity, shear strength, and compressibility.Soil classification is an important step in understandingthe behavior of various soil types. The Unified Soil Classification System, which categorizes soils based on their particle size and organic content, is widely used in geotechnical engineering. Common soil types include gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic soils.Understanding soil properties is crucial in determining its suitability for construction projects. Soil compaction refers to the process of densifying soil by applying mechanical force, ensuring stability and reducing settlement. Permeability is the ability of soil to transmit fluids such as water or gas, which is essential in designing drainage systems.Shear strength is another critical property of soil, as it determines its ability to resist sliding or deformation. Soil stability can be assessed through various laboratory tests, such as direct shear tests or triaxial tests, which simulate the conditions that soil experiences in real-world applications.Rock MechanicsRock Mechanics, on the other hand, is the study of the behavior of rock materials, including its strength, deformation, and stability. It plays a crucial role in thedesign and construction of underground structures, such as tunnels and mines, as well as in slope stability analysis. Rock strength is an essential characteristic to consider when designing structures in rock formations. Different rock types have varying strength properties, with factors such as mineral composition, rock structure, and geological history influencing their behavior. Lab testing, such as uniaxial compression tests or point load tests, is typically conducted to determine the rock's strength. Rock deformation refers to the response of rock materials to applied stresses, including compression, tension, and shear. Understanding the deformation behavior of rock is crucial in predicting stability and designing support systems for underground excavations.Slope stability analysis is a critical aspect of geotechnical engineering, especially in hilly or mountainous regions. An unstable slope can lead to landslides or slope failures with disastrous consequences. Various methods, including limit equilibrium analysis and numerical modeling, are used to assess slope stability and design appropriate reinforcement measures.ConclusionGeotechnical engineering plays a vital role in the construction industry as it helps design safe and stable structures by understanding the behavior of soil and rock materials. Soil mechanics focuses on the properties and characteristics of soil, including its formation, classification, and behavior under various conditions. Rock mechanics, on the other hand, studies the properties of rock materials such as strength, deformation, and stability. These fields of study are essential for engineers to ensure the safety and integrity of construction projects.。
ASTM土的标准贯入和对开管取样标准试验方法
Designation: D 1586-99Standard Test Method forPenetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils土的标准贯入和对开管取样标准试验方法1. Scope* 范围1.1 This test method describes the procedure, generally known as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), for driving a split-barrel sampler to obtain a representative soil sample and a measure of the resistance of the soil to penetration of the sampler.1.1 该标准试验方法描述标准贯入试验（SPT）程序，推进对开管取样器获取代表性土试样和测量土对贯入取样器的阻力值。
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see 5.4.1.1.2 该标准试验方法没有包含所有的安全问题，即便要，联系实际需要。
在使用前确定合适的安全、健康守则和决定其规章制度适用的局限性是使用者的责任。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
how to name soils by group symbol and group name
For example,how to make sure silty clay with sand (砂性粉质 黏土）is itself.
First,check how much the soil passes NO.200 Sieve.It should 50% or more,called Fine-Grained Soil.Then check LL(液限），it should < 50%.After that, check whether it is inorganic( (LL-overdried)/(LL-not dried)>=0.75),then check PI,PI should be between 4~7.it is in the CL~ML.Then it should <30% plus NO.200.Next,it should be 15-29% plus NO.200.Finally if content of sand is more than the content of gravel,we can make sure that this soil should be silt clay with sand.
Company name
Unified Soil Classification System
目录
CONTENTS
scope
1
4
summary
referenced documents
2
3
5
signification and use
terminology
1
scope
describes a system for clas sifying mineral and organomineral soils for engineerin g purposes.
some charts we should know
some charts we should know
THANK YOU VERY MUCH！
how to classify by the USCS
GROUP SYMBOL
CL(低塑性黏土）、CL-ML（低塑性黏土~低塑 性粉土）、OL（低塑性有机土）、MH（高塑性、 粉土）、OH（高塑性有机土）· · ·
GROUP NAME
lean clay 、lean clay with gravel、silty clay、gravelly silty clay.
2
referenced documents
ASTM Standards includ C1 17 D420 D653 and so on.
3
ter such as clay gravel silt and except a s listed in D2487,all definiti ons are in accordance with Terminology D653.
4
summary
this classification system i dentifies three major soil di visions: coarse-grained soil s,fine-grained soils,and hig hly organic soils.These thre e divisions are further subd ivided into a total of 15 basi c groups.
5
signification and use
representing the results of prescribed laboratory tests to dertermine the particle-si ze characteristics, the liqui d limit, and the plasticity in dex.