英文摘要写作中的修辞与文体
英文论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及书写格式
论文英文摘要撰写论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及要素一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的，有涉及句法词法方面的，也有涉及时态语态方面的。
下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍；接下来对论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1）信息性（报道性）摘要（Informative Abstract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。
有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。
实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。
本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
（信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页：第二部分；二；至1、摘要的要素）2）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract，Descriptive Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。
它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。
指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。
下面就是一篇题目为《英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养》论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
学术论文英文摘要的写作方法——中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析
学术论文英文摘要的写作方法——中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析摘要是学术论文中的重要组成部分，它是论文的简洁概括，能够让读者快速了解论文的主要内容和研究成果。
在撰写学术论文的英文摘要时，需要注意一些方法和技巧。
本文将进行中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析，以帮助读者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。
首先，中外学术论文的英文摘要在长度上有所不同。
一般来说，中文摘要的字数较多，可以达到300字以上，而英文摘要一般在150-250字之间。
这是因为中文更为详细和丰富，而英文则更加简洁和精炼。
其次，中外学术论文的英文摘要的语言风格也存在差异。
中文摘要多使用复杂的句式和较为冗长的表达方式，这与中文的语法结构和修辞手法有关。
而英文摘要则更倾向于使用简洁明了的句式和简练的词汇，以便更容易被非英语背景的读者理解。
此外，在摘要的结构组织上，中外学术论文也有所不同。
中文摘要一般包括研究背景、研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和结论等方面的内容。
而英文摘要则通常包括背景介绍、研究目的、方法、结果和结论这几个部分。
英文摘要的组织结构更加简洁明了，突出论文的研究重点和关键结果。
最后，中外学术论文的英文摘要在语言表达上也存在差异。
中文摘要更注重描述研究的细节和具体过程，而英文摘要则更注重突出研究的主要发现和结论。
在英文摘要中，应该使用简洁明了的句式和准确的词汇，避免使用复杂的从句和修辞手法，以便让读者快速理解和消化论文的主要内容。
综上所述，学术论文英文摘要的写作方法在中外学术论文中存在一定的差异。
英文摘要要注意长度、语言风格、结构组织和语言表达等方面的技巧，以便更好地呈现论文的主要内容和研究成果。
通过对比分析中外学术论文的英文摘要可以帮助研究者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。
英语作文中的修辞手法及运用技巧
英语作文中的修辞手法及运用技巧修辞手法在英语作文中扮演着重要的角色，它能够为作文增添色彩、凸显主题、增强表达效果。
本文将讨论英语作文中常见的修辞手法，并探讨如何运用这些技巧，使文章更加生动有趣。
一、比喻(Metaphor)比喻是一种将两个不同事物进行类比的修辞手法，通过比较两者的相似之处来强调主题。
比如，在描述一个人时，可以用“他是一颗闪耀的明星”来形容其光彩夺目的个性。
使用比喻可以使作文更加生动，引起读者的共鸣。
二、拟人(Personification)拟人是将无生命的事物赋予人类行为特征的修辞手法。
通过赋予物体思维、行动等人类特征，可以使作文更具情感色彩。
例如，“大海向我们微笑”，将海洋拟人化，展示出海洋的温暖与善良。
三、夸张(Hyperbole)夸张是为了强调某种情感或效果而将某一事物或情景描述得过分夸大的修辞手法。
例如，“我等了一个世纪”，这里并非真实的等待了一百年，而是强调了漫长的等待时间。
运用夸张可以使作文生动活泼，增强表达效果。
四、反问(Rhetorical Question)反问是指提出一个既明显又不需要回答的问题，以此引起读者的思考和共鸣。
例如，“我们难道不应该追求更好的未来吗？”反问可以激发读者的思考，增强作文的说服力和影响力。
五、排比(Parallelism)排比是一种将相同结构的短语、句子或句子成分进行并列的修辞手法，以此达到强调和重复的效果。
例如，“我看见了困难，我看见了困境，我看见了希望”。
排比可以使句子更加有力、紧凑，增强表达的力度。
六、修辞反复(Repetition)修辞反复是指在文章中多次重复相同的词语、短语或句子，以此突出关键信息，强调主题。
例如，“我们必须坚持，我们必须奋斗，我们必须不懈努力”。
修辞反复可以使作文的主题更加醒目、深入人心。
七、对比(Contrast)对比是一种将两个相对矛盾或相对重要的事物进行并置对比的修辞手法，以此突出差异和强调主题。
例如，“黑夜中的星光显得格外明亮”，通过对比黑夜和星光的差异来强调星光的亮丽。
英语写作中的修辞介绍
英语写作中的修辞介绍英语写作中的修辞介绍 英语写作中的修辞 修辞⼿段⼀般主要⽤于⽂学性写作中。
但在⼤学英语的英⽂写作中有时也需要运⽤⼀定的具有英⽂特征的修辞⼿段，⽽且运⽤得好，会使语句⽣动从⽽增添语句亮点。
因此，掌握⼀些⼀般常⽤修辞⼿段对于实现语句亮点也是⾮常必要的。
对于⼤学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞⼿段，⼜称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。
对⽐、排⽐、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、⽭盾等则为语义辞格。
1.对⽐正反对⽐就是要巧妙地运⽤对称的英⽂句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运⽤反义词语往往是必不可少的。
如果⼀旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽⼒选⽤这种对称的句式并选⽤适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。
1）如“很多⼈很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达： Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit 具有正反对⽐的关系和效果。
） 2）如“利远远⼤于弊”，可以这样表达： The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对⽐的关系和效果。
） 3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的⼀些道理，但他们却忽视了⼀个重要的事实”，可以这样表达： They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对⽐的关系和效果。
英文摘要写作方法-2015-0118
英文摘要写作方法——2015-01-18摘要又称提要、文摘，其对应的英文名称为abstract。
国际标准ISO214-76对其的解释为an abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism。
意思是对文献内容的准确压缩，不加以解释或评论。
为了便于检索,科技论文英文摘要结构比较固定,通常由主题句(陈述研究的目的及研究和解决的问题) 、展开句(介绍作了哪些研究及研究的途径、采用的模型、实验范围与方法) 、结尾句(陈述研究结果及评价论文的价值) 组成。
其写作要求逻辑连贯(Coherence) 、表达明晰(Clearness) 与畅达( Fluency) 。
下面分别从时态、语态、常用句式、篇幅等方面就科技论文英文摘要写作中应遵循的原则逐一进行阐述。
1.注意使用书面语言：科技英语除了大量使用各学科的专门术语外,还喜欢用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇(有人称之为big words) ,以体现科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征。
例如,科技英语多用many ,少用a lot of 或lot s of ;多用obtain ,少用get ;多用finally ,少用at last 或in the end ;多用正式动词(如perform ,invent 等) ,少用短语动词(如carry out ,make up 等) •例：本文主要研究平面机构的可动性。
•This paper principally studies the movability of plane components.“主要(地) ”最常见的对应词是mainly ,这里用mainly 当然也可以,但用principally 更能体现科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征。
2.注意使用名词来表示动作：这类名词通常为表示动作的名词,如analysis ,comparison , study ,introduction 等,常见的结构为“make (give 等) + 名词(analysis 等) + 介词”, 意义相当于相应的动词, 如make a study of 相当于study ,make an analysis of 相当于analyse, give an introduction to 相当于introduce等等。
英语修辞与文体 论文
Not marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the judgment that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we canfind an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore.We should focus on the translation of this poem at first. Not marble, nor the gold-plated shrines. Of princes shall outlive the power of poetry. You shall shine more bright in these verses than on dust-covered gravestones, ravaged by time.When devastating war shall overturn statues and conflicts destroy the mason's handiwork, the cause of war (Mars) nor the effects of war (fire) shall destroy the living record of your memory (this poem). Against death and destruction, which render people forgotten,shall you push onward; praise of you will always find a place even in the eyes of future generations. That survives until the end of humanity.So, until you arise on Judgment Day,you are immortalized in this poetry, and continue to live in lovers' eyes.Then we will discuss its stylistics.First, we focus on this poem ’s rhyme. Sonnet 55 is a fourteen-line sonnet, metered in iambic pentameter:x / x / x / x / x /No marble, nor the gilded monumentsx / x / x / x / x /Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhymeIt consists of three quartrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time When wasteful war shall statues overturnAnd broils root out the work of masonry Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn The living record of your memoryGainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth, your praise shall still find roomEven in the eye of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom So, till the judgment that yourself arise You live in this, and dwell in lover ’s eyesSecond, we focus on this poem ’s metaphor. The poet uses metaphors like marble, monuments, and stone in the first four lines to say that none of them will be as everlasting as this poem. Then he says that war and broil may destroy many tough things like statues and masonry, but not people ’s memory of you ——the hero in this poem. It will survive your death and all the powers which work against you.You shall still move on, people will always honor you even their offsprings will praise you forA B A B C D C D E F E F G Gwhat you have done now. We will always remember you and your behaviors until you are judged reasonably.Third, we focus on this poem’s comparisons. Comparisons are frequently used in this sonnet as a foregrounding to the ideas that the poet wants to convey. At the beginning he compares the marble and monument with the rhyme, and tells us that the rhyme will outlive all these things as time goes by.He uses comparison again in the third and fourth lines to say it again that this rhyme will be everlasting. Again in the fifth and sixth lines he uses comparison to highlight his idea that this poem, this rhyme will survive time, the fire of war.The ninth line begins to say something different from the first eight lines. He begins to talk about some abstract subjects like enmity, judgment, praise, and memory. But in the last couplet he concludes with so to say that you will always be remembered by your offspring till you are fairly judged by history. He uses the Christian concept in the last two lines about the arising of the hero.Fourth, we focus on this poem’s alliteration. He uses alliteration in the first line with not and nor to connect the two objects. Then h e uses “shall shine” for alliteration to make the internal rhyme. Alliteration is also used with “wasteful war shall statues” in the fifth line to make the internal rhyme.Fifth, Repetition is also used with the sentence pattern like you shall or shall you. It makes readers to feel the strong feelings of the must of immortalization.Finally, Inversion is used in several lines. The fifth line should be: when wasteful war shall overturn statues , and the eighth and ninth lineshould be:you shall pace forth against death and all-oblivious enmity.Sonnet 55 is a poem about time and immortalization. The speaker claims that his beloved will wear out this world to the ending doom. The speaker's poem won't last much compared to his beloved, even though his beloved is immortalised in the poem, adhering to a larger theme of giving and possessing that runs through many of Shakespeare's sonnets.This poem, however, emphasizes the concept of time slightly differently. He argues that the sonnet traces the progression of time, from the physicalendeavours built by man (monuments, statues, masonry), as well as theprimeval notion of warfare depicted through the image of "Mars his sword" and "war's quick fire", to the concept of the Last Judgment. The young man will survive all of these things through the verses of the speaker.Although the poet's previous pride in writing verse is missing in this sonnet, he still manages to demonstrate a superbly confident spirit: "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments. Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rime." He clearly abandons, at least for the time being, his earlier depressing opinion of his verse as "barren rime," for next he contrasts his verses' immortality to "unsweptstone, besmeared with sluttish time," meaning that the young man will be remembered longer because of the poet's having written about him than if descriptions of his beauty had been chiseled in stone.The next four lines address the same theme of immortality, but now the poet boasts that not only natural forces but human wars and battles cannot blot out his sonnets, which are a "living record" of the youth. Monuments and statues may be desecrated during war, but not so these rhymes.In the first seventeen sonnets, the poet worried about death's effect on the youth's beauty and questioned the nature of his sonnets' reputation after both he and the young man died. Now, however, in lines 9 through 12, he boldly asserts that death is impotent in the face of his sonnets' immortality: To the youth he says, "Against death and all-oblivious enmity, shall you pace forth." In fact, he asserts that the young man's name will be remembered until the last survivor on earth perishes: "your praise shall still find room. Even in the eyes of all posterity. That wears this world out to the ending doom." Only then, when no one remains alive, will the youth's beauty fade, but through no fault of the youth or the poet.This notion of "the ending doom" is the main point in the concluding couplet. The syntax of line 13"So, till the judgment that yourself arise" is confusing, restated, the line says, "Until the Judgment Day when you arise." The poet assures the youth that his beauty will remain immortal as long as one single person still lives to read these sonnets, which themselves will be immortal.Sonnet 55 symbolizes nothing but the rhyme and the poem will be everlasting as time goes on. The rhyme and the poem which can be a metaphor for justice were conducted by all kinds of heroes. Inthis way he is not only talking about the poem but also writing as an important matter of art and literation. Shakespeare shows that thepower of words and languages is much greater than wars, statues, and monuments which is the toughest thing in nature. It is significant that all Shakespeare’s work remains as masterpieces for us till now after almost five hundred years. He and his work elaborate the power and beauty of words and languages.。
论文英文摘要要求与格式
Reports of the synthesis of new dendrimers containing organometallic fragments have increased dramatically over the past few years and examples of dendrimers containing many different metals are now known. This article highlights some of the ways in which t ransition metals and their ligand systems have been incorporated into the growing number of dendrimers. Some structural details and properties of metal containing dendrimers are described , and their applications are also discussed.
避免陈泛之语，英文标题应简明朴实。中文标 题中常见的一些与内容无关的词语如浅谈、漫谈、 初探、试论等等，有的是作者出于谦虚，有的是作 者为使自己的论文显得有气魄增加点学术性和理论 性色彩，在转换为英语时常常可以略而不译。如 “关于随机系统稳定性的讨论”此处的讨论一词在 英文很难找到确切的对应语，倘若硬将其翻译成 discussion、debate 或argumentation 往往会给人 造成误解，使人觉得该文章可能是关于随机系统是 否存在稳定性的一种讨论或争论。因而英语标题中 完全可以不出现讨论而直接译为On the stability of stochastic system
英文摘要常用句型和修辞
《电子设计工程》英文摘要常见句型和修辞 1英文摘要常用句型和修辞1. 缩短文摘方法1）取消不必要的字句：如"It is reported…","Extensive investigations show that …", "The author disusses…", "This paper concerned with…"。
2）对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化。
3）取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)。
4）只介绍新情况、新内容，过去的研究细节可以取消。
5）不说废话，如"本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进"切不可进入文摘。
6）作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘。
7）尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：不用at a temperature of 250℃to 300℃而用at 250-300 ℃at a high pressure of 200 MPa at 200 MPaat a high temperature of 1500 ℃at 1500 ℃2. 常用句型和词汇2.1 “目的”部分2.1.1 时态背景：现在时（一般现在时、完成时和进行时）目的：一般现在时／现在完成时，或一般过去时举例：（1）To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.（2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.2.1.2 介绍目的常用句型主要用动词不定式to表达。
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英文摘要写作中的修辞与文体
英文摘要写作中的修辞与文体英文摘要的修辞
(1) 摘要中的第一句话不要与文题重复,要有所变化，补充一些细节。
如文题为：Expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 则摘要第一句话不要写为To detect the expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 最好改为To detect RACK1 gene over-expressed in primary colon carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.
(2) 可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名词形式。
如: 应当用Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was measured. 而不用Measurement of Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was made.
(3) 正确使用冠词，包括定冠词the和不定冠词a或an；区分可数名词和不可数名词是关键。
如expression做（基因）表达用时为不可数名词，不能加“s”. 对可数名词尽可能使用其复数形式。
(4) 应当用预置短语分开或用连字符断开名词词组，避免使用连续多个形容词或名词来修饰名词。
如用sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, 而不用formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections。
(5) 注意平行结构：在表述各相同的并列成分时，不论是词类、词组、从句或分句，每个成分都必须对等。
如The purpose of this study was to analyze the new proposed classification and determining which classification was clinically useful. 其中第二个表语是动名词短语，与第一个表语不定式短语不一致，不符合平行结构原则。
(6) 比较必须在同类的事物之间进行，切忌对不同类型事物进行比较。
例如：The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than MSI- phenotype. 此句比较对象不对等，应改为The survival of patients with MSI+ phenotype was better than that of patients with MSI- phenotype.
英文摘要的文体
(1) 要客观地叙述方法和结果, 用词要质朴无华, 避免使用带感情色彩或广告式宣传的词语。
不宜写类似下列的句子：A very interesting example is found that …; The staining yields excellent results; The method is very useful for … .
(2) 使用正式文体, 不用口语体和非规范缩写词。
如isn’t, aren’t, hadn’t, hadn’t, haven’t, don’t, can’t, wouldn’t, a lot of, a bit, too(also), thru(through), exam (examination), lab(laboratory)等。
(3) 造句时尽量使动词靠近主语。
如：用Our results are in contradiction with these observations because 53% of our MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were
immunoreactive for CD34. 而不用Our results that 53% of MFH-like PLPs and 10% of epithelioid PLPs were immunoreactive for CD34, are in contradiction with these observations.
(4) 尽量应用重要事实开头，避免短语或从句开头。
如MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area during acute infection in the present study. 而不用In the present study, during acute infection, MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive glial cells in the periventricular area.
(5) 摘要只限表示新消息、新内容，应减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述，减少或取消不必要的背景信息。
摘要也不应包括作者对未来的计划，如“有关XXX方面的研究有待于进一步开展”等。
(6) 省略。
为避免重复和缩小摘要的篇幅，科技英语多采用省略的写法。
在并列复合句里，后面分句如与前面分句相同的部分，往往可以省略。
常见的是谓语动词省略，在省略处可用或不用逗号分开。
如，Despite vaccination, one patient developed pneumococcal menigitis and another, pneumococcal bacteremia. 此外，用when, while, if, as, though (although)和whether 等连词连接的时间、条件、方式、让步等从句，如其谓语中有be，而且其主语与主句的主语相同或为it时，从句的主语和be也可以省略。
(7) 避免使用“悬垂分词”(hanging participle). 使用没有逻辑主语的分词短语做状语，是一种最常见的修辞错误，例如: Following his advice, the bacteria were stained with thionin. 应写为Following his advice, we stained the bacteria with thionin. 或In accordance with his advice the bacteria were stained with thionin.
(8) 避免是一些含义模糊的形容词或副词。
如: considerable, appreciable, substantial, very, relatively, comparatively, essentially, duly, somewhat, rather, necessarily, inevitably 等。
(9) 删繁就简，应当用合适的短语代替子句，用合适的单词代替短语。
如: 用increased 代替has been found to increase, 用was代替was considered to be, 用seemingly代替it would seem that, 等等。
相关论文：张建中, 任胜利. 病理学论文英文摘要写作的几个问题. 中华病理学杂志, 2004, 33(4): 396 398
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