America education
AmericanEducation美国教育制度英美文化
The following generation would be equipped with necessary skills to conduct the political, economic and religious affairs of the colonies.
Education in the United States
Education in the colonial days was concerned with encouraging literacy, so that
Younger generation would be able to seek truths in the Bible themselves;
Education in the United States
Development in Colonial Days
By the end of 17th century, all colonies had had their public schools set up;
Settlers of the English colonies were in the position to receive education of some kind.
Harvard College 1636 College of William and Mary 1639 Yale 1701
Education in the United States
Government Regulations in Colonial Days
Chapter 3美国教育
Education System
Education System
Elementary
Secondary
Higher Education
Education is a function of the state, not the federal government. There is not a national system of education in the USA
What do High Schools Teach?(1)
In high school, subject matter becomes more specialized. English classes stress grammar & literature. Social studies is split into separate courses in American history, American government, & European history. Algebra(代数), geometry(几何学), & trigonometry(三角法) are offered.
Subjects offered
College & university offer a vast array of subjects. A student usually majors in one field during the last 2 years of college. If he wishes, he may obtain professional training at the undergraduate level, for example, in accounting, teaching, journalism, or dramatics. Certain state colleges specialize in training agricultural experts & engineers.
American education美国的教育
• Can happen continuously until you have enough points to graduate.
Importance of exams
• You are given lots of papers and projects to do instead of exam papers roughly • 70% p and p 30% exam
• Specialized education starting from your second year which can last 5 and a half years.
What happens if you fail?
• Cheat or fail on an exam you retake exam or retake the class next year paying 1 extra year. • If you fail the same exam over 3 times you need to get permission to take it again.
No national curriculum
• Each state has the freedom to teach selected subjects. • On national subjects the topics that our taught can differ. Depends on each state.
美国教育 American Education
美国教育American EducationIn China, the college entrance exam is believed to be the most cruel exam, which will decide a student’s future. Many young people complain about this educational system, they yearn for the western education, which is reported to be much eaiser. But the fact is that not all foreign students like that.在中国,高考被认为是最残酷的考试,这将决定一个学生的未来。
许多年轻人抱怨这个教育体系,他们渴望西方的教育,西方教育一直被媒体报道上学轻松。
但事实是,不是所有的外国学生都是这样轻松。
In America, high school students also need to take the very important exam so as to enter the college. Part of students choose to study in community college or just go to work, so they don’t have much pressure. They enjoy the high school life with joining many activities and taking all kinds of parties. But for the students who want to enter the top university, high school is not easy for them. They need to spend extra hours to study after class, which is much like Chinese students.在美国,高中学生也需要参加非常重要的考试,为了上大学。
讲American edcation的六级阅读模拟题
讲American edcation的六级阅读模拟题America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice.It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' ，unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.I'd be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two.The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students.Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers. This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.51. What do we learn about America's education system?A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations.D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools?A) Unqualified teachers.C) Unfavorable learning environment.B) Lack of financial resources.D) Subconscious racial discrimination.53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support?A) Assist the city government in reforming schools.C) Demand higher pay for teachers.B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools.D) Help teachers improve teaching.54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars?A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs.B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes.C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers.D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students?A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones.C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways.D) It totally ignores students，initiative in the learning process.正确答案：51[B]【定位】根据题干中的 America's education system 定位至第 1 段。
职称英语综合类阅读理解第十八篇Goal of American Education逐句翻译
Goal of American Education 美国教育的目标Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life.教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也大。
Its size is matched by its variety.其规模宏大，种类多样。
Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone —not just for a privileged elite. 与其他大多数国家相比，美国教育的不同在于美国教育是为每一个人设置的~"不只是为享有特权的优等生。
Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability,学校是要满足每个孩子的需要，不论其能力如何，and also the needs of society itself.同时也要满足社会本身的需求。
This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. 这意味着公立学校提供的教育不只限于学术方面的课程。
It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. 很多人来到美国之后会吃惊地发现，高中除了提供传统课程，例如：数学、历史和语言之外，他们还提供一些课程如打字、缝纫、无线电修理、计算机课程或驾驶训练课程。
___American___Education1
Chapter Seven American Education1. Features of American educationEducational institutions in the U.S. reflect the nation’s basic values, especially the ideal of equality of opportunity. Americans believe that everyone has both the right and the obligation to become educated; Americans regard education as the most important factor in determining a person’s social role and economic prospects.America has had a great respect for education from its earliest times: The first group of Puritans came to the new world in 1620 to avoid being persecuted in England and seek the freedom to practice their religion – a freedom they could not enjoy in their native countrythey went on board the ship known as Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in New EnglandIn the subsequent years, more Puritans came and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it merged into the MA Bay Colony. One of the things the Puritans believed was that every person should be able to read the Bible. Within just a few years after their arrival, they took steps to set up a system of education in their colony: 1) In 1634, they opened a “Latin grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college；2) In 1634 and 1638 the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, including the support of schools；3) In 1642 and 1647, the Puritans passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading education for their education；4) Harvard College was founded in 1636 for the training of religious ministers, and there were 8 other colleges were established before 1776. So from the earliest days of the British American colonies, the Puritans introduced two practices that still influence American youth: 1).Compulsory education for all children; 2) public taxation for schools.Religious bodies were very active in developing elementary and secondary schools. Soon after 1800, progress was made in the north-eastern region towards universal education paid for from taxes. In 1825, a basic system of public schools was established in the US. Under the US Constitution, the federal government has no power to make laws in the field of education; schools are maintained by state and local governments. The federal government can give financial help in this field.Each state has an educational administration: 1).Laying down general principles concerning the organization of schools and such matters as the ages of compulsory education. 2).Schools are provided and managed by local community boards of education, whose members are elected.There is no unified national curriculum and textbooks are chosen by the state or local educational authorities. All the states practice compulsory education free of charge, and require a child to attend school up to age 16, and some states require attendance to age 18.2. Elementary and secondary educationThe typical American child spends 6 hours a day, five days a week, and 180 days a year in school. Most children start school at age five by attending kindergarten, or even at age three or four by attending preschool programs. Then usually there are six years of elementary school, two years of middle schools (or junior high school), and four years of high school. School systems may divide the 12 years up differently –grouping grades 6-8 into middle school (junior high school) and secondary or high schools generally means grades 9-12. Not all school systems havekindergarten, but all have 12 years of elementary, middle school (or junior high school), and senior high school. The great majority of American students attend the free public elementary and high schools, but about 10 % attend private schools, most of which are run by churches, and receive financial support from them, though parents must also pay tuition. 1) The law forbids public schools to give religious instructions, but private schools are free to do it. Religion is not always the reason that parents send their children to these schools .2). Many parents believe that private schools are safer and of better quality than the public schools. .There are also some elite private schools which serve many upper-class children. Students must pay high tuitions fees that only wealthier families can afford them, though scholarship are usually offered talent, less affluent children who cannot pay the tuition. Parents often send their children to these schools so that their children will associate with other upper-class children and maintain the upper-class position held by their parents, in addition to getting a good education. Unlike private religious schools, elitist private schools conflict with the American ideal of equality of opportunity. These schools often give extra educational and social advantage to the children whose families have the money to allow them to attend.The quality of education children receive in public schools varied greatly; the residential patterns were often the source of problems, particularly in urban areas. The public schools in the inner city are predominantly composed of Afro-American students and often share the neighborhood problems of high crime rates and other forms of social disorder. These schools were clearly unequal to those in the predominantly white, middle-class neighborhoods in the suburbs. The largest percentage of the money for schools comes from the local level (cities and counties), mainly from property taxes. School districts that have middle-class or wealthy families have more tax money to spend on education; therefore, wealthier school districts have beautiful school buildings with computers and the latest science equipment, and poorer school districts have older buildings with less modern equipment.There is no national curriculum, and textbooks are chosen by the state or local educational authorities, but certain subjects are taught at all schools across the country. Almost all elementary schools provide instructions in such subjects as 1) mathematics; 2) language arts (including reading, grammar, composition and literature); 3) penmanship; 4) science; 5) social studies (including history, geography, citizenship and economics); 6) music; 7) art; 8) physical education Also many elementary schools have introduced courses in the use of computers, and a second language in the upper eleme ntary grades. Most secondary schools offer the same “core” of required subjects: English, mathematics, science, social studies and physical educationAfter completing the required courses, students can take additional courses as “electives”, which range from specialized academic to vocational subjects: European history, foreign languages, industrial trades, driver education, and “shop” (construction and repair of machines).American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical-thinking skills. Class discussion is common because it embodies the principle of “learning by inquiry”. Traditionally, Americans are more interested in practical skills than in pure theory. This, some Americans argue, partly explains why American students’ average scores i n international academic contests are not so high. Also American schools do not give their students special intensive training prior to the formal contests. Americans schools also emphasize developing the students’ social and interpersonal skills to help students develop these skills. Schools add a large number of extracurricular activities to daily life at school: athletics, student government, clubs, and activitiesfor almost every student interest such as art, music, drama, debate, photography, volunteer work. Grades in high school courses and scores on tests like the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) are very important but so are the students’ extracurricular activities.Anyone who wants to teach at an elementary or high school has first to graduate from a college/university and then study education for one year and get a teacher’s certificate. In making their decisions about which students to admit, colleges look for students who are “well-rounded.”3. Higher educationAfter high school, the majority of students go on to college leading to a bachelor’s degree, and the bachelor’s degree can be followed by professional studies, which lead to degrees in such professions as law and medicine, or graduate studies, which lead to master’s and doctoral degrees. The American public schools are free and open to all at the elementary and secondary (high school) level, but the colleges and universities, whether public or private, charge tuition and have competitive entrance requirements.The US leads all industrial nations in the proportion of its young men and women who receive higher education. The US does not have a unified national system of higher education –1) The 50 states and large cities run their own colleges and universities, which are known as public universities making up 75% of the total. 2) The other 25% are privately operated by religious or other organizations.Both public and private universities and colleges depend on the following sources of income: 1) students’ tuition fees, 2) government funding (financial help), 3) donation from the wealth and former graduates. Public universities receive more financial assistance from the government than private ones; and the latter require students to pay more tuition fees than the former.The system of higher education is complex. it mainly comprises three categories:1) The university, which may contain: a) several colleges/schools for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s (four-year) degree; b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree.2) The 4-year undergraduate institution: the college; most of them are not part of a university3) The 2-year, or community college, which offers associate degrees to their students and from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to 4-year colleges or universities.In addition, there are many technical/vocational schools, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from 6 months to four years in duration and learn a variety of technical skills, from hair-styling through business accounting to computer programming; There are also various non-degree certification/diploma programs, such as adult basic and continuing education, leisure learning programs, continuing professional education and training programs, etc.Out of more than 3 million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. Simply by being admitted into one of the most respected universities in the US, a high school graduate achieves a degree of success.The factors that determine whether a university is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are :1) quality of teaching staff2) quality of research facilities3) amount of funding available for libraries4) specialized programs5) the competence and number of applicants for admission - how selective the university can in choosing its students.All these factors reinforce one another.Admission to prestigious universities is highly competitive. Applicants have to take SATS (Scholastic Aptitude Tests). Applicants are generally chosen on the basis of: a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impressions they make during their interviews at the university; d) their scores on the SATS.At the college level, foreign applicants are required to submit the scores on TOEFL test (Test of English as a Second Language). If you are pursuing a graduate degree in the Arts and Science, you are also asked to take the GRE (Graduate Record Examination). If you are pursuing a graduate degree in a business related field, you’ll be asked to take the GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test). For law it is the LAST (Law School Admission Test) .For medicine it is the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test).There are a number of financial aid programs in the form of loans and scholarships available at both public and private schools. The expenses of attending college make it difficult for many students to attend even the less expensive public universities. Growing number of students cannot afford to go away to college and pay $15,000 - $39,000 each year for a public or private university, they choose instead to attend community college for two years in their hometowns, paying as little as $2,000 per year in tuition. These 2-year colleges offer a wide range of programs and offer associate degrees to their graduates. Some of the associate degrees are in vocational or technical fields. Students may also take their first 2 years of college at a community college and then transfer to a state university.Despite its costs, the percentage of Americans seeking a college education continues to grow. Today there are more than 15 million students attending college, and there are about 3,000 different colleges and universities throughout the country. Many parents who were not able to attend college when they were young are eager to see their children attend. Colleges provide residence halls for students, but many students do not live on campus; they have their own cars and drive home after class to save rent. Meals are provided in students’ cafeterias and the food is usually less expensive than outside. Many students must work during their college years to help meet the costs. Even students from rich families sometimes do part-time jobs in restaurants or supermarkets to earn their tuition and living expenses. Americans do not look down upon anyone engaged in honest work to make money.College students choo se their “major” and a number of “electives”. Typically, an undergraduate student has to earn about 120 credits in order to receive the bachelor’s degree at the end of four years’ study. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in 2-4 years; if a graduate program requires original research, a graduate student has to spend additional months in the lab. Courses related to the business world and learned professions are the most popular in America. About 70% of Master’s degree and doctoral degrees are awarded in teaching education, business management, engineering, medicine, sciences, and law. These are among the high paid jobs.。
The Differences between Chinese and American Education
The Differences between Chinese and American EducationAbstract: Education is culture, and different educations show different societies’culture; the good American education system may not be good for Chinese society. So, different education has to follow the society background. In this article, we can see the difference in curriculum and teaching aims between two country.Keyword: Education Differences Curriculum AimsAs is known, each culture has its own feature.Chinese culture has many difference with American culture, and we can also see the education differences between China and America.In China, most of parents always told us that if we don't study hard, we can't enter a good university, can’t get a good job in the future, and can't lead a pleasant life ... the list is going on and on. So the biggest significance for students self-regulated learning is to help them get high scores in examinations and enter higher level schools. Their self-regulation contains more negative control, such as keeping themselves from playing, sleeping and “insignificant books”that are helpless for examinations. Although the quality education is advocated for many years, "Quality-oriented education in words, exam-oriented education in deeds" is a common phenomenon.But the educational system in the United States is different from the rest of the world, especially in science education, it emphasizes on developing the students creativity and individualism. Because American education system operates with a free market spirit in a much less control, more freedom climate. I believe this aspect of the American system is its strength.The difference in curriculumMost American institutions of higher education must compete for students. Market factors force courseorganization, to be centered on student “customers”. Universities must teach in a student-sensitive manner and offer a great variety of curriculums that will attract as many students as possible.High school students have to take a minimum sequence of classes to earn enough credits to be awarded a high school diploma. Of these classes, some will be in core curriculum, such as English, mathematics, science, physical education and social science, while others can be chosen as electives by the student. The school academic counselor will assist the student in making the best subject choice based on college and career aspirations and graduation requirements.The difference in teaching aimsIn American, The major aims of science education include two aspects. One is scientific literacy among the general population, the other one is training of future scientists. As a science student, he will get much chance to develop practice skill and take the theory into practice. More importantly, the score is not the only standard to weigh one’s ability.But it is another thing in china. Once you see teachers or parents praising their kids, in fact they aren’t praising the kids self-regulation or their learning. Instead, they are praising the back of self-regulated learning---getting high scores in the last or coming examinations. Chinese parents particularly concerned about the academic performance of children, the only requirement is that concentrate, calm, to sit down to study, and learned. We ignore the child's talents, limit their creativity. As a result, we cultivate the so-called "talent" but stifled genius.Although American students benefit from the environment and apply self-regulated learning favorably, their learning efficiency is unlikely to catch up Chinese students. The reason is that American students tend to set their own goals that contain the content that they want to learn. While Chinese students tend to set their own goals for achieving some level of success on the content those teachers give. Chinese students’ goal of content may be more specific and it is easy for others to accept their success. That’s why many people think thatChinese students learn much more knowledge in basic education phase than American students do.ConclusionThere is a huge gap on education between America and China, but we can’t say which one is right or wrong, because each of the education system is based on the different backgrounds, American education should be following the American’s culture, meanwhile, Chinese education has to follow Chinese culture. A good education model for China is very important to the learning process, and also is very hard. But the most important thing we need is the modern education which is internationalization education system and localization education systems unite for China and America, this is also what the education itself needs.Anyway, we have confidence and also have the ability to improve Chinese education, then our descendant will get a better life. And we should straightly face the problems occurred in the past years, and push Chinese education“higher, faster ,stronger”.References[1] 《英美文化》贺相铸. 云南人民出版社.[2]施茹萍. A Glimpse to the Differences between Chinese and American Education——From the Perspective of Michael Phelps[J]. 海外英语,2011,07:370-372+391.[3]王婧. The Cross-culture Research between China and America on Family Education[J]. 海外英语,2011,05:327-330.[4]Luo Ruofei. Analysis on the Trend and Change Process of Preschool Education Supply System in China[J]. 学术界,2013,11:293-299.[5]瞿葆奎,郑金洲,程亮. 中国教育学科的百年求索[J]. 教育学报,2006,03:3-11.[6]李涛. 百年中国教育史研究高潮的回顾与反思[J]. 东北师大学报,2003,02:106-113.[7]石中英. 20世纪美国教育哲学的发展[J]. 比较教育研究,2002,06:6-10.[8]叶赋桂. 中国的美国教育研究三十年[J]. 比较教育研究,2010,07:9-15.[9]高书国. 21世纪初美国教育发展战略特点评述[J]. 世界教育信息,2004,Z1:5-14.。
American-educational-system美国教育系统
American Educational SystemUnited States of America has one of the most effective educational systems in the world because it ensures quality to the children of the country. The system is highly sophisticated and constructed with special care given to the educational needs of the student community. The Federal Government has enforced strict laws to make sure that each and every person is benefited with basic knowledge regardless of their financial conditions. After completing the post-secondary education, one can move on to pursue the graduate, doctorate and even post-doctorate studies. The American educational system also nurtures extracurricular activities of students, along with providing them a highly competitive curriculum. The education system of USA functions under the U.S. Department of Education. Let's find out more below!美国拥有世界上最有效的教育系统,因为它确保了质量的孩子。
Britain & America educational system英美国家教育体系
General features of British eduational system
General features of newspapers in the UK
3. There is no censorship of the newspapers.
What does this mean? How does the government prevents newsmen from intruding into celebrities’ privacy?
4. Running newspaper in the UK is an expensive and competitive business.
Who run the newspapers? What are the two major newspaper companies? Why is it expensive to run newspapers? How do newpaper companies ensure fast delivery and mass circulation? Can you give some examples?
2. There are major differences between newspapers in terms of the format, contents and political outlook.
What are the differences between the two types of national newspapers in its format and contents? can you give some examples? What about the political outlook of the newspapers? Can you give some examples?
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A music class in a junior high school
A classroom in a senior high school
At the stage of elementary education, the teachers have a long time accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. Schools in the United States have always stressed character training or social skills training through extracurricular activities. School and home are closely linked, and there is, ideally at least, a sense of partnership between teachers and parents.
4
scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)
Group work
Study in college
Discussion and debate
Difference between America and China
In America，the Federal government has no power to make laws in the field of education, so they don't have to think of the benefits of the government, what they should do is just teaching and tell students right or wrong. In China, our schools are influenced by the government, so, the teacher have to tell us the positive things instead the fact about our government.
Education System
Elementary and Secondary Education
Higher Education
Elementary and Secondary Education
Elementary and secondary education— the basis of public education, free and compulsory, 12 grades. Courses—reading, arithmetic, language arts, science, social studies, music, art, and physical education.
applicants are chosen on the basis of the following 4 aspects:
1
high school records
2
high school teachers’ recommendati ons
3
the impression they make during interviews at the university
Ideals of American Education
As many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want . Producing a society of literacy and local control. Emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning.
Different divisions of school systems
elementary school
6
8 elementary school
junior high school
3
3
4
high school senior high school
High school
Students learn advanced subjects like math, science, history, economics, speech, music and art Each student has his own schedule and moves to different classrooms for each class Students choose many different electives (Art, Band, Cooking, Acting, Driver’s Education)
Difference between America and China
In America，the teacher mainly arouses the child’s the curiosity about nature and the imagination of nature. As we all know knowledge creation comes from curiosity. So teachers by making students interested in the nature and fairy stories, let the student shave a broader imagination space, so as to help the knowledge creation. In addition, they regard the psychological development as the highest direction, so the cultivation of student’s interest and the creativity is the main point of America school education.
High school
The high school student’s day may be divided into nine periods: five for academic subjects, one session for physical education, a lunch period, and two study periods (visiting the library or participating in an activity)
Higher Education
After finishing high school (twelfth grade), U.S. students may go on to college or university. College or university study is known as "higher education."
American Education
As we all know, America is one of the most developed countries in the world. America not only on the science and finance fields, but also on the education field.
Higher Education
classification:
college--- offer only undergraduate courses university---have undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools junior college---offer the first two years of college only