四级阅读段落信息匹配题技巧及练习
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案解析（11）
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案解析（11）英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案解析(11)Jaguars Don't Live Here AnymoreA)Earlier this month, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service announced it would appoint" critical habitat" for the endangered jaguar. Jaguars--the world's third-largest wild cats, weighing up to 250 pounds, with distinctive black rosettes ( 玫瑰花色) on their fur--are a separate species from the smaller, tawny (黄褐色的) mountain lions, which still roam large areas of the American West in the United States and take the first steps toward mandating (批准) a jaguar recovery plan. This is a policy reversal and, on the surface, it may appear to be a victory for the conservation community and for jaguars, the largest wild cats in the Western Hemisphere.B) But as someone who has studied jaguars for nearly three decades, I can tell you it is nothing less than a slap in the face to good science. What's more, by changing the rules for animal preservation, it stands to weaken the Endangered Species Act.C)The debate on what to do about jaguars started in 1997, when, at the urging of many biologists ( including me), the Fish and Wildlife Service put the jaguar on the United States endangered species list, because there had been occasional sightings of the cats crossing north over the United States-Mexico border. At the same time, however, the agency ruled that it would not be "prudent" (谨慎的) to declare that the jaguar has critical .habitat--a geographic area containing features the species needs to survive--in the United States. Determining an endangered species' critical habitat is a first step towarddeveloping a plan for helping that species recover.D)The 1997 decision not to determine critical habitat for thejaguar was the right one, because even though they cross the border from time to time, jaguars don't occupy any territory in our country--andthat probably means the environment here is no longer ideal for them.E)In prehistoric times, these beautiful cats inhabited significant areas of the western United States, but in the past 100 years, there have been few, if any, resident breeding populations here. The last time a female jaguar with a cub ( 幼兽) was sighted in this country was inthe early 1900s.F)Two well-intentioned conservation advocacy groups, the Center for Biological Diversity and Defenders of Wildlife, sued the Fish andWildlife Service to change its ruling. Thus in 2006, the agency reassessed the situation and again determined that no areas in theUnited States met the definition of critical habitat for the jaguar. Despite occasional sightings, mostly within 40 miles of the Mexican border, there were still no data to indicate jaguars had taken up residence inside the United States.G ) After this second ruling was made, an Arizona rancher ( 牧场主), with support from the state Game and Fish Department, set infrared-camera (红外摄像机) traps togather more data, and essentially confirmed the Fish and Wildlife Service's findings. The cameras did capture transient jaguars, including one male jaguar, nick named Macho, B, who roamed the Arizona borderlands for more than a decade. But Macho B, now dead, might have beenthe sole resident American jaguar, and hisextensive travels indicated he was not having an easy time surviving in this dry, rugged region.1H) Despite the continued evidence, the two conservation advocacy groups continued to sue the government. Apparently, they want jaguars to repopulate the United State seven if jaguars don't wan! to. Last March,a federal district judge in Arizona ordered the Fish and WildlifeService to revisit its 2006 determination on critical habitat.I)The facts haven't changed: there is still no area in the United States essential to the conservation of the jaguar. But, having asserted this twice already, the service, nowunder a new president, has bent to the tiresome litigation (诉讼). On Jan. 12, Fish and Wildlife officials, claimed to have evaluated new scientific information that had become available after the July 2006 ruling. They determined that it is now prudent to appoint critical habitat for the jaguar in the United States.J)This means that Fish and Wildlife must now also formulate a recovery plan for the jaguar. And since jaguars have not been able to reestablish themselves naturally over the past century, the government will likely have to go to significant expense to attempt to bring them back--especially if the cats have to be reintroduced.K)So why not do everything we can, at whatever cost, to bring jaguars back into the United States? To begin with, the American Southwest is, at best, marginal habitat for the animals. More important, there are better ways to help jaguars. South of our border, from Mexico to Argentina, thousands of jaguars liveand breed in their true criticalhabitat. Governments and conservation groups (including the one I head) are already working hard to conserve jaguar populations and connect them to one another through an initiative called the Jaguar Corridor.L).The jaguars that now and then cross into the United States most likely come from the northernmost population of jaguars, in Sonora, Mexico. Rather than demand jaguars return to our country, we should help Mexico and other jaguar-range countries conserve the animals' true habitat itM )The recent move by the Fish and Wildlife Service means that the rare federal funds devoted to protecting wild animals will be wasted on efforts that cannot help save jaguars. It also stands to weaken the Endangered Species Act, because if critical habitat is redefined as any place where a species might ever have existed, and where you or I might want it to exist again, then the door is open for many other sense less efforts to bring back long-lost creatures.N)The Fish and Wildlife officials whose job is to protect the country's wild animals need to grow a stronger backbone--stick withtheir original, correct decision and save their money for more useful preservation work. Otherwise, when funds are needed to preserve all those small, ugly, non-charismatic endangered species at the back of the line, there may be no money left.1. It is still a fact that there is no suitable place for jaguarsto live safely in the United States.2. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service should be more determined and saving for the conservation work.3. Jaguars were regarded as endangered species because oftheir rare appearance at the United States-Mexico border.4. Money was not spent effectively in helping save jaguars in the recent move by the Fish and Wildlife Service.5. It can be inferred that the United States is not the best choice for jaguars to live from the evidence that they don't settle anywhere here.6. South of the United States' border, from Mexico to Argentina, is the true critical habitat for jaguars.7. The number of jaguars breeding populations in significant areas of the western United States has deceased in the past century.8. It is necessary for the government to invest lots of funds in order to help jaguars to reestablish.9. It didn't indicate that jaguars had settled down in the United States even though they were seen within 40 miles of the Mexican border at times.10. Fish and Wildlife officials were sure enough to appointcritical habitat for the jaguar in the United States.1.I)。
四级长篇阅读匹配题做题技巧
四级长篇阅读匹配题做题技巧
四级长篇阅读匹配题是四级考试中的重要题型，也是考生普遍认为比较难的题型之一。
这种题型要求考生在阅读完一篇较长的文章后，根据文章内容和所给选项，将选项与文章中的相应段落匹配起来。
对于许多考生来说，这种题型比较考验阅读理解的能力和语言表达的能力。
以下是一些四级长篇阅读匹配题做题技巧，供考生参考。
1. 通读全文，了解文章大意
在做题之前，先通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意，这有助于考生更好地理解文章的细节和各段落的主旨。
2. 抓住关键词
在阅读文章的过程中，要注意抓住关键词，这有助于考生更好地理解文章的内涵和细节。
3. 不要被选项的形式所迷惑
在做题的时候，不要被选项的形式所迷惑，而是要看清选项所表达的意思，然后再回到文章中去找到相应的段落。
4. 注意选项的排列顺序
有时候，选项不是按照文章的顺序排列的，这就需要考生在做题的时候注意选项的排列顺序，以免将其匹配到错误的段落。
5. 排除干扰项
在做题的时候，有时候会出现一些干扰项，这些选项与文章内容相关度较低，不应该被选作答案。
考生要学会排除这些干扰项，准确地找到与文章内容相关的答案。
6. 注意时间分配
在考试的时候，要注意时间的分配，不要花太多时间在一道题上，以免影响后面的答题。
总之，在做四级长篇阅读匹配题的时候，考生应该认真阅读文章，抓住关键词，注意选项的排列顺序和干扰项的排除，合理分配时间，这样才能更好地完成这种题型。
在备考的时候，要多做一些练习题，提高自己的阅读理解和语言表达能力，为考试打下坚实的基础。
四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案-3
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Preparing for Computer DisastersA) Summary: When home office computers go down, many small businesses grind to a halt. Fortunately, taking steps to recover from disasters and minimize their effects is quite straightforward.B) Fires, power surges, and floods, they're all facts of life. We read about them in the morning paper and see them on the evening news. We sympathize with the victims and commiserate over their bad luck. We also shake our heads at the digital consequences—melted computers, system failures, destroyed data. Yet, somehow, many of us continue to live by that old mantra of denial: "It won't happen to me." Well, the truth is, at some point you'll probably have to deal with at least one disaster. That's just how it goes, and in most aspects of our lives we do something about it. We buy insurance. We stow away provisions. We even make disaster plans and run drills. But for some reason, computer disaster recovery is a blind spot for many of us. It shouldn't be. Home computers contain some of our most important information, both business and personal, and making certain our data survives a disaster should be a priority. Moreover, even the smallest disaster can be a serious disruption. Personal computers have become an integral part of the smooth-running household. We use them to communicate, shop, and do homework, and they're even more vital to home office users. When home office computers go down, many small businesses grind to a halt. Fortunately, taking steps to recover from disasters and minimize their effects is quite straightforward. With a good offsite storageplan and the right tools, you can bounce back quickly and easily from minor computer disasters. And, should a major calamity strike, you can rest assured your data is safe.Offsite Storage: Major DisastersC) House fires and floods are among the most devastating causes of personal computer destruction. That's why a solid offsite backup and recovery plan is essential. Although many home users faithfully back up their hard drives, many would still lose all their data should their house flood our burn. That's because they keep their backups in relatively close to their computers. Their backup disks might not be in the same room as their computers—tucked away in a closet or even the garage—but they're not nearly far enough away should a serious disaster strike. So, it's important to back up your system to a removable medium and to store it elsewhere.D) There are many ways to approach offsite storage. It starts with choice of backup tools and storage medium. Disaster situations are stressful, and your recovery tools shouldn't add to that stress. They must be dependable and intuitive, making it easy to schedule regular backups and to retrieve files in a pinch. They must also be compatible with your choice of backup medium. Depending on your tools, you can back up to a variety of durable disk types—from CDs to Jaz drives to remote network servers. Although many of these storage media have high capacity, a backup tool with compression capabilities is a big plus, eliminating the inconvenience of multiple disks or large uploads.E) Once you select your tools and a suitable medium, you need to find a remote place to store your backups. The options are endless. However, no matter where you choose, be sure the site is secure, easily accessible, and a good distance away from your home. You may also want to consider using an Internet-based backup service. More and more service providers are offering storage space on their servers, and uploading files to a remote location has become an attractive alternative to conventional offsite storage. Of course, before using one of these services, make certain you completely trust the service provider and its security methods. Whatever you do, schedule backups regularly and store them far away from your home.1. You should take steps to recover from computer disasters so as to minimize their effects.2. For some reason, computer disaster recovery is always ignored by many of us.3. You can bounce back quickly and easily minor computer disasters with the help of a good offsite storage plan and the right tools.4. The most devastating causes of personal computer destruction includes house fires and floods.5. It's necessary for us to back up our systems to some transferable medium and to put it somewhere else.6. You should find a distant place to store your backups after selecting your tools and a suitable medium.7. Not only physical disaster can damage your computer.8. The backup and recovery tools must be flexible enough to deal with various computer crises.9. The quality of your backup tools determines whether you are frustrated or have a peaceful mind when disaster strikes.10. You should prepare for your computer disasters now and again.答案参考：1. A 根据题干中的信息词recover from computer disasters定位到本文的第一段。
大学英语四级段落信息匹配题技巧
英语四、六级段落信息匹配题一、英语四级段落信息匹配题是什么？长篇阅读理解篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。
四级考试需要各位同学做的是，大家需要去看十个左右的段落，然后去匹配十个信息点。
但是到六级当中，我们的难度就要增加了，我们见到的情况是六级当中变成了15个段落，去匹配十个信息点。
但总体来看，不管题型怎么变，其实学习方法没变，还是仍旧需要大家提高阅读的能力，比如说读文章的时候，是不是直接拿英语读，如果读快速阅读的时候，还是拿中文边翻译边读的话，会发现阅读速度一直会比较慢，所以那么长的文章很难找到细节，所以大家一定要养成拿英语直接阅读的这样一种习惯，这样才能保证我们的阅读速度又快又准。
二、信息匹配题难点分析1.??考生难以按照阅读题一贯遵循的“顺序原则”解题。
由于这一题型要求考生把细节信息与其所在的段落进行匹配，因此细节信息的排列绝对是“乱序的”，这就意味着考生从文章开头到结尾按顺序定位的方法是行不通的。
2. 题干信息复杂，考生难以迅速抓住要领。
题干中的细节信息通常是极复杂和繁琐的名词短语或长难句，考生往往在寻找到合适的定位词之前，就已经被题干信息的复杂表述弄得晕头转向了。
3. 考生难以寻找到合适的定位词。
即使考生能够读懂题干中晦涩难懂的细节信息，但也会在寻找定位词时遇到很大障碍。
因为题干提供的细节信息中往往不会出现非常明显的定位词(如数字、时间、地点、人物、特殊字体和特殊符号等)。
即使考生能够找到一个定位词，这一定位词也通常和文章主题密切相关，会在文章中多次出现，因而也没有太大的意义。
三、匹配题出题特点及应试技巧匹配类题型有很多种，常见的种类有：1）人名-观点匹配；2）.地名-描述匹配；3）句子-句子匹配；4）分类题(Classification)；5）段落-标题匹配；6段落-细节匹配。
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案-4
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting inlower predisposition to breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and asmoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting thetreatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.参考答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L。
四级阅读段落信息匹配题技巧及练习
段落信息匹配题1.这种题型可以放到最后做。
2.考生难以按照阅读题一贯遵循的“顺序原则”解题。
细节信息的排列绝对是“乱序的”，这就意味着从文章开头到结尾按顺序定位的方法是行不通的。
3.快速掌握文章脉络。
通过阅读中心句快速掌握文章脉络。
中心句一般出现在：1）首句；2）转折词如but ；3）因果关系联接词如as a result 引领的第二句；4）问句后面的答句。
在找到中心句后，读一下末句，可以更精确地掌控段意。
若无特别明显的中心句，首尾句的阅读也有助于理解段意。
阅读过程当中，有的信息点明确可直接先去选出答案。
这里我们也要明确要多看外文，掌握外文的行文思路。
4.一般而言文章组织有三大类。
一是按时间，如货物运输，这是最简单的。
二是按观点—原因—发展—瓶颈—措施—目标的布局来分析一件事物。
三是偏科普的夹杂很多不同派别的理论，这个相对而言比较难。
5.划出句子中的关键词。
由于人的短期记忆能力是有限的，在短时间内无法记下所有的句子。
因此需要寻找选项中的一些在最大程度上概括整个选项的关键词。
带着这些关键词去浏览全篇文章，找到它们所涉及的相关内容后，再研读细节，最终确定此句是否和该段匹配。
6.题干提供的信息表述中通常会出现一些具有特殊意义的指示性词汇，这类词汇虽然不是通常意义上的定位关键词，但其特殊含义可将考生的注意力指向原文的开头、结尾或是某个具有特殊特征的段落。
这些词通常包括如下三类：①能够指示开头段的词汇(如overview、introduction、initiation、main idea、definition等)；②能够指示结尾段的词(如overview、future、solution、conclusion、suggestion、summary等)；③能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词汇(如rate、ratio、proportion、percentage等词往往对应含“%”的段落；number、figure、statistical demographics等词往往对应数字集中的段落；financial、income、revenue、salary等词往往对应含诸如“$”“￥”等货币符号的段落)。
四级阅读技巧长篇阅读找对应段落
Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)
Skimming and scanning activity
(according to each of 10 statements)
50.Rather than break down trash, a landfill is mainly to bury it. (J)关键词+改写
• What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?
Skimming and scanning activity (according to each of 10 statements)
48. A landfill can’t be built without certain environmental impact study being carried out. (H) 关键词+正话反说
• H) In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
大学英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习
Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Paper--More than Meets the EyeA)We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is.There are many varieties and grades of paper materials,and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties,it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B)It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose,so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart,it is clearly not something destined for the archives.It is made to look good,but only needs a limited life span.It isalso much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C)Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods,cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word"paper".Many of these are very specialized,but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags,with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD)In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands.Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda,until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced.It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers.That,in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood.However,the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card,the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E)A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin.This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together,but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem.Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper.This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn.We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books.It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years.Not what we need for our archives.F)Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture,the obvious question is"why is it left in the paper?"The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree.By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some95%.Removing it means a yield of only35%.It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G)It also means,of course,that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive,but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies.There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise.Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials,causing them to fadeand is some cases simply vanish!H)So,how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable?You cannot do it by simply looking,and rather disappointingly,you cannot always rely on the label."Acid-free"might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time.But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down,and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I)Added to this,as I have indicated earlier,paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach,china clay,chemical whiteners and size.This looks like a bleak picture,and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell.If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in,or printing on,the correct material then this is probably the only way.J)Incidentally,acids can migrate from material to material.Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents.The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK)Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste.This has the advantage of being lignin-free,but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees,it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper.You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though,since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L)A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest.Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M)The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street.The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers.It may cost rather more,but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1.The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2.There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper,but the superiority ones are soft wood,cotton and rags.3.During the whole manufacturing process,the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4.In order to make white paper and card,the makers will add bleach.5.Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6.Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture,because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7.Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8.If the lignin is removed from the paper,the paper will be more expensive.9.Although free of lignin,paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10.What we can learn from"Paper from Rag"is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.文章精要：本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。
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段落信息匹配题1.这种题型可以放到最后做。
2.考生难以按照阅读题一贯遵循的“顺序原则”解题。
细节信息的排列绝对是“乱序的”，这就意味着从文章开头到结尾按顺序定位的方法是行不通的。
3.快速掌握文章脉络。
通过阅读中心句快速掌握文章脉络。
中心句一般出现在：1）首句；2）转折词如but ；3）因果关系联接词如as a result 引领的第二句；4）问句后面的答句。
在找到中心句后，读一下末句，可以更精确地掌控段意。
若无特别明显的中心句，首尾句的阅读也有助于理解段意。
阅读过程当中，有的信息点明确可直接先去选出答案。
这里我们也要明确要多看外文，掌握外文的行文思路。
4.一般而言文章组织有三大类。
一是按时间，如货物运输，这是最简单的。
二是按观点—原因—发展—瓶颈—措施—目标的布局来分析一件事物。
三是偏科普的夹杂很多不同派别的理论，这个相对而言比较难。
5.划出句子中的关键词。
由于人的短期记忆能力是有限的，在短时间内无法记下所有的句子。
因此需要寻找选项中的一些在最大程度上概括整个选项的关键词。
带着这些关键词去浏览全篇文章，找到它们所涉及的相关内容后，再研读细节，最终确定此句是否和该段匹配。
6.题干提供的信息表述中通常会出现一些具有特殊意义的指示性词汇，这类词汇虽然不是通常意义上的定位关键词，但其特殊含义可将考生的注意力指向原文的开头、结尾或是某个具有特殊特征的段落。
这些词通常包括如下三类：①能够指示开头段的词汇(如overview、introduction、initiation、main idea、definition等)；②能够指示结尾段的词(如overview、future、solution、conclusion、suggestion、summary等)；③能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词汇(如rate、ratio、proportion、percentage等词往往对应含“%”的段落；number、figure、statistical demographics 等词往往对应数字集中的段落；financial、income、revenue、salary等词往往对应含诸如“$”“￥”等货币符号的段落)。
通过这些指示性词汇缩小回原文定位的范围，从而快速判定。
7.正确选项一定是原文的同义转换，因此必须识别它们之间的转换关系。
如果不能确定某些单句是否与该段落相匹配的8.首在次阅读过程中，最好做个记号，以便第二次阅读时更有针对性。
第二次阅读的目的：一是检查已初步确定的段落与单句是否确实匹配；二是完成第一遍阅读中尚未解答的题目。
关键词专题：什么是关键词呢?关键词是用来帮助我们定位信息的词汇。
最理想的情况是：我们依靠所划的关键词迅速定位到信息所在的段落，从而得到答案。
这就要求我们所划的关键词是独一无二的，它只出现在原文的某一个段落。
那么什么样的词才有这个特点呢?【关键词的类型】1. 一些拼写较长的词，比如如：internship，competitiveness，globalization，integration，sustainability，innovative，immigration等。
这些词属于低频词，一般不会大篇幅地出现。
利用这些词可以高效地查找匹配段落。
另外，这些词有时会作为生词在文中标注出来，像internship，在原文中用斜体印刷，并以括号备注中文。
选它做关键词，瞬间就能找到原文出处了。
2. 数字，包括年代、百分比、特殊事件等。
如四级样卷中的：mid-1970s,3.9 percent，20 percent，September 11等。
利用这些数字进行定位，测得的准确率是100%3. 以连字符连接的特殊词汇。
如：university-based，one-child。
这些词是由两个(或三个)单词连接的新词，一般当成形容词使用。
三个单词的例子如：hard-to-grasp难以理解的。
这些词也属于低频词，一般不会大篇幅出现。
需要注意的是有时候我们需要将这些词拆开来定位，如one-child在原文中是没有的，原文是这样的“They often compromise by having just one child. ”这里的one child 就不是整体作为形容词使用了。
4. 研究、报告、书籍型词汇，如：report，study，books等。
一般来说研究、报告等内容都是易考点，这些信息经常出现在特定的段落里，所以根据这些词汇作为关键词也很容易定位。
5. 最高级，如best，worst，most等。
如关键词之一为the best solution。
然而仅凭此关键词我们可能无法迅速地找到答案，因为原文的表述是the most effective method，用的词汇是完全不一样的。
这就提醒我们在平常的阅读中应多关注最高级出现的地方，因为它常常是考点。
6. 除了以上所列的承载主要信息的名词，形容词等。
如：funding，unsteady , values，employers，older workers，reforms，shortage，war，immigration，rich countries 等。
这些词的判断需要多加练习与体会。
The Art of FriendshipA) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong my familyand I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of afriend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let merant until the cloudslifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That'swhen it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life haddwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit mehard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everythingabout me; when they left,they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolationon one's health. Butmy concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in theway that only a girlfriendcan understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends: He couldn't,and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquire newfriends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the worlda little bit just as I did.Since I'd be making friends with more intention than I'd ever given the process, I realized I could beselective, that I could in effect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt prettyfrightened.C) After all, it's a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when yon're younger -- a factwoman I've spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41, a Chicago theater director andmother, sees it, when you're in your teens and 20s, you're more or less friends with everyone unlessthere's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity.Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. There are many people I'mcomfort-able around, but Iwouldn't go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship, Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40 I couldn't run up to people the waymy4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, Will you be my friend? Every time you start anewrelationship, you're vulnerable again, agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute,in Atlanta. You're asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes usself-conscious.E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realized that as a mature friend seeker my vulnerabilityrisk was actually pretty low. If someone didn't take me up on my offer, so what: I wasn't in junior high,when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enoughself-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We're all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we alreadymake time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us in contact with candidates for camaraderie.Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made atchurch came as a pleasant surprise. In high school I chose friends based on their popular-ity and howbeing part of their circle might reflect on me. Now's it's our shared values and activities that count.Mertes says her pal, with whom she organized the church's youth programs, isnothing like her but theirdrive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be, self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if theydo, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the mother of a child in her son's pre-school, atall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. I said to my husband, she's too cool forme,' she jokes. I get intimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be prettylaid-back and friendly. In the end there was no chemistry between them, so they didn't become good pals.I realized that we weren't each other's type, but it wasn't about hierarchy. What midlife friendship isabout, it seems, is reflecting the person you've become (or are still becoming) back at yourself, thusreinforcing the progress you've made in your life.H) Harlene Katzman, 41, a lawyer in New York City, notes that her oldest friends knew her back whenshe was less sure of herself. As much as she loves them, she believes they sometimes respond to is-sues inlight of who she once was. An old chum has the goods on you. With recently made friends, you can turnover a new leaf.I) A new friend, chosen right, can also help you point your boat in the direction you want to go.Hanna Dershowitz, 39, an attorney and mother in Los Angeles, found that a new acquaintance fromworkwas exactly what she needed in a friend. In addition to liking and respecting Julia, Dershowitz had afeeling that the fit and athletic younger woman would help her to get in shape.J) While you're busy making new friends, remember that you still need to nurture your old ones. Weasked Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When Youe Nota Kid Anymore, for the best ways to maintain these important relationships. Keep in touch. Yourfriends should be a priority; schedule regular lunch dates or coffee catch-up sessions, no matter how busyyou are. Know her business. Keep track of important events in a friend's life and show your support. Call ore-mail to let her know you're thinking of her. Speak your mind. Tell a friend (politely)if something she didreally upset you. If you can't be totally honest, then you need to reexamine the relationship. Accept herflaws. No one is perfect, so work around her quirks --she's chronically late, or she's a bit negative -- to cutdown on frustration and fights. Boost her ego. Heartfelt compliments make everyone feel great, so tell herhow much you love her new sweater or what a great job she did on a work project.46. Leslie Danzig thought making friends at one's middle age needed some reasons.47. A well-chosen new friend can help you go in the direction that you like.48. A few years ago the author felt lonely and depressed when she phoned her best friend in another citywho was much wanted then but unavailable.49. According to Kathleen Hall, one might feel sensitive in the first curse of making new friends.50. Midlife friendship can help you realize your direction of life and reinforce the progress you've made inyour life.51. In Mafia Paul's book, to be a better friend, you should keep track with your fiiends, care for yourfriend's job, express yourself, accept her flaws and compliment your friend forher/his good dressing andjob.52. For the author, a girl friend might be the right person to under stand her and erase her negativefeeling.53. According to Michelle Metes, midlife friendship is based on the shared values and activities54. As a mature friend seeker, the author finds herself with enough confidence to offer and take rejectionwith grace.55. With newly made friends, you can have a chance to take on a new look in your life.交友之道A)数年前的一天晚上，我发现自己陷入了焦虑中。