西方文化概论复习题

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西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)

西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题)

1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture (emphasizing rationality)and Hebraic culture (emphasizing virtue & discipline)6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses,includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。

(完整word版)西方文化概论

(完整word版)西方文化概论

西方文化概论克里特文明1【单选题】克里特文明开始突然衰落是从公元前(C)以后。

A、14世纪B、16世纪C、15世纪D、13世纪2【单选题】根据考古发掘,西方文明是起始于(A)左右以前。

A、4500年B、3000年C、4000年D、5000年3【单选题】以下哪一项是西方文明最早的源头?(A)A、克里特岛B、埃及C、罗马D、以上都对4【判断题】爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明.(×)5【判断题】西方文明的摇篮是希腊文明.(√)迈锡尼文明1【单选题】被称为“英雄时代”,是希腊文明中的(D)。

A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代2【单选题】以下关于迈锡尼文明时期,北方入侵的三支浪潮的说法正确的是哪一项?(B)A、第一、二支是暴力入侵B、第一支浪潮是和平渗透C、第一、二支是和平渗透D、第一、三支是暴力入侵3【单选题】按照早到晚顺序将几个希腊文明的阶段进行排序,正确的是(A).A、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、黑暗时代、希腊文明B、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代C、迈锡尼文明、克里特文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代D、克里特文明、黑暗时代、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明4【判断题】迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴,也有北方粗狂的特点。

(√)5【判断题】希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。

(×)爱琴神话1【单选题】以下哪一位是最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人?(D)A、亚里士多德B、荷马C、柏拉图D、赫西俄德2【单选题】集中在(A)的两个半岛的是希腊最主要的文明。

A、南方B、北方C、东方D、西方3【单选题】最早时期,奥运会是一种(A)。

A、祭祀活动B、体育比赛C、筛选官兵的方式D、娱乐活动4【判断题】神兽同形同性是希腊神话中一个显著的特点。

(×)5【判断题】克里特神话包括“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”.(√)赫西俄德与荷马1【单选题】古希腊神话中,大地之神该亚在未经交配的情况下就生下了(D).A、大海之神和动物之神B、天宇之神和星月之神C、动物之神和山河之神D、大海之神和天宇之神2【单选题】荷马和赫西俄德生活在下面哪一时期?(C)A、城邦文明时期B、克里特文明时期C、黑暗时代将尽D、以上都不对3【单选题】认为(A)有血缘关系是希腊神话的特点之一.A、英雄和神B、老百姓和神C、统治者和神D、士兵和神4【判断题】让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运是希腊悲剧的深刻性所在。

西方文化概论考试题

西方文化概论考试题

西方文化概论考试题一、选择题1. 西方文化的起源可以追溯到以下哪个时期?A. 古希腊时期B. 文艺复兴时期C. 工业革命时期D. 当代现代化时期2. 哪位希腊哲学家被认为是西方文化的奠基人?A. 亚里士多德B. 柏拉图C. 西塞罗D. 苏格拉底3. 文艺复兴运动是在哪个国家兴起的?A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国4. 哪本书是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的著作之一?A. 《圣经》B. 《简·爱》C. 《哈姆雷特》D. 《唐吉诃德》5. 哪位科学家被称为现代物理学之父?A. 牛顿B. 达尔文C. 哥白尼D. 欧几里德二、判断题判断下列说法是否正确,正确的在括号内写“√”,错误的写“×”。

1. (√)《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的作品,属于英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。

2. (×)文艺复兴运动对欧洲其他国家的文化影响不大,主要局限于意大利地区。

3. (√)工业革命对西方社会产生了巨大的影响,使之从传统农业社会转变为现代工业社会。

4. (×)西方文化的核心是个人主义和自由,与集体主义和权威主义完全不同。

5. (√)西方文化中的人文主义强调人的尊严和价值,提倡人类的自由发展和个体意识的觉醒。

三、问答题1. 请简要介绍西方文化的主要特点和价值观。

西方文化的主要特点包括个人主义、理性主义、人权和科学精神等。

个人主义强调个体的独立性和个人权利,在人际关系和社会交往中强调个体的意愿和选择。

理性主义崇尚理性思维和科学方法,在知识的获取和问题解决中强调逻辑和分析。

人权是西方文化的核心价值观之一,认为每个人都享有平等的尊重和权利。

科学精神是对客观世界的追求和理解,注重实证和证据的支持。

2. 西方文化中的哪些艺术形式对世界产生了深远的影响?西方文化中的艺术形式包括文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧和电影等。

其中,莎士比亚的戏剧作品被认为是世界戏剧史上的巅峰之作,对后世的文学和戏剧创作产生了深远的影响。

西方文化概论期末复习完整版

西方文化概论期末复习完整版

1.西方最早的文明形态:神话。

2.西方最早最早的文明:米诺斯文明(克里特文明)。

∵创造线形文字。

3.最早的希腊人:阿卡亚人。

∵建立的迈锡尼文明滋养了整个希腊。

爱琴文明简表:前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的米诺斯文明(克里特人)前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼文明(阿卡亚人)前12c—前8c 黑暗时代(多利亚人)前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄:半人半神,神与人所生,神是理想化的人,因此英雄是理想化的人。

在古希腊,人与自身区分而成为英雄,具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。

5.希腊文明兴起的原因:腓尼基字母传入;公元前776年,第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会;新兴家族的崛起,农业上以血缘为核心,商业上以契约为核心。

6.用公民和城邦相互解释:亚里士多德《政治学》公民——城邦里享有一定政治权利并要尽一定政治责任和义务的组织者。

城邦——享有一定权利同时要尽一定责任的一定数量的公民共同体。

7.希腊城邦文化的中心:雅典。

希腊化的中心:亚历山大里亚。

8.斯巴达采用的国家制度:政治上:建立元老院,是最高权力中心。

经济上:定期分配土地。

生活上:原始共产主义制度。

9.希腊城邦的政治制度:前8c—前6c:君主制:一个人统治,世袭制度,导致独裁、专政。

僭主制:利用民众的力量夺取政权。

民主制:民众协商的方式。

10.贝壳投票法:雅典。

伯利克里时代,公民大会。

11.前776年,第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义:希腊人自己有了记录时间的方法,有了纪元,从而有了编年史;表明了希腊人对美的崇尚;是希腊城邦文明的标志。

12.《神谱》作者:赫西俄德通过吟唱。

13.三代神王:乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。

14.诸神居住地:奥林匹斯山。

诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。

奥尔弗斯神秘祭。

《神谱》的文化意义:第一,通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观。

例如:从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯,绝大多数神都象征着某种自然现象(海神、死神、天神等),这种自然的分化和演进过程一直延续。

西方文化概论1-4章复习题

西方文化概论1-4章复习题

西方文化概论1-4章复习题Statements1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are consideredto be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman(希腊罗马的)element and the Judeo-Christian (犹太教与基督教的)element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule ofAlexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateursports competition.6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, ledby Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home,island of Ithaca.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.(公民大会)11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today:Sappho and Pindar.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, andEuripides.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King(俄狄浦斯王), Electra(伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex(恋母情结)and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.Euripides(欧里庇得斯)wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache,Medea, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes,who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.Herodotus(希罗多德)is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about thewars between Greeks and Persians.21.Thucydides(修西得底斯)described the war between Athens and Sparta andbetween Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22.Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯)was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things werenumbers.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, outof which everything else had arisen.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other,they are the Cynics(犬儒学派), the Sceptics(怀疑论学派), the Epicureans(伊壁鸠鲁学派), and the Stoics(斯多葛学派).27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook ofgeometry.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric (多利安式)style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic(爱奥尼亚式)style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian(科林斯式)style.30.The Acropolis at Athens(雅典卫城)and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.31.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.32.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.大意:征服者反被被征服者所征服。

大学 西方文化史重点复习题

大学 西方文化史重点复习题

《西方文化概论》1、西方文化概论是什么样的一门课程?是关于西方文化基本原理的研究,是对于西方文化体系的基本构成、本质特性与发展规律的提示。

是对西方文化历史过程的理性观照,将西方的文化与文明作为一个整体,从文化原理与发展规律角度进行的研究。

2、作为文化形态的西方,它是指什么?西方文化体系包括哪些?P63、文化体系的构成有哪些?P114、西方文化的特点有哪些?西方文化有如下主要特点:1,天人相分与征服自然。

2,理性精神。

3,个人本位。

4,罪感传统。

中国传统文化则有以下几个特点:1,天人合一与顺天应物。

2,家族与伦理本位。

3,贵和尚中。

梁漱溟:中国是伦理型文化,以讲五伦,互以对方为主;希腊是科学型文化,突出科学精神,强调科学与理性;罗马是政治型文化,表现为罗马法的制度与应用,罗马的扩张等庞朴:希腊文化注重人与自然的关系;中国文化较注重人与人的伦理关系;中东及印度则较注重人与神的关系等其他:西方文明是动的文明,东方是静的文明西方文明是自然对立型、自然掠夺型的父性物质文明,东方文明是自然顺从型、自然循环型、自然共生型的母性精神文明。

第二讲1、欧洲的语言文字包括哪些?有什么特点?印欧语系是世界最古老的大语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、高加索语系、闪含语系多种语言的交叉使用超过了世界其他地区;拉丁文字母是世界上最重要的,也是使用最为广泛的文字2、欧洲的种族和民族有什么特点?种族主要是白种人,即欧罗巴或称高加索人种欧洲人的种族分布于4个大的区域:大西洋、地中海人、白海人与高加索人欧洲共有160多个民族,俄罗斯人口最多,达1亿以上;另有13个民族达千万以上;还有50个民族超过1万人。

特点:民族国家,一个民族为一个国家第三讲:西方文化理论与文化逻辑1、什么是文化现象、文化模式、文化危机、文化转型:文化现象:是指文化的发生或起源、功能和社会历史定位、形态和构成、时间特征和空间特征等。

文化模式:特定民族或特定时代人们普遍认同的,由内在的民族精神或时代精神、价值取向、习俗、伦理规范等构成的相对稳定的行为方式,或者说是基本的生存方式。

西方文化概论练习题

西方文化概论练习题

西概期末复习题1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses, they are①Excellence oftaste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. ②An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning . ③The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Characteristics of Culture are ①It is based on symbols. ②Culture is shared. ③Culture islearned. ④Culture is adaptive.3.The origins of Western culture ——“three pillars” are①Ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy) ②the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law) ③Catholic and ProtestantChristianity.4.Greece is a country in southeastern Europe.5.The civilization of ancient Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization.6.Classical Greek Athenian philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Xenophon.7.Principle Figures in Greek mythology are①Gods ②Mortals ③Heroes.8.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and goddesses dwelling on MountOlympus.9.Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianityspread to the Americas and the rest of the world.10.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at leastsince the 4th century.11.God is usually held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience,omnibenevolence, omnipresence and immortality.12.God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside time, andtherefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.13.The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of Genesis.14.Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil,which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.15.In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the antidote to the sin of Adam.16.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true God and true man".17.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit andborn from the Virgin Mary.18.According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, buried withina tomb, and rose from the dead three days later.19.Jesus Christ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and eternal death.20.The three principal traditions within Christianity are Protestantism, Roman Catholicism andEastern Orthodoxy.21.Protestantism is associated with the belief that the Bible is the final source of authority forChristians.22.Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternallyco-existing persons; the Father, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.23.Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the OldTestament and the New Testament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by human authors under the inspiration of Holy Spirit, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of salvation.24.The Old Testament is about God and the laws of God, and the New Testament is about thedoctrines of Jesus Christ. The Word “Testament” means“agreement” or “covenant”.25.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the“Five Books” of Moses: Genesis, Exodus,Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.26.The Torah contains the Ten Commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai.27.Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewardedeither with eternal life or eternal damnation.28.Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of the time.29.In Christianity, baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted asa full member of the Christian Church.30.The crucifix is a cross with a representation of Jesus'body, or corpus. It is a principalsymbol of the Christian religion.31.Zeus is the god of sky, the supreme god, and the father of both gods and men.32.Hera is the queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, theprotectress of married women and their legal children.33.Poseidon is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, and the god of earthquakes andtsunamis.34.Hades /Pluto is the god of the underworld.35.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.36.Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.37.Apolloe is the sun god, the god of music, and a god of prophecy.38.Artemis is the moon goddess, the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest, thegoddess of hunting, and the protectress of huntsmen.39.Hephaestus is the god of fire, the patron god of metal-smiths.40.Hermes is the messenger of gods, a messenger god, the god of roads and doorways, theprotector of travelers, and the guide for the dead to Hades.41.Hestia is goddess of the hearth, the goddess of home and family, and a guardian of homes.42.Dionysus is the god of wine and ecstasy.43.The Iliad, an epic poem by Greek poet Homer, tells the story of the Trojan War.44.At Olympia, the Olympic Games were celebrated in honor of Zeus every fourth year.45.Odyssey is a story after the Trojan War. Odysseus returned to his faithful wife, Penelope,Agamemnon returned to be murdered by his faithless wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover.46.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.47.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.48.“The golden apple” refers to the things that give rise to conflicts and strife.49.“Achilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.50.“Trojan horse” means a trap intended to undermine an enemy, or subversion from inside.51.Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as Christmas Day around the world, onDecember 25.52.In Christianity, baptism is for the majority the rite of admission (or adoption), almostinvariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also membership of a particular church tradition.53.Scouting is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people intheir physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society.54.Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding vows by the couple,presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a publicproclamation of marriage by an authority figure or leader.55.The groom’s family will pay the rehearsal feast and other accessories.56.The bride’s family will pay the wedding fees.57.Modern wedding customs and traditions can be dated back to the Middle Ages.58.Modern Valentine symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of thewinged Cupid.59.Passover celebrates the Exodus, the freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel fromancient Egypt that followed the Ten Plagues.60.Egg is widely used as a symbol of the start of new life, just as new life emerges from an eggwhen the chick hatches out.61.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31.62.Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of acircus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during thecelebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.63.Westerners are in such a contradiction that they believe in both the science and God.64.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.65.In western superstitions,①Black Friday ②the 13th ③Walk under a Ladder ④Break aMirror ⑤Black Cats can’t bring good luck.66.Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence(generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person.67.A good building should satisfy the 3 principles: Durability, Utility, Beauty.68.Structuralism, a modern intellectual movement that analyses cultural phenomenaaccording to principles derived from linguistics, emphasizing the systematicinterrelationships among the elements of any human activity, and thus the abstract codes and conventions governing the social production of meanings.69.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.70.Psychoanalysis is a psychological and psychotherapeutic theory conceived in the late 19thand early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.71.Vampires are mythological creatures said to survive by feeding on the blood of animals andhumans.72.Vampire symbolizes the renewal of life.73.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.74.Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which uselocally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances.75.The Tower of Babel, according to the Book of Genesis, was an enormous tower built in theplain of Shinar.76.According to the biblical account, a united humanity of the generations following the GreatFlood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar.77.The phrase "The Tower of Babel" does not actually appear in the Bible; it is always, "thecity and its tower", or just“the city".78.Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and theonly one to remain largely intact.79.The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million limestone blocks with most believedto have been transported from nearby quarries.80.When looked from the outside, the great pyramids point to the sky at the top whichresembles a “ladder to heaven”.81.The top of the Doric column is a simple square.82.There is no base at the bottom of Doric column.83.A Doric column is straight and has 20 small sides.84.Ionic column is more slender and decorative than Doric column.paring the major styles of Greek columns, the most slender one is the Corinthiancolumn.86.The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greekgoddess Athena.87.The Colosseum, or the Coliseum is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city ofRome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire.88.Colosseum can hold 50,000 to 80,000 people.89.The gladiators in the show in Colosseum were mainly slaves.90.A characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportionto its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.91.Medieval stained glass is the coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10thcentury to the 16th century.92.According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from thePortuguese word "barroco", Spanish "barroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a“rough or imperfect pearl ".93.What are the distinctive features of Baroque architecture?①broader naves and sometimesgiven oval forms ②broader naves and sometimes given oval forms ③dramatic use of light ④opulent use of colour and ornaments or figures ⑤large-scale ceiling frescoes ⑥an externalfaçade often characterized by a dramatic central projection ⑦the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco ⑧illusory effects li ke trompe l’oeil and the blending of painting andarchitecture94.Rococo style took pleasure in asymmetry, a taste that was new to European style. Thispractice of leaving elements unbalanced for effect is called contraste.95.What are the ideals of the International Style which are commonly summed up in threeslogans? They are ornament is a crime, truth to materials, form follows function.96.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.97.Ferdinand de Saussure argued that words are signs in that they consist of twosides—langue/parole and signifier/signified.98.Sigmund Freud proposed the mental processes could be divided into three parts: the id,the ego, and the superego.99.Many psychological concepts were first proposed by Carl Jung, which is excluded?thearchetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, synchronicity.100.The anthropological origins of archetypal criticism can pre-date its psychoanalytic origins by over thirty years.The Golden Bough, written by the Scottish anthropologist Sir James George Frazer, was the first influential text dealing with cultural mythologies. 101.Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.102.Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States.103.Rock 'n' roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music.104.“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” was written by Albert Einstein.。

《西方文化概论》自考

《西方文化概论》自考

《西方文化概论》复习题(本部)练习题1、四年一届的(奥林匹亚竞技会)是全希腊最隆重的盛会。

2、(浪漫主义)主义的基本特点就是,用自由和美感来代替义务和功利,用情感的权威来代替理性的权威,用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。

3、卢梭的小说(新爱洛伊丝)是浪漫主义的典范,在这本书中,卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。

4、当“哲学之父”(泰勒斯)宣称万物是从水中产生时,他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。

5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指(米诺斯文明),它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。

6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的(相对论)揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。

7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊(城邦)社会的重要特征。

8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方(共产主义)理论的思想根源。

9、公元前5世纪,(雅典)成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心,成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。

10、人文主义的精神实质就是(人性的解放),它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。

11、“基督教的真正父亲”(保罗)构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。

12、基督教在哲学上对应一种(唯心主义)观点,即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。

13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生,中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的(黑暗时代)或者“英雄时代”。

14、(哥特式)建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世,它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。

15、(《尼西亚信经》)确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义,并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威,成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。

16、公元前8世纪,当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时,与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是(系统叙事诗)。

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《西方文化概论》复习题1、希伯来文明(2C前)的核心部分是“犹太教”,说说“犹太教”及其对希伯来(犹太)民族的意义。

犹太教信仰宇宙独一真神上帝耶和华,他创造并主宰宇宙万物,他存在于所有的历史事件中,并以某种方式发挥作用。

犹太教的基本教义和公理原则强调上帝耶和华是独一的、统一的、永恒的、万能的、无形的、不可比拟的、无所不在的、无所不知的。

宇宙不存在任何其他上帝,也从未有人可以被奉为神圣。

人类要畏惧上帝、热爱上帝。

犹太教是世界上最古老的一神教,也是与犹太人命运相连的民族宗教。

犹太教孕育在希伯来人的原始信仰之中,诞生于摩西时代,乃至“巴比伦之囚”,经历了一个长期、曲折而又反复多变的历史反战过程,逐步确立下来。

犹太教具有三个明显特点:第一、非偶像崇拜的一神论‘二、以选民观为框架的神学体系;三、核心地位的律法思想。

、影响:1、对犹太民族身份的鉴别。

犹太教即是犹太人的宗教信仰,也是犹太人的民族鉴别标准,“割礼”就是犹太人的民族标记。

犹太人认为,从亚伯纳罕时代起,割礼就一直是上臂与其选民以色列人之间缔结契约的标志。

2、对风俗节日的影响。

守安息日和遵守饮食法是犹太人日常生活中最重要和最基本的生活习俗。

3、对教育和艺术的影响。

《旧约》不仅是犹太教的经典,也是犹太民族的历史、文学作品,可以说是犹太教对犹太民族影响的一个缩影。

从中我们可以看出犹太教对于教育的影响。

在造型艺术方面,我们则可以看出《旧约》中犹太教对于民族艺术的影响。

2、说说对古希腊原欲与理性的理解。

古希腊文学是西方文学的一个重要源头。

古希腊文学的主要成就是希腊神话、荷马史诗和悲剧。

古希腊文学呈现出张扬个性、放纵原欲,肯定人的世俗生活和个体生命价值的特征,这种特征具有根深蒂固的世俗人本意识。

这种意识是原欲型的,虽然其中也不乏理性精神,但这种精神主要是对人的肯定而并非是与原欲相对的理性意识和道德规范。

无论是古希腊神话还是荷马史诗,都鲜明地体现出了这点。

这种原欲性特征根植于古希腊文化的重“天人之别”的土壤“,但同时古希腊文学也沐浴在理性的光辉之中:原欲与理性是古希腊文学内核的两个层面,他们之间的关系既对立又互补,蕴含了人性中不同侧面、不同层次的文化内涵。

3、说说古希腊雕塑。

希腊艺术是理想主义的、简朴的、强调共性的、典雅精致的——高贵的单纯,静穆的伟大 。

在整个西方美术传统中,古希腊雕塑占有十分重要的地位。

西方美术崇尚的典范模式,庄重的艺术品格和严谨的写实精神,可以说都是从古希腊开始的。

希腊雕塑分4个时期,即荷马时期——古风时期——古典时期——希腊化时期。

古希腊悠久的神话传说是古希腊雕塑艺术的源泉。

希腊神话是希腊人对自然与社会的美丽幻想,他们相信神与人具有同样的形体与性格,因此,古希腊雕塑参照人的形象来塑造神的形象,并赋予其更为理想更为完美的艺术形式。

古希腊艺术讲求理想化手法与写实性作风相结合的艺术原则,重视技巧,追求作品的形式感,力图赋予作品以更多的感官之美,还表达个人的独特情感。

更多的倾向于反映现实,写实化倾向加大,而理想主义色彩减少。

古希腊雕刻特别发达,以及流行人体雕刻的主要原因:首先,古希腊的奴隶制,使农业和手工业之间有了更大规模的分工,体力劳动和脑力劳动之间也有了明确的分工。

这样就有相当一部分人专门从事与美术有关的手工业劳动和艺术创作活动。

同时希腊是奴隶制民主政治,人的创造力较少受到压制,艺术匠师的劳动较多地受到重视。

因此,这为古希腊文化艺术的全面发展从政治上创造了有利的条件。

其次,古希腊的文化艺术不仅是一种创作活动,而且是它的生活的一部分。

日常生活及各种节日都促进了雕塑艺术的发展。

且希腊神话又具有“神人同形同性”的特点,为神造像也是为他们理想化了的人造像,神像也是人像。

特别应当指出的是,古希腊男子在体育锻炼时是赤身裸体的。

这既有利于锻炼出健美有力的身体,又自然而然地培养出一种能够以坦荡无邪的态度去看待裸体形象,并且自觉地、热烈地追求人体美的风气。

此外,古希腊人是一个美学观念特别发达的民族。

他们在人像雕刻和神庙建筑上一再探讨正确的比例关系,就是这种爱美观念的突出反映。

这一切都为古希腊美术的繁荣和发展,创造了比同时代其他国家更优越的条件。

4、结合古希腊的文化成就说说古希腊民族的文化精神。

对美的事物的热爱是希腊神话的灵魂。

著名的金苹果之争,帕里斯在财富、智慧和美这三者中最终选择了美,这是典型的希腊式的选择。

将美凌驾于财富与智慧之上,显露出了希腊人强烈的爱美意识。

他们在日常生活,如竞技、造型艺术、戏剧等方面将这种唯美意识发展到了极致。

希腊人比较重感觉,对肉体的崇拜更甚于对精神的关怀。

以宙斯为首的奥林匹斯诸神并不是一些枯燥泛味的道德偶像,而是一大群相貌俊美,体魄健壮的有血有肉的神灵。

诸神在精神或道德方面并没有超人之处,只是在肉体上比人更强壮、更健美,而且能够长生不死。

这些极具感性色彩的神成为希腊人的生活理想。

对人的自然形体之美的崇拜使希腊出现了特有的运动形式裸体竞技。

希腊人为了取悦宙斯每四年在伯罗奔尼撒半岛西部的奥林匹克附近举行一次竞技会,参赛的每个运动员均须裸体出场。

人们丝毫不以裸体为耻,相反倒是以拥有一副矫健的体魄而感到无上的荣耀。

这就使得奥林匹克竞技会成为力与美的展示,得胜归来的运动员被当成英雄加以崇拜。

裸体竞技使雕塑家得以观察人体在各种自然形式和姿态中的情况,于是体育和宗教的结合产生了造型艺术的美。

通常雕塑家关注的是人物外在形象是否健美,试图通过对美的形体的描绘表现出人物的内在意韵之美。

即或是取自宗教题材的神像雕刻,雕刻家仍然追求外在形体之美。

在希腊人观念中,美的心灵是寄托于美的肉体之中,健美的身躯应当包容着智慧、善良、美德。

这种万物一体的观念是希腊精神中较为典型的特性。

对美的不懈追求使希腊人对现实生活的关注更甚于对彼岸世界的向往。

希腊人热爱生活但也不惧怕死亡。

古希腊人相信人死后另有一个世界,人的死亡只是由生界到该世界的变迁,而非人体的消失。

他们相信人死后魂灵同肉体共同幽居于地下墓中。

古希腊民族具有浓烈的悲剧意识,对生命独特的理解使他们选择悲剧的艺术形式来观照生命本能世界。

而索福克勒斯则通过俄狄浦斯对命运的反抗试图表明,人类不甘心于此,宁愿以生命为代价抗争命运,揭开人生和社会之谜。

俄狄浦斯精神实质上就是希腊人勇于接受挑战,不屈不挠的进取精神。

这是希腊民族精神之魂。

希腊人创造了这种精神,而正是这种精神成为不断地推动希腊人乃至西方人创造新的世界和新的人的精神源泉。

在世界各民族的发展过程中,宗教与文化息息相关,共同发展。

文化是本质的,宗教是文化的一种形式。

宗教与文化的交互作用构成了一个民族基本的精神特征。

深入研究古希腊宗教,我们可以看到这样一个事实:古希腊人在长期的宗教熏陶中所形成的自由、唯美、乐观,积极进取的精神已成为古希腊民族文化现象中最基本的精神特征。

正是这种蕴含在古希腊文化中的基本精神特征,成为推动古希腊民族文化取得辉煌成就的强大的精神动力,进而也推动和影响着西方文化的发展。

5、古罗马在政治、法律方面的成就。

(一)、古罗马的政治体制的演变:君主制——贵族共和制——帝制这种演变是历史发展的必然。

古罗马建国初实行君主制,公元前6世纪末实行贵族共和制,由执政管、元老院、公民大会、平民保民官组成。

随着古罗马领土扩张,罗马从贵族共和制走向帝制,公元前27年屋大维建立元首制(实质:披着共和外衣的君主专制),公元3世纪,戴克里先实行公开君主制(二)、罗马法的演变:罗马法是世界史上内容最丰富、体系最完善、对后世影响最广泛的古代法律。

以《十二铜表法》为开端、《查士丁尼民法大全》为总结的罗马法,是罗马政治文明中最伟大的成就。

1、从习惯法到成文法:公元前5世纪中期,由贵族组成的十人委员会制定的法律,镌刻于十二块铜表上发表,称为《十二铜表法》,是古罗马的第一部成文法典,标志着罗马成文法的诞生,在一定程度上限制了贵族特权,保护了平民利益。

2、从公民法到万民法:公元前3世纪中期之前,罗马法律的适用范围仅限于罗马公民,用来调整罗马公民之间的关系,被称为公民法,具有明显的狭隘性。

随着罗马的对外扩张,逐渐演变成为适用于罗马统治范围内一切自由民的法律,称为“万民法”。

3、自然法:共和国晚期的著名政治学家和法学家西塞罗提出自然法,自然法不是具体的法律条文,而是一种法律观念。

这种人类自然平等的思想史对罗马法律实践的理论概括与升华,标志着罗马法学的高度成熟。

4、从零散到形成完整体系:查士丁尼一世在位时,成立专门的委员会编纂罗马法,形成了法律汇编,即最后的《查士丁尼法典》,也叫《民法大全》。

标志着罗马法已经发展到完备阶段。

罗马法是欧洲历史上最早的一套系统比较完备的法律体系,是近现代欧洲大陆法系的基础;为资产阶级战胜教会和世俗的封建势力提供了理论武器;为资本主义经济的发展和巩固提供了现成的法律形式。

另外,它所蕴含的人人平等、公正之上的法律观念,具有超越时间、地域与民族的永恒价值。

但是,罗马法是维护奴隶主阶级的工具。

6、十字军东征的历史意义。

11世纪出现的十字军运动是西欧历史上的一个重要转折点,欧洲开始摆脱中世纪早期社会停滞和封闭,打通东西方的隔绝状态,开创向外拓展和冒险的精神。

十字军东侵在客观上打开了东方贸易的大门,使欧洲的商业、银行和货币经济发生了革命,并促进了城市的发展,造成了有利于产生资本主义萌芽的条件。

东侵还使东西方文化与交流增多,在一定程度上刺激了西方的文艺复兴,阿拉伯数字、代数、航海罗盘、火药和棉纸,都是在十字军东侵时期内传到西欧的。

十字军东侵,促进了西方军事学术和军事技术的发展。

如西方人开始学会制造燃烧剂、火药和火器;懂得使用指南针;海军也有新的发展,摇桨战船开始为帆船所取代;轻骑兵的地位与作用得到重视等.尽管十字军东征给东方和西欧各国生灵涂炭,造成了巨大的物质损失,从某种方面来说,十字军东征在传播知识层面的积极作用超过了它的负面。

它们对欧洲文明却有着长远的影响,这种影响不仅仅限于它为欧洲基督教各王国的内战找到了一个出口。

十字军东征使得欧洲大陆走上了一条世界主义的道路,使欧洲人认识到更为广阔的外部世界,并最终导致新大陆的发现。

十字军东征,还间接的促进了欧洲文艺复兴的出现。

欧洲人入侵东方后,发现了在欧洲已经消失了却仍在当地存在的古希腊文化的残存,欧洲人将他们带回后,最终导致了文艺复兴的出现。

7、中世纪基督教教会于欧洲的意义。

中世纪基督教教会成为主宰中世纪各个方面的完善的组织机构,实行宗教权与政治权统一的教皇统治。

基督教对中世纪欧洲的影响已经渗入到社会的各个方面。

无论是思维内容、艺术、文学、科学技术、教育、政治、经济等等的方面。

基督教在欧洲文明的继承上起到了巨大作用。

构建中古西方文明的第一种元素师古典的希腊文化,崇尚个性和理想主义;第二种事罗马文化,强调理性、功利和实用;第三种是日耳曼文化,强调血缘和家庭。

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