NP-18 Correlation Study between Obesity and Depres
高中生的英文单词
高中生的英文单词进入中学阶段高级中学学习的学生统称为“高中生”，包括普通高中、职业高中，中等职业学校等。
那么，你知道高中生的英语怎么说吗?现在跟学习啦小编一起学习关于高中生的英语表达吧。
高中生的英文释义senior high school student高中生的英文例句这本书太难而不适合大多数的高中生。
The book is too difficult for most senior high school students.没有(别的)一本文法书比这一本更受高中生的欢迎。
No grammar book is more popular than this one with senior high school students.当明年七月来到时，我就不再是高中生了。
I will be no more a senior high school student come next July.这些高中生正在教其他高中生。
And these are high school kids teaching high school kids.给高中生做家教能帮助你在业余时间赚钱。
Teaching high school students can help you make a little of money on the side.近来，高中生退学的太多。
There have been too many high school dropouts of late.那个职业足球运动员正在训练一群高中生。
The professional football player is coaching a team of highschool students.这个青春偶像歌手已在高中生中间变得非常受欢迎。
This young idol singer has become very popular among high school students.这位高中生及格了。
基于内脏脂肪面积预测女性低骨量的风险切点
Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ｜Vol 25｜No.35｜December 2021｜5577基于内脏脂肪面积预测女性低骨量的风险切点秦 迁1，杨 阳1，陈静锋1，王守俊2，丁素英1文题释义：定量CT ：即定量X 射线计算机体层摄影技术，区别于传统CT 的特点是体模的运用，校正CT 值漂移，从而准确地测量出单位体积内的骨矿物质含量，弥补了CT 值只能代表相对骨密度的缺点，同时联合肺CT 测定，不增加辐射剂量。
生物电阻抗：文章采用生物电阻抗法测定人体体质成分，包含骨骼肌、脂肪、内脏脂肪面积等。
摘要背景：近几年肥胖尤其是腹型肥胖与骨密度的关系备受关注，有研究认为内脏脂肪面积是骨密度降低的危险因素，也有一些研究认为年龄和内脏脂肪面积及骨密度之间的关系存在交互作用。
目的：探讨人体成分各指标与骨密度的相关性，并预测低骨量的内脏脂肪面积风险切点。
方法：回顾性分析在郑州大学第一附属医院健康管理中心进行定量CT 和生物电阻抗测定的受检者的内脏脂肪面积及骨密度，采用Pearson 相关、多因素线性回归与Logistic 回归分析法分析人体成分各指标和骨密度及低骨量的相关性。
绘制受试者工作特征曲线，确定预测低骨量的内脏脂肪面积切点值。
结果与结论：①随着年龄的增加，骨密度逐渐下降，内脏脂肪面积逐渐增加，基础代谢率逐渐下降；②多因素线性回归分析显示年龄、内脏脂肪面积与骨密度呈负相关；③多因素Logistic 回归分析显示，绝经后女性内脏脂肪面积和低骨量相关；④受试者工作特征曲线预测绝经后女性低骨量的内脏脂肪面积切点值为117.85 cm 2；⑤提示内脏脂肪面积是除了年龄外预测低骨量的危险因子，有望在今后骨矿物质健康管理中发挥重要作用，应对达到内脏脂肪面积风险切点的绝经后女性早期加强减脂管理，以减少低骨量的发病率及医疗和经济负担。
关键词：低骨量；女性；骨密度；内脏脂肪面积；定量CT ；生物电阻抗缩略语：内脏脂肪面积：visceral fat area ，VFA ；受试者工作特征曲线：receiver operating characteristic curve ，ROCCut-off point of visceral fat area: predicting low bone mass in womenQin Qian 1, Yang Yang 1, Chen Jingfeng 1, Wang Shoujun 2, Ding Suying 11Health Management Center, 2Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, ChinaQin Qian, Master, Physician, Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, ChinaCorresponding author: Ding Suying, Master, Chief nurse, Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, ChinaAbstractBACKGROUND: In recent years, concerns have been paid to the relationship between obesity, especially abdominal obesity, and bone mineral density. Studies have concluded that visceral fat area is a risk factor for reducing bone mineral density. There are also some studies suggesting an interaction between age, visceral fat area and bone mineral density.https:///10.12307/2021.283投稿日期：2020-07-25 送审日期：2020-07-28采用日期：2020-10-09在线日期：2021-04-02中图分类号： R459.9；R318；R683文章编号：2095-4344(2021)35-05577-05文献标识码：A郑州大学第一附属医院，1健康管理中心， 2内分泌与代谢病科，河南省郑州市 450052第一作者：秦迁，女，1989年生，河南省郑州市人，2016年郑州大学毕业，硕士，医师，主要从事骨质疏松方面的研究。
5种肥胖指标对不同性别及年龄组高血压的预测效果比较
•论5种肥胖指标对不同性别及年龄组高血压的预测效果比较郭东辉、香利强'，李冰冰21.深圳市龙华区人民医院，广东深圳518102;2.河南大学慢性病风险评价研究所，河南大学护理与健康学院【摘要】目的比较不同肥胖指标对不同性别、年龄人群高血压风险的预测价值。
方法基于深圳市龙华区2018年社区居民健康调查数据，对体质指数(BMI)、腰围（W C)、腰围身高比（W H tR)、腰臀比（W H R)和人体肥胖指数(BAI)共5种肥胖指标进行标准化转换，根据Logistic回归分析所得CW值，比较各肥胖指标与高血压的相关性;根据受试者工作特征曲线（R0C)下面积C4W：),判断各肥胖指标对高血压的预测价值，进而综合评价各肥胖指标对高血压的预测能力。
结果在调整混杂因素后，W C和W H tR与男性和女性高血压的相关性强于其他肥胖指标。
W H tR对于男性和女性高血压的预测能力均强于其他肥胖指标，其/I{/C及95%C7分别为0.694 (0.659〜0.728)和 0.763(0.732~0.794),其截断值分别为0.51和0.50;女性中各肥胖指标预测高血压的zti/C均大于男性,各肥胖指标对女性高血压有更高的预测价值。
对男女进行年龄分层后，在男性中除W H R外各肥胖指标对于青年组（18 ~44岁）高血压的预测价值优于中年组(45 ~59岁）和老年组(60~80岁）；在女性中各肥胖指标对于高血压的预测价值随着年龄的增长而降低，依次为青年组> 中年组 >老年组。
结论在综合考虑性别和年龄后，中心型肥胖指标中的W HtR对高血压的预测能力优于W C、BMI、W HR和BAI。
【关键词】肥胖指标；高血压；预测；代谢综合征中图分类号：R195.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号：1671 -5039(2021)04-0411-05Prediction effect of five obesity indicators for hypertension in differentgender and ageGUO Dong-hui1, XIANG Li-qiang l, LI Bing-bing21. People5 Hospital o f S henzhenLonghua District, Shenzhen518102, C hina;2.1nstitute o f Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School o f N ursing and H ealth, Henan University【Abstract】Objective To compare the predictive value of different obesity indicators for hypertension in different gender and age. Methods The study was based on the community health survey in 2018 in Longhua District, Shenzhen. After standardized transformation of five obesity indicators, including body mass index (BMI) , waist circumference (W C), waist height ratio (W H tR), waist-to-hip ratio (W H R) and body obesity index (BAI) , the correlation between the obesity indicators and hypertension was compared according to the OR values obtained from the Logistic regression analysis. The predictive value of each obesity indicator for hypertension was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (R O C). Furthermore, the ability of each obesity indicatorin predicting hypertension wascomprehen- sively evaluated. Results After adjusting for confounding factors, WC and WHtR were more strongly associated with hypertension in both genders than other obesity indicators. The predictive power of WHtR for hypertension in male and female were stronger than other obesity indicators, the AUC and 95% Cl were 0.694 (0.659-0.728) and 0.763 (0.732-0.794) ,the cut-off values were 0.51 and 0.50, respectively. Female had higher AUC of hypertension than m en, and each obesity indicator had higher predictive value for female hypertension. After stratified by age in both genders, the predictive value of obesity indicators except WHR in the young male group (18-44years old) was higher than that in the middle-aged groupDOI ： 10.12183/j .scjpm.2021.0411基金项目：深圳市龙华区科技创新资金项目（2017055)作者简介:郭东辉(1968—)，男，大学本科，主管医师，主要研究方向为社区健康管理通{_作者:李冰冰，E-mail:*********************(45-59 years old) and the elderly group (60-80 years old). In female, the predictive value of obesity indicators for hypertension decreased with age, followed by young group > middle-aged group >elderly group. Conclusion After considering both gender and age, the predictive power of WHtR in central obesity index for hypertension is better than WC, BMI, WHR and BAI.【Keywords】Obesity indicator; Hypertension; Prediction; Metabolic syndrome肥胖是当今严重的公共健康问题，也是心血管 疾病的重要危险因素。
河南省7~18岁儿童青少年睡眠时长与超重肥胖的关联
• 306 •中华疾病控制杂志 2021 什:3 jj 第 25 卷第 3 期Chin J Dis Control Prev 2021 \1ar; 25( 3)•论著•河南省7〜18岁儿童青少年睡眠时长与超重肥胖的关联王一然黄晓培严惠侯玉玮张耀东4500丨8郑州，郑州大学附属儿童医院，河南省儿童医院，郑州儿童医院，河南省儿童遗传代谢性疾病重点实验室通信作者：张耀东，K-mail:syek@ 163.(.(>mD01：10.16462/j.c*nki.zhjhkz.2021.03.011【摘要】目的分析河南行7〜18岁儿童青少年睡眠时长1肥胖的关系，为打效控制超重肥胖提供支持方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法，丁•2019年随机抽取河南省内8个市丨8 823名学生为研究吋象，进行问卷调丧和体格检查：采用;T’检验、秩和检验、单W素方差分析及lo g istic 冋归分析模嗯进行数据分析结果木次调杏对象中，正常组打丨丨丨85人，超重有4415人，肥胖有3 223人10 073人，女生有8 750人，调丧对象的平均年龄（11. 6±4.丨）岁，平均睡眠时长为（8. 19±1. 2?) h/d,不同体重3组之间的性别、年龄及睡眠时长的差异均有统计学意义（均有尸<〇.〇〇1)男生和女的超■和肥胖检出书随__眠时长的减少而增加（均竹/v&<().()5)，丨丨化不同睡眠时长下男生的超t和肥胖检出韦商于女生（均有/><〇. 05)在小学、初中及6中人群分別进行多变量Lo扣tir回lj丨分析模划分析，结果发现随着睡眠时间的减少，儿童青少年发超中:肥胖的风险增力卩（均“P<0. 05)结论剛丨hM、'足是河南省儿童靑少年超重肥胖的危险W素，保证充足的睡眠时长竹利于减少超重肥胖的发屮【关键词】睡眠时长；超®肥胖；儿童青少年【中图分类号】丨《723.14 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-3679(2021 )03-0306-06基金项目：世界健康基金会科研项I1( A F1M S-H O P K-2013-07)Correlation between sleep duration and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents aged7—18 in Henan Province WANG Yi-ran %III A I\(j\i(i〇-pei, YAI\ Hui, HOU Yu-wei, ZH \!\C Ya〇-d〇ngChildren^ Hospital Ajfiliated to Zhengzhou I nirersily, Henan Children^ Hospital^ Zhengzhou Children^Hospital, Henan Key hibom tory o f C h ildren's (In d ie s and .Metabolic Diseases, /hengzhou 45001H,ChinaCorresponding author：/HAISG Yao-dong%E-m ail：s\ch@ 【Abstract】Objective Po analyze the relationship between sleep duration and ovenvtMght/ohesitvamong children and adolescents aged 7-18in Henan Province, in or(l('r to provide support for effectivecontrol of ovenveight and obesity. Methods Questionnaire survey and physical examination were c*on(lii(,-ted among 18 823 students with a stratified cluster sampling method in eight c ities of Henan Province in2019. hi-square test, rank sum test, One-way Analysis of Variance and Ix)gislic regression model wereused for data analysis. Results Among the respondents, 11 185 were with normal weight, 4 415 werewith overweiglit and 3 223 were with ol)esil). Phere were 10 073 l)〇vs and 8 750 j»;irls. Tlu^ average age ofthe respondents was ( 11. 6±4. 1) years (>1(1and llie average sleep lime was ( 8. 19± 1. 27 ) h/d. Thedifference in gender, agt* and sleep duration anions the three groups wen* statisticallv significant (cill P<0. 001 ). The dt'lection of ovemvight and ol)(*sity among l)〇ys and girls increased wilh the dccivase of sleepduration (a ll f\r v n A<0. 05), and the cletection of ovenveight and obesity in hoys was higher than that ofgirls under different sle*ep duration (a ll /><0. 05). Multivariate l,ugistic regression analysis was performedon the population of elenu*ntar\ school, junior high school and higli school population resprctivelv, the results showed tluit with the decrease of sleep time, the risk of overweight and obesity in children and ado-lescents increased ( all P c O. 05).Conclusions Insuffic ient sleep is a risk factor of o v e w e i g h t a n d o b esity a m o n g children a n d adolescents in H e n a n Province. A d e q u a t e sleep duration c a n r e d u c e the i ncidence()f overweight a n d obesity.【Key words】S l e e p duration; O v e r w e i g h t o hesily；C h i l d r e n a n d adolescentsFund program：Viorld H e a l t h F o u n d a t i o n R e s e a r c h Projec t( A K I N S-H O P K-2013-07)(Chin J Dis Control Prer 2021 ,25( 3)：306-310,358)中华疾病控制杂志2021 年 3 月第 25 卷第 3 期Chin .1 Pis Control Prey 2021 Mar； 25(3) •307 .儿童青少年超重肥胖是全球性公共卫生问题，在世界范围内呈现持续增长趋势1_3]。
2020届上海市交大附中(嘉定分校)高三下学期第二次阶段测试英语试题 word版含答案
2019-2020学年交大附中(嘉定分校)高三下英语阶段测试II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Video Games Foster Creativity?Video games that foster creative freedom can increase creativity under certain conditions, according to new research from lowa State University. The experimental study compared the effect of playing the popular world-building game Mine-craft（《我的世界》）, with or without instruction, to watching a TV show or playing a race car video game. Those (21) ________ (give) the freedom to play Mine-craft without instruction were most creative."It's not just that Mine-craft can help induce - creativity. There seems to be something about choosing to do it that also matters," said Douglas Gentile, a professor of psychology.(22) ________ you are not familiar with the game, Gentile says Mine-craft is like a virtual Lego world. The game, which has sold more than 100 million copies, allows players to explore unique worlds and create anything they can imagine. Study participants randomly assigned to play Mine-craft were split into two groups. The one receiving instruction was told to play as creatively as possible.After 40 minutes of play or watching TV, the 352 participants completed several creativity tasks. (23) ________ (measure) creative production, they were asked to draw a creature from a world much different than Earth. More human-like creatures scored low for creativity and those less human-like scored high. Surprisingly, those instructed to be creative while playing Mine-craft were (24) ________ (creative).Gentile says there's no clear explanation for this finding. In the paper published by Creativity Research Journal, he, Jorge Blanco-Herrera, lead author and former master's student in psychology; and Jeffrey Rokkum, former Ph.D. student in psychology, outlined possible reasons why the instructed Mine-craft group scored lower than the other groups. Blanco-Herrera says the instructions may have changed subject's motivation for play."(25) ________ (tell) to be creative may have actually limited their options while playing, resulting in a less creative experience," Blanco - Herrera said. "It's also possible they used all their 'creative juices' while playing and had (26) ________ when it came time to complete the test."Video games can have both harmful and beneficial effects. Gentile's previous research has shown the amount, content and context of video games (27) ________ (influence) what players learn through repeated experiences. (28) ________ must of Gentile's research has focused on aggression or pro-social behavior, he says the same appears to be true for creativity.Most video games encourage players to practice some level of creativity. For example, players may create a character and story for role-playing games or be rewarded for creative strategies, in competitive games. The researchers say even first-person shooter games (29) ________ potentially inspire creativity as players think about strategy and look for advantages in combat."The research is staring to tell a more interesting nuanced picture. Our results are similar to other gaming research (30) ________ ________ you get better at what you practice, but how youpractice might matter just as much." Gentile said.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only beEducation officials and industry experts are debating the future of online learning. The discussion is important because recently hundreds of universities in the United States have moved classes online because of the __31__ of the new coronavirus.For Asha Choksi, the rise of internet - based or online study programs has led to major improvements in higher education."What it’s done is, it's actually given a lot more power to students in terms of how, when and where they learn," the head of research for Pearson Education told VOA. Her company is __32__ online learning programs.Colleges and universities worldwide have been looking for ways to provide satisfactory education off campus and outside of __33__ business hours. The decision by many schools in the U. S. to suspend in-person classes during the recent coronavirus crisis has shown how important online teaching can be. And demand for such programs is increasing.The financial advising company Tyton Partners __34__ the online program management industry at over $ 1.5 billion in 2015.Choksi, however, argues that her company is __35__ a path to higher education for people who might not have been able to get a degree otherwise.Pearson Education is one of a growing number of companies that __36__ with schools to create online study aids and full degree programs. Classes meet online through video __37__. In this way, students are able to __38__ with each other and their professors even when they are far away from school.Online learning also permits older students, who work full-time and support families, to work on their education in their free time. It can be helpful for people who might have difficulty coming to a college campus, such as disabled students or those who live far from any college or university.However, recent research suggests the majority of college students and professors prefer in-person instruction. In addition, some experts are __39__ that companies in charge of online learning programs are not clear about the policies they have with the schools they serve.Last year, the EDUCATUSE Center for Analysts and Research published two opinion studies on online higher education programs. Researchers asked over 40,000 American undergraduate students and 9,500 professors what they thought about these programs. In both groups, at least 70 percent of people said they would rather teach or learn in a(n) __40__ classroom.III. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The oral microbiome - the sum total of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, thatoccupy the human mouth - was the subject of a citizen science driven study by Jessica Metcalf's research lab at CSU and Nicole Garneau's research team at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Published in Scientific Reports, the study found, among other things, a correlation（互相关联）between people who did not visit the dentist regularly and __41__ presence of a pathogen （病原体）that causes periodontal disease.For the experiments, carried out by Garneau's community science team in the Genetics of Taste Lab at the museum, a wide cross - section of museum visitors answered simple questions about their demographics（人口统计资料）, lifestyles and oral health __42__. Microbial（微生物的）DNA sequencing data analyzed by Met-calf's group revealed, broadly, that teeth - cleaning routines affect the communities of bacteria in the __43__ and beyond. The study highlighted the need to think about oral health as __44__ linked to our overall health."Our study also showed that using community scientists can be a really good way to get this type of __45__, without having to use large, case-controlled studies," said Zach Burcham, a postdoctoral researcher and the paper's lead author. Senior author Met-calf is an associate professor in the Department of Animal Sciences and a member of CSU's Micro-biome Network.The study __46__ people who flossed（用牙线清洁牙齿）or didn't floss (almost everyone said they brushed, so that wasn't a useful data point). Participants who flossed were found to have relatively __47__ microbial diversity in their mouths compared with non-flossers. This is most likely due to the physical removal of bacteria that could be causing disease.Adults who had gone to a __48__ in the last three months had lower overall microbial diversity in their mouths than those who hadn't gone in 12 months or longer, and had less of the periodontal disease - causing oral pathogen. This, __49__, was probably due to dental cleaning removing rarer bacteria in the mouth. Youth tended to have had a dental visit more recently than adults.Youth microbiomes were __50__ among males and females, and by weight. Children considered obese according to their body mass indices had distinct microbiomes as compared to non-obese children. The obese children also tended to have higher levels of Treponema, the same pathogen found in adults who hadn't been to the dentist in more than a year. __51__, the researchers saw a possible link between childhood obesity and periodontal disease. "This was very interesting to me, that we were able to detect these data in such a general population, with such a variable group of people," Burcham said.Other data uncovered: The microbiomes of younger participants, mostly in the eight-to nine-year-old range, had more diversity than those of adults. __52__, adult microbiomes varied more widely from person to person. The researchers think this is due to the environments and diets of adults being more wide-ranging than those of __53__ .They also saw that people who lived in the same household had __54__ oral microbiomes."When you look at families who live together, you find they share more of those __55__ types of bacteria of bacteria that aren't found as often in higher abundances," Burcham explained. It was a data point that emphasized the relevance of one's built environment in relationship to the microbial communities in our bodies.41. A. increased B. unlikely C. expected D. rare42. A. problems B. conditions C. habits D. plans43. A. body B. mouth C. world D. life44. A. gradually B. poorly C. slightly D. strongly45. A. experiment B. study C. data D. findings46. A. involved B. grouped C. ignored D. assessed47. A. limited B. average C. biological D. rich48. A. hospital B. check C. dentists D. clinic49. A. therefore B. again C. moreover D. however50. A. harmful B. common C. special D. different51. A. In other words B. To sum up C. In addition D. To our surprise52. A. By contrast B. Meanwhile C. However D. Furthermore53. A. peers B. seniors C. professionals D. children54. A. various B. similar C. harmful D. unique55. A. rare B. common C. unknown D. scarceSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Extreme sorrow claws my mind. I am a statistic. When I first got here, I felt very much lonely. I found no sympathy. I saw only thousands of others whose bodies were as badly damaged as mine. I was given a number and placed in a category, which was called "traffic death".The day I died was an ordinary school day. How I wish I had taken the bus! But I was too cool for the bus, I remember how I wheedled（哄骗）the car out of Mom. "Special favor," I pleaded. "All the kids drive." After school, I rushed to the parking lot, excited at the thought of driving a car and being my own boss.It doesn't matter how the accident happened, I was going too fast, taking crazy chances. But I was enjoying my freedom and having fun. The last thing I remember was passing an old lady who seemed to be going awfully slow. I heard a crash and felt a terrific shake. Glass and steel flew everywhere. My whole body seemed to be turning inside out. I heard myself scream.Suddenly, I awakened. It was very quiet. I saw a police officer and a doctor. I was covered in blood. Pieces of jagged glass were sticking out all over. Strange that I couldn't feel anything. Hey, don't pull that sheet over my head. I can't be dead. I'm only 17. I'm supposed to have a wonderful life ahead of me. I haven't lived yet. I can't be dead!Later I was placed in drawer. My folks came to identify me. Why did they see me like this? Why did I have to look at Mom's eyes when she faced the most terrible ordeal of her life? Dad suddenly looked very old. He told the man in charge, "Yes - He is our son."Please - somebody - wake me up! Get me out of here. I can't bear to see Mom and Dad in such pain. My grandparents are so weak from grief they can barely walk. My brother and sister move like robots.Please don't bury me! I'm not dead! I promise if you give me just one more chance, God, I'll be the most careful driver in the whole world. All I want is one more chance. Please., God. I'm only 17.56. Why did the writer become a statistic?A. Because he studied statistics（统计学）in school.B. Because he felt very lonely at that moment.C. Because he was dead as result of a traffic accident.D. Because he made a fatal mistake in statistics.57. Where did the traffic accident take place?A. On his way to schoolB. On his way home.C. Near a police station.D. Near an old lady's house.58. What was the cause of the accident?A. He was driving too fast.B. He was too young to drive.C. He wanted to avoid knocking down an old lady.D. He was not familiar with the road condition.59. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?A. How Careless a Young Drive Is!B. Dead at 17C. An Avoidable TragedyD. Stay Safe on the Road(B)Shanghai Disneyland Annual PassShanghai Disneyland is a place where every moment is packed with joy, surprises, romance, fantasy and excitement. It's place where friends and families come together to enjoy magical adventures, and with the new Annual Pass, available from January 25,2019. Guests will be able to enjoy a whole year of never ending magic! Start your year-long magical journey today from the moment you purchase the new Annual Pass!As a pass Holder, you'll enjoy exclusive benefits, including a full year of events and parties, Disney Character greetings, and discounts on delicious food and merchandise! You'll also receive invitations to special events and so much more!There are three types of Shanghai Disneyland Annual Pass (Different pass types are subjectAnnual Pass Calendar" page on the Shanghai Disney Resort official website and the Shanghai Disney Resort official WeChat Account. Guests will have visibility for the following three months of the Pass calendar (including the current month). The Pass calendar for a new month will be released in the middle of each month. We may restrict the number of persons with access to the Park due to capacity.Launch Channel:From January 25, 2019, guests can purchase the Shanghai Disneyland Annual Pass through the Shanghai Disney Resort official WeChat account, the Shanghai Disney Resort official WeChat Mini Program "E-gift Ticket," the Shanghai Disneyland Main Entrance ticket booths, and the Shanghai Disney Resort Reservation Centre at 400 - 180 - 0000 or +86-21-3158-0000. TheAnnual Pass can be redeemed and used to enter the park from January 25,2019.From February 15,2019, guests can purchase the Shanghai Disneyland Annual Pass via the Shanghai Disney Resort Official Website and app. The Annual Pass can be redeemed（兑换）and used to enter the park from February 15,2019.Annual Pass Holders must redeem their Annual Passes at the Shanghai Disneyland Main Entrance ticket booths during park hours every day.Thank you for your understanding and cooperation!60. Which of the following ISN'T a selling point of the Shanghai Disneyland Annual Pass?A. Lower prices while shopping in the resort.B. Meeting your favorite Disney character.C. Access to special activities.D. Fast-pass to the not attractions.61. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. You can't use an Annual Pass on the day you buy it.B. Once you buy an Any-day Annual Pass, you can enjoy yourself in Shanghai Disneyland any day in one year.C. On May 9th, a Pass Holder can know the Pass calendar of August.D. Weekday + Sunday Annual Pass holders have at least 205 more days of park access than Sunday Annual Pass holders.62. John can buy a Sunday Annual Pass on January 30,2019 through the following channels EXCEPT ________.A. the E-gift Ticket mini programB. +86-21-3158-0000C. the Shanghai Disney Resort Official WebsiteD. the Shanghai Disneyland Main Entrance ticket booths(C)Apple on Tuesday said its revenue fell 5 percent in the first quarter, compared with $ 88.3 billion a year earlier, as chief executive Tim Cook admitted that people are holding on to their iPhones longer.Revenue from the maker of iPhones came in at $84.31 billion, slightly higher than the company estimated earlier this month, when it warned that sales would fall to about $84 billion. At the time, Cook cited a slowdown in China's economy as well as President Trump's trade war for weakening iPhone demand. It was Apple's first warning in more than 15 years.Apple's stock jumped more than 4 percent in after-hours trading.In its results, Apple aid net sales of iPhones were down by more than $9 billion compared with the same quarter last year. Cook conceded that many Apple users are "holding on to their older iPhones a bit longer than in the past," which contributed to lower iPhone demand. But he also pointed to shifts in foreign exchange（外汇）values that made Apple products more expensive in certain markets.Consumers are holding on to their smart-phones for three years or longer. The Washington Post reported last month. But higher selling prices - with some high-end models costing over $1,000 - have been able to compensate for fewer new phones sold.Sales increased in other categories such as services, wearables and tablets. Altogether, Apple reported net income of $ 19.97 billion for the quarter compared to $ 20,01 billion in the sameperiod a year earlier. The popularity of Apple's smart-watch has driven significant growth in the company's wearables segment, according to the company."Our wearables business is approaching the size of a Fortune 200 company," said chief financial officer Luca Maestri.While Cook acknowledged the continuing economic slowdown in China, he said it is "not in our DNA to stand around waiting for macroeconomic conditions to improve." One effort Apple is undertaking in response, Cook added, is to encourage customers to trade in their old devices and receive credit toward purchasing new phones. Apple offered deep discounts on its iPhone XR around the holidays, for instance, for people trading in recent devices.More than two-thirds of Apple customers in China who bought an iPad or a Mac last quarter were first-time purchasers of those devices, Cook said.Apple, which became the world's first company worth $1 trillion（万亿）last year, also said it is expecting lower revenues next quarter - between $ 55 billion and $ 59 billion - compared with the same time last year, when it reported revenues of % 61.6 billion. The company attributed the lower guidance to the same foreign exchange and macroeconomic factors it cited for the quarter that ended in December.Shareholders were already reeling from（感受到……的负面影响）Apple's acknowledgement this week of a major flaw in its mobile operating system that allowed attackers to eavesdrop（窃听）on the recipient of Face-Time calls. Apple told users it is aware of the issue and that it plans to release a software update this week.Tuesday marked the first of Apple's earnings reports in which the company did not report the number of iPhones it sold in the quarter. But the company did say that the total number of iPhones active world-wide now stands at 900 million - a positive sign for Apple as it seeks to convert many of its customers into users of its services such as Apple Pay and Apple Music.62. According to Tim Cook, all of the following accounted for weakening iPhone demand EXCEPT ________.A. Apple users keep their Apple devices longer than beforeB. the macroeconomic conditions home and abroad were not idealC. the changing foreign exchange valuesD. a major bug in its mobile operating system63. What can we learn from the underlined sentence?A. Apple is about to take the initiative to turn around its business.B. Apple is not good at dealing with macroeconomic conditions in a foreign country.C. Apple is not worried about China's economic slowdown because of its huge consumer base.D. Apple is sure of overcoming the temporary downturn in sales with its technology.64. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. One of Apple's goals is that tis services can appeal to more consumers.B. On Tuesday, Apple didn't publicize its earnings reports because of its poor performance.C. Apple's wearables category has a good chance of surpassing a Fortune 200 company.D. iPhone's increased prices contribute to the drop in iPhones sold worldwide.65. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Apple has sold 900 million iPhones around the world.B. Apple was the world's most valuable company at one point last year.C. Tim Cook was confident about Apple's future revenues despite current difficulty.D. An increasing number of users began to dislike their Apple devices.Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence canCulture Insider: ChopsticksChopsticks, or kuaizi in Chinese, are a pair of small equal - length tapered sticks, usually made of wood, used for eating Asian food. It is believed the first chopsticks were developed over 5,000 years ago in China. The earliest evidence of a pair of chopsticks made out of bronze was excavated from the Ruins of Yin near Anyang, Henan province, dating back to roughly 1,200 BC.Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture ________ 67________ They are round on the eating end which symbolizes heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes earth. This is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between heaven and earth.Chopsticks are so frequently used in daily life that they have become more than a kind of tableware and have helped develop a set of etiquette and customs of their own. ________68________ While the principles of chopstick etiquette are similar in many of these places, the finer points may differ from region to region, and there is no single standard for the use of chopsticks. Generally, chopsticks are not used to make noise, to draw attention, or to gesticulate（做手势）.________ 69________ For example, you can buy a pair of exquisite chopsticks as a gift for your friends and relatives. In Chinese, "chopsticks" reads "kuaizi," which means to have sons soon, so a newly - married couple will be very happy to accept chopsticks as their wedding gift. Skillful craftsmen paint beautiful scenery on chopsticks to make them like fine artworks. Many people love to collect these elegant utensils.It has been said that using chopsticks improves one's memory, increases finger dexterity and can be useful in learning and improving skills such as Chinese character printing and brush painting. Many Asian superstitions（迷信）revolve around chopsticks as well. For example, if you find an uneven pair of chopsticks at your table setting, it is believed you will miss the next train, boat or plane you are trying to catch. ________70________.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.China's Film Industry Finally Joins the Space RaceChina was a latecomer to space exploration, and in the movies, it has been a latecomer toscience fiction, too. But that is about to change.The country's first blockbuster set in space，The Wandering Earth, opens Tuesday amid great expectations that it will represent the dawning of a new era in Chinese filmmaking.The Wandering Earth, shown in 3-D, takes place in a distant future in which the Sun is about to expand into a red giant and devour（吞噬）Earth. Therefore, earth's governments rally and come up with a novel solution: they attempt to use 10,000 gigantic jets, known as the Earth Engines, to blast Earth out of its orbit and off on a hundred - generation journey to a new home 4.2 light-years away. However, a malfunction of the Earth Engine system leaves the planet caught in Jupiter's gravity, and gradually being pulled toward destruction. A group of workers have to race against time to reactivate the jets and correct the Earth's course.So far, the reviews have been positive. "Film-makers in China see science fiction as a holy grail (an ultimate goal)," said Raymond, an independent critic, who noted that Hollywood had set the technological standards, and thus audience expectations, very high.The Wandering Earth is adapted from a novel by Liu Cixin, the writer who has led a renaissance （复兴）in science fiction here, becoming the first Chinese winner of the Hugo Award, the top award in science fiction, in 2015. His novels are sprawling epics and deeply researched. That makes them plausible fantasies about humanity's encounters with a dangerous universe.The openings also come as China reached a milestone in space: the landing of a probe on the far side of the moon in January. Although decades behind Russia and the United States, China has now put astronauts in orbit and has ambitious plans to join - or even lead - a new age of space exploration.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 这次意外受伤使得这位足坛后起之秀无法在海外继续打拼了。
肥胖的危害的英语作文
肥胖的危害的英语作文Obesity is a global health epidemic that poses a significant threat to individuals and societies alike. It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, which can lead to a myriad of health complications. The risks associated with obesity are numerous and far-reaching, affecting not only physical health but also psychological well-being and social interactions.Physical Health Risks1. Cardiovascular Diseases: Obesity increases the risk of heart diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. The excess fat puts additional strain on the heart, forcing it to work harder to pump blood throughout the body.2. Type 2 Diabetes: There is a strong correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Excess fat can cause insulin resistance, leading to high blood sugar levels that, if left untreated, can result in diabetes.3. Respiratory Problems: Obese individuals often suffer from sleep apnea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. This can lead to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue.4. Orthopedic Issues: The extra weight puts pressure onjoints, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders.5. Cancer: Obesity has been linked to a higher risk of developing several types of cancer, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer.Psychological and Social Impact1. Mental Health: The stigma associated with obesity can lead to low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. The constant societal pressure to conform to certain body standards can be mentally taxing.2. Social Isolation: Obese individuals may facediscrimination and prejudice, which can lead to socialisolation and a decreased quality of life.3. Limited Opportunities: In some cases, obesity can limit opportunities for education, employment, and even housing,due to societal biases.Prevention and Management1. Healthy Diet: Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help maintain a healthy weight.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity is crucial for burning calories and maintaining a healthy weight.3. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the dangers of obesity and promoting healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent its onset.4. Medical Intervention: In severe cases, medical intervention, including weight loss medications or surgery, may be necessary to manage obesity.In conclusion, obesity is not just a cosmetic concern but a serious health issue that demands attention and action. It is imperative that individuals, communities, and governments work together to combat this growing problem through education, policy changes, and support systems. By addressing obesity, we can improve the overall health and well-being of our society.。
肥胖2型糖尿病患者脂肪因子水平、内脏脂肪指数与血糖波动及糖尿病微血管并发症的关系
中国临床保健杂志 ２０２４年２月第２７卷第１期 ＣｈｉｎＪＣｌｉｎＨｅａｌｔｈｃ，Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２０２４，Ｖｏｌ．２７，Ｎｏ．１·论著·肥胖２型糖尿病患者脂肪因子水平、内脏脂肪指数与血糖波动及糖尿病微血管并发症的关系陈丽莉，吴翔，寻英，毛盛程浙江省立同德医院内分泌科，杭州３１００１２［摘要］ 目的 探究肥胖２型糖尿病（Ｔ２ＤＭ）患者脂肪因子镍纹样蛋白（Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ）、内脏脂肪指数（ＣＶＡＩ）与血糖波动及糖尿病微血管并发症的关系。
方法 纳入２０２０年５月至２０２２年１１月浙江省立同德医院收治的１２０例肥胖Ｔ２ＤＭ患者为研究组，其中发生微血管并发症患者作为并发症组，Ｔ２ＤＭ无微血管并发症患者作为无并发症组，并招募同期非肥胖Ｔ２ＤＭ患者１００例作为对照组。
比较各组Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ、ＣＶＡＩ及血糖情况，分析Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ水平与ＣＶＡＩ、血糖波动及临床指标的相关性，用ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ、ＣＶＡＩ及血糖波动指标与微血管并发症的关系。
结果 研究组体重指数和收缩压（ＳＢＰ）高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；并发症组病程长于无并发症组，ＳＢＰ高于无并发症组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。
研究组Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ、ＣＶＡＩ、平均血糖标准差（ＳＤＢＧ）、最大血糖波动幅度（ＬＡＧＥ）及餐后血糖波动幅度（ＰＰＧＥ）高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），但平均血糖值（ＭＢＧ）水平的比较，差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；并发症组Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ、ＣＶＡＩ、ＳＤＢＧ、ＬＡＧＥ及ＰＰＧＥ高于无并发症组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＢＧ水平的比较，差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。
肥胖Ｔ２ＤＭ患者血清Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ水平与ＣＶＡＩ、ＳＤＢＧ、ＬＡＧＥ及ＰＰＧＥ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．５１１、０．４４２、０．４８５、０．４７７，Ｐ＜０．０５）。
ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析结果显示，Ｍｅｔｒｎｌ、ＣＶＡＩ和ＬＡＧＥ是肥胖Ｔ２ＤＭ患者发生微血管并发症的独立危险因素（Ｐ＜０．０５）。
考博医学英语真题2018年_真题无答案
考博医学英语真题2018年(总分75, 做题时间165分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionDialogue.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** she couldn't do other jobs well.•** it was her dream since childhood.•** she was fed up with all her pervious jobs.** two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** Self/Nonself Model.•** Danger Model.•** vaccination theory.** immunological theory.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** over active.•** mutant.•** selective.** resistant.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** can help cure most cancers.•** can help develop new drugs.•** can help treat most genetic diseases. ** can help change the nature of medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** should ignore the resistance.•** should have the model improved.•** should do experiments on animals.** should move from animals to humans.AABBCCDDPassage One.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** profits from medical tourism.•** trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.•** soaring health care costs around the world. ** steps to take in developing medical tourism.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** costs.•** pace of living.•** treatment.** health vacation.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** is a $100 billion business already.•** is growing along with medical tourism.•** costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.** offers more medical options than western medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.•** modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.•** buy an affordable medical insurance.** explore online to get well-informed.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** travel brochure.•** lecture on medical tourism.•** chapter of a medical textbook.** webpage promotional material.AABBCCDDPassage Two.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** sparrows take good care of their babies.•** song sparrows lack the skills and experience of their parents.•** are different kinds of song sparrows in different seasons. ** and old song sparrows experience climate change differently.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** the warmer spring.•** the hottest summer.•** the coolest autumn.** the coldest winter.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** they lack the skill and experience to find food.•** they have not developed a strong body yet.•** they cannot endure the unusual heat.** they cannot find enough food.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** are less sensitive to the effects of climate change thanks to their parents.•** are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.•** experience food insufficiency due to climate change.** are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** size.•** route.•** preference.** growth.AABCCDDPart Ⅱ VocabularySection ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The medical team discussed their shared ______ to eliminating this curable disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ______ is to ignore it, to tough it out.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABCCDD3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ______ communication and indulge in their own worlds.•** down•** down•** down** downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. The school board attached great emphasis to ______ in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ______ to what we need to be attending to.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. New studies have found a rather ______ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. We must test our ______ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. We must ______ the problem ______, which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.**...back•**...over•**...in**...downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather ______ than persistent.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ______ that one can master a foreign language overnight.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.• 1. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the "mystery" of another human beings, and offers the simplegifts of personal interest and understanding.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD• 3. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. Catalase activity reduced glutathione, and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subjects with active disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our children.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one's view of the important overshadowed by the trivial.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDPart Ⅲ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.. The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload, which, 1 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 2 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 3 CT scanning. Their study was 4 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinicalexam. 5 the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 6 it as noncancerous) and 23 7 observational error (notidentifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 8 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won't replace radiologists, said Samuel G. Armato, PhD, lead author of the study. "**puter is not perfect", Armato said. "It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 9 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **putermay 10 something suspicious. It's sort of a spellchecker, or a second opinion."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** common•** turn•** one** allAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 3.•** used•** use•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.•** mistaken for•** attributed to•** in** way toAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.•**'t•**'t•**'t**'tAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.•** for•** for•** for** forAABBCCDDPart Ⅳ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage Three. Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed "stratified (分层的)" or "personalized" medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a **ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effectiveinterventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one's entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹) and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and the public should have arealistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with? ______•** medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.•** biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.•** examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.** history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine? ______•** can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.•** has been widely recognized among the physicians.** necessitates adaptation of the **munity.** is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in ______.•** greater potential of treating rare diseases•** greater efforts in the relevant clinical research•** greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them** greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayalsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against ______.•** of the importance of the genetic risk factors•** expectation of the genetic predicative power** of genetic medicine in **mon diseases** evolution of the bioinformaticsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage? ______•** medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.•** medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.•** medicine will exert great influence on medicine.** medicine is defined as "stratified" medicine.AABBCCDDPassage Four. Misconduct is a word that is always on professors' minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions(违法) occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students' work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement(强烈的) reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and reentering. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showingfavoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students' theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but "inadequate teaching" can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. What is implied in the first two paragraphs? ______•** misconducts are widely exposed in the news.•** high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.•** frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.** violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, in the respondents' mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students? ______•** is a serious high-profile infraction.•** is an interesting but avoidable behavior.•** is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.** is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ______.•** offering more courses than they can handle•** paying little attention to the students' feedback•** receiving inadequate education in how to teach** lacking interest in the areas other than their ownAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue? ______•** of codes of conduct.•** of online misconducts.•** about the rules of proper mentoring.** of clear mechanism for reporting.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs? ______•** approaches to addressing the problems of "inadequate teaching".•** specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.** **mittees dealing with "inadequate teaching".** codes of conduct for the students to report violations.AABBCCDDPassage Five. Is the profession of medicine in retreat? I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx(流入) of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine(RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is a profession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school's intake.But I'm beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I'm questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished(润色) their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, andfaculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a competitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs(无足轻重的成员) in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget(装饰品).Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower(畏缩) before number crunchers and bean counters.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students? ______•** he misinformed them in their choice.•** he worries about medicine as a profession.** he questions their ambition **petence.** he is not sure about their diverse personalities.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?______•** positions.•** influence.•** competitiveness.** exposure to new ideas.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. What is the most probable message from the passage? ______•** employers are short-term petty-minded.•** is becoming more like a factory job.•**' role and responsibilities change all the time.** doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ______.•** government against limiting the doctors to take additional roles•** organizations against viewing doctors as factory workers•** practitioners against taking on additional responsibilities ** doctors against spreading their wings too widelyAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is the author's purpose of writing the passage? ______•** advise the organizations to be open-minded.•** remind the readers of medicine as a profession.•** question the role of taking on an additional position.** explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.AABBCCDDPassage Six. The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can bedrastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward—for both supporters and opponents of animal research—occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro("within the glass"), and on computational models andalgorithms(演算法). These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate—and in some cases more accurate than—information collected from studies in whole animals.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in the body. These studies are dependent on a circulating system, which are extraordinarilydifficult to perform outside animal bodies, since in vitro studies often cannot form a complete picture of a drug's action.Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the。
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神经药理学报Acta Neuropharmacologica
第8卷第4-5期2018年08月
V ol. 8 No.4-5
Aug. 2018
NP-18Correlation Study between Obesity and Depressive Behaviors Based On Metabolomics
ZHAO Pei 1，ZHANG Fang-Fang 1，2，HE Zhao-Lun 1，FENG Yun-Ke 1，TONG Yue 1，ZHANG Feng 1，2，*
1. School of Pharmacy，Taishan Medical University，Taian，271016，China
2. Institute of Pharmacology，Taishan Medical University，Taian，271016，China
【ABSTRACT】Background：Previous studies have revealed obesity is an important risk factor for
depression，but further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. In particular，whether
adiponectin and leptin，two important hormones secreted by adipose tissue，are associated with obesity-
related depression still remains controversial. Besides，it is unclear whether obesity causes brain
metabolic disorder and their association with depression. Objective：To study the correlation between
obesity and depressive disorders，and to explore the underling mechanisms. Methods：Male C57 BL/6
J mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed with high-fat diet （HFD，45% kcal） or standard
chow for 8 weeks，respectively. The body weight was detected every week. At the end of the diet
regimen，behavioral changes were assessed by sucrose preference test （SPT） and forced swimming test
（FST）. In addition，total cholesterol in blood，as well as adiponectin and leptin levels in blood or brain
were assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Furthermore，the brain metabolome was analyzed by
1H nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopic analysis. Results：After given high-fat diet for
4 weeks，the body weight of most of the mice increased by 20% more than that of the control group，
which was considered to meet the obesity standard，and the rest of the mice were ruled out. After another
4 weeks，obese mice displayed a significant decline in sucrose preference in SPT and dramatically
prolonged immobility time in FST. Compared with the control group，the levels of total cholesterol，
adiponectin and leptin in blood obviously rose up in obesity model mice，however，there was no
significant difference in adiponectin and leptin content in the brain. Additionally，twelve metabolites
signifi cantly changed in the brain of obese mice，which were primarily involved in energy metabolism，
amino acid metabolism，lipid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） cycle. Conclusion：The
results demonstrated that diet-induced obesity led to depression，which may be related to metabolomic
disorders in the brain caused by obesity，and adiponectin or leptin was not direct induction factor.
【KEY WORDS】 obesity；depression；adiponectin；leptin；metabolomics
Corresponding author：zf_0538@ （F. ZHANG）
NP-19Regulation Mechanisms of Estrogen on the
Growth Hormone JAK/STAT Signal Pathway
ZHANG Xue，YAN Ting-ting，Zhou Yan-meng*
Institute of Pharmacology，Taishan Medical University，Taian，271016，China
【ABSTRACT】 Objective：To investigate the neuroprotective effects of estradiol （E2） may be
7-62S（2018年4期）.indd 1162018/8/27 15:38:42。