2015年02月12日雅思阅读考题回顾
1月日雅思阅读真题回忆
2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试终于回归正常，取消了AB卷。
三篇文章分别关于深海鱼类，美国电影发展及科技的弊端。
大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
A卷：Passage 1：题目：Deep sea fish题型：填空题7+判断题6文章大意：一个德国科学家在埃及红海潜水想看看15m以下到底有没有红光(理论上是没有任何光线的)。
结果在海地20m的地方看见了红色的鱼。
即使取下红色滤光片用肉眼也可以看见。
在这个深度不可能有光线，所以猜想是荧光，但是没有设备验证，只能尽可能多地拍照片。
回德国之后证实了确实是荧光，50种鱼都有这种荧光，是皮下的细胞里的晶体里发出的，不是晶体本身，可能是晶体里的荧光蛋白，这个蛋白可能是细菌制造的。
鱼用这个红光来识别种群，标识位置，吓退敌人，掩盖自己，捕捉猎物。
参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：The fish of the deep-sea are among the strangest and most elusive creatures on Earth. In this deep unknown lie many unusual creatures that have yet to be studied. Since many of these fish live in regions where there is no natural rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey and mates and avoiding predators; deep-sea fish have evolved appropriately to the extreme sub-photic region in which they live. Many of these organisms are blind and rely on their other senses, such as sensitivities to changes in local pressure and smell, to catchtheir food and avoid being caught. Those that aren’t blind have large and sensitive eyes that can use bioluminescent light. These eyes can be as much as 100 times more sensitive to light than human eyes. Also, to avoid predation, many species are dark to blend in with their environment.Many deep-sea fish are bioluminescent, with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark. Bioluminescent organisms are capable of producing light biologically through the agitation of molecules of luciferin, which then produce photons of light. This process must be done in the presence of oxygen. These organisms are common in the mesopelagic region and below (200m and below). More than 50% of deep-sea fish as well as some species of shrimp and squid are capable of bioluminescence. About 80% of these organisms have phosphors –light producing glandular cells that contain luminous bacteria bordered by dark colorings. Some of these phosphors contain lenses, much like those in the eyes of humans, which can intensify or lessen the emanation of light. The ability to produce light only requires 1% of the organism's energy and has many purposes: It is used to search for food and attract prey, like the anglerfish; claim territory through patrol; communicate and find a mate; and distract or temporarily blind predators to escape. Also, in the mesopelagic where some light still penetrates, some organisms camouflage themselves from predators below them by illuminating their bellies to match the color and intensity of light from above so that no shadow is cast. This tactic is known as counter illumination.The life cycle of deep-sea fish can be exclusively deep water although some species are born in shallower water and sink uponmaturation. Regardless of the depth where eggs andlarvae reside, they are typically pelagic. This planktonic –drifting –lifestyle requires neutral buoyancy. In order to maintain this, the eggs and larvae often contain oil droplets in their plasma. When these organisms are in their fully matured state they need other adaptations to maintain their positions in the water column. In general, water’s density causes up thrust –the aspect of buoyancy that makes organisms float. To counteract this, the density of an organism must be greater than that of the surrounding water. Most animal tissues are denser than water, so they must find an equilibrium to make them float. Many organisms develop swim bladders (gas cavities) to stay afloat, but because of the high pressure of their environment, deep-sea fishes usually do not have this organ. Instead they exhibit structures similar to hydrofoils in order to provide hydrodynamic lift. It has also been found that the deeper a fish lives, the more jelly-like its flesh and the more minimal its bone structure. They reduce their tissue density through high fat content, reduction of skeletal weight –accomplished through reductions of size, thickness, and mineral content –and water accumulation makes them slower and less agile than surface fish.Question 1-6判断题答案：1.T he expected to see darkness 在15米，正确2.F说他第一次怀疑F这种物质起作用是在德国，错误3.NG all the fish 有red marking 的都是在red sea 发现的4.F M first 有fluorescence是在德国，错误5.T6.TQuestion 7- 13填空7communication8 eyes9 location 鱼依靠这个F 这个物质告诉同类他们的10 enemies11 相近的species出现了多样性1213 seahorse(答案仅供参考)Passage 2：题目：American Cinema题型：配对题11+ 选择题2文章大意：美国电影的发展史简介参考文章(仅供参考，非原文)：The history of film is an account of the historical development of the medium known variously as cinema, motion pictures, film, or the movies. The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass median the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantiallyaffected arts, technology, and politics. The cinema was invented during the 1890's, during what is now called the industrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met.Question 15- 22答案:15. v19. vii21. C 文章了说在拍了一些short film 之后22. D 其他公司imitate Griffith 的innovation(答案可能有误，仅供参考)Passage 3：题名：Darkside of Technological Boom题型：配对题9+判断5文章大意：科技在现代生活中的各种弊端(答案待补充)以上是2015年12月3日雅思阅读真题回忆的全部内容，大家可以参考一下。
2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析
2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
对于雅思考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2015年12月举行了4场考试，时间分别是12月3日、12月5日、12月12日、12月19日。
以下内容仅供参考。
12月3日雅思口语真题回忆：Part 1考题总结考题总结：Hometown1.Where are you from?2.Do you like your hometown?3.Is your hometown suitable for children to live in?4.Where do you live in your hometown, a house or a flat?5.Where would you bring a tourist to in your hometown?6.Can you tell me something about a tourism site in your hometown?7.Would you like to live there in the future?Your studies1. Do you work or are you a student?2. What's your major? Have you ever communicated about your major with your friends?3. Will you study with others in the future? Why?4. What is your plan for your future study?5. When you study, do you feel happy?6. What’s your favorite subject? What do like most about it?7. Do you enjoy your school life? What are the benefits of being a student?8.What do you usually do after class?Flat1.Do you live in a house or an apartment/flat/dorm?2.What room do you like best in your flat?3.Describe your bedroom.4.Do you want to move to another place in the future?Fruit & Veggies1.What is your favorite vegetable and fruit?2.How often do you eat fruits?3.Are there any special fruits in your hometown?Films1.Do you like to watch movies?2.How often do you go to a cinema to watch a film?3.Do Chinese people like to go to a cinema to watch a film?History1.Do you like history?2.Do you think history is important?3.Do you think the internet is a good place to learn about history? Time management1.When was the last time you helped others?2.Do you like to help strangers?3.Have you ever refused to help others?Museums1.Are there many museums in your hometown?2.Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown?3.Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors? TV1.Do you like watching TV/ how much TV do you watch?2.What’s your favorite TV program?3. Did you watch much TV when you were a child?Weekends1.What do you usually do on weekends?2.What do other people in your hometown do during the weekend?3.What are you going to do next weekend?Being alone1.Do you like to be alone?2.What do you like to do when you are alone?3.When was the last time you were alone?Countryside1.Would you live in the countryside in the future?2.What are the benefits of living in the city?3.What do people living in the countryside like to do?Text messages/phone calls1.Do you text someone if he doesn’t answer your phone?2.Is there any chance when texting someone is better than calling?3.How often do you make phone calls?Part 2&3考题总结考题总结：P2 1.A long walk you had.2.A skill you want to learn.3.A house or an apartment you want to live in.4.An important conversation you had.5.A person who can do well in work.6.A time you and your friend had a disagreement.7.A gift for others that took you a long time to choose.8.An activity you do to keep fit.9.A law about environment you would like to see in the future.10.An electronic device that you like to buy.P3 1.What kinds of jobs are popular in China?2.Besides creativity, what other qualities should a leader have?3.Do people in your country prefer long holidays or short ones?4.What kinds of historical places would you suggest others to visit?5.Why do children have disagreements with others?6.Do people in your country prefer to sleep late?7.With the development of high tech, do you think teachers are less important?8.What kinds of electronic devices do people in China like?9.What’s the difference between men’s and women’s talk?10. Do people in your country prefer to live in cities or in rural environments?雅思口语趋势分析和备考指导本次精选了一些话题卡中的考题，旨在让考生了解考试过程中难度的循序渐进。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三---精品管理资料
Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull。
They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea——draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it。
This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators’ main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings。
Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials。
These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra—red cameras。
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经下载：
/20150127/jj-mm-yd14.html?seo=wenku2064
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经已经全面发布了，考生可以复制链接进入并免费下载索取帮自己备考使用。
assage 2 旧题
主题：文化类
题目：West Africa
题型：段落信息配对8 (有NB) 多选(五选二)2 句子填空3
文章大意：
第一部分讲虽然西非的文化有很多不同点，但是其实是有很多想通性的
第二段讲典型的西非家庭，是种地的。
家庭成员一般式父母，孩子，可能会包括爷爷奶奶。
典型的西非的房子，有牛棚马棚。
第四段讲职业一般是家庭传续的，如果是神职人员，孩子也会继承父业，也会做这个职业。
第五段：西非很传统，家庭观念很重，认为死去的祖先也是家庭的一部分，如果有不好的事情的发生，就会认为是不孝敬祖先惹来的厄运。
主题：历史类
题目：Greek Coins
题型：判断 6 填空(流程)4 句子填空3
文章大意：
第一部分讲了硬币是什么。
最早的硬币是公元前17 世纪出现的，在希腊
第二部分希腊硬币的制作过程
第三部分硬币的传播。
举例是波斯入侵利比亚
2015年2月14日雅思阅读机经下载：
/20150127/jj-mm-yd14.html?seo=wenku2064。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析五
new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer， which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful， virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour， a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University， who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US， will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.4. One of the country's leading geneticists， Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly， while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle， you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy，" he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that， the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour， viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate，you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process，" said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours， which could be quite different to anything we've had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system， effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it，" he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour， it replicates， but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour， the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers， called metastases， which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers；75% of them go on to die from metastases，" said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials：adenovirus， which normally causes a cold-like illness， and vaccinia， which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons， both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial， but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours， in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed， eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses， before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at firstfor cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments， Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？ For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy， if successful， has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely ina tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells， a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9 Based on the reading passage， choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body， researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates， the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading outQuestions 10-13 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials， scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia， so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the ri ght ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancersList of Wordsdosage responding smallpox virusdisable natural ones injectdirected treatment cold-like illnesskill patients examinedAnswers Keys：1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful， virus therapy could eventually forma third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer， while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆下载：
/20150302/yszh-fsy-030205.html?seo=wenku302.1 2015年2月28日雅思考试已经落下了帷幕，小马过河老师在第一时间内给大家整理出了2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆，考生可以复制链接免费下载使用。
小作文柱图
大作文是Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?
2015年2月28日雅思阅读回忆
Passage 1 新题
主题：传记类，讲述了女考古学家前往柬埔寨Cambodia探寻人类remains的事
题型：T/F/NG (7) 填空题(6)
Passage 2 旧题
主题：认知心理类
文章标题：Multitasking Debate- Can you do them at the same time?
题型：段落信息配对(5) 人名观点配对(5) 填空(3)
Passage 3 新题
主题：商业类
文章大意：文章讲述了由香港机构举办的企业家培训课程
题型：带词库summary (6) Y/N/NG (4) 选择题(4)
2015年2月28日雅思真题回忆下载：
/20150302/yszh-fsy-030205.html?seo=wenku302.1。
雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年10月10日Reading Passage 1Title: SeedHuntingQuestion types: 判断题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾大意是有一个群体，他们的职业就是收集种子，在全球各地行走，为生物科技公司或者药品公司收集植物的种子。
除了科研以外，还可以帮助我们保留正在濒危或者可能灭绝的植物。
因为这些努力，很多本应该灭绝的物种被保留了下来。
有个叫seed banks的地方专门用于安置植物种子，其负责人表示，在这些植物消失之前，能有人用行动拯救它们是非常可喜的。
但是很多这类seed banks也面临着资金短缺的问题。
题型难度分析1-6判断题1. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. TRUE2. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. NOT GIVEN3. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. TRUE4. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. TRUE5. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. FALSE6. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. TRUE7-11摘要填空题Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 7. extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 8. drugs/crops. They are called seed hunters. The 9. pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 10. Sir Joseph Banks, who financially supported collectors out his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks, one of which is the famous millennium seed bank, where seeds are all stored in the 11. underground vaults at a low temperature.12-13多选题Which Two of the following are provided by plants to the human?选：A & BA. foodB. fuelsC. clothesD. energyE. commercial products本篇文章的难度中等，第一个题型是判断题，判断题是雅思阅读必考题型，大家在备考的时候应该格外注意，判断题出题按顺序，不难定位到。
2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)
2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)2015年2月12日雅思口语考试已经结束，新通外语广州学校小编第一时间整理了雅思口语考试真题机经，供大家参考使用，更多雅思考试真题机经，请关注新通外语雅思频道。
2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：沈师R3，白人老头，人很好，可爱，语速挺快。
part 1 study or work, visitor,sleeping; part 2 a vehicle that you want to own in the future; part3 transport, traffic jam,bike, balabala.....2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：东大r326-2男考官，语速较慢，可以听得比较清楚。
part1：hometown、flat、handwriting part2：invite friends or family to a meal part3：餐厅吃和在家吃的区别、在餐厅吃的好处、坏处、中国孩纸学习厨艺吗、你觉得厨艺会失传吗、中国的食物健康吗。
可能回答的太短，问了好多个。
2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：川大R1 人超好的白人美女不打断会转述不过我都不知道自己在说什么……怕1 喜欢舒服的还是fashionable的鞋有网上买过鞋吗……趴吐一个usefulAPP 你什么时候发现他他的作用……趴碎科技有用吗他的坏处为什么我们上课要玩手机……我爱那个supervisor2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：山东大学rm3 菲律宾人不笑p1work or study 颜色小时候房间颜色是不是穿亮色p2 等人经历p3 各种等balabala2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：川大RM09 白人考官人很好Part1 home apartment or house Advertisements Do you like watch advertisements on TV ?Do you like watch ads on street? Part2 describe a tv or radio program that you sometimes talk about with your family or friends? part3 一堆关于电视的问题2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：part1，fullname public holiday major .part2,historical place.part3,historical place的相关问题～后面的童孩加油,不用紧张!虽然觉得自己犯了好多语法问题，但希望能够给我一个6.5，明天的笔试，希望哥能再助我一臂之力，真的特别感谢哥…from 川大，room1加油2015年2月12日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)：山大R6白人老太，态度很好，不懂得地方她自己给解释，一直目光交流。
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雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年2月12日Reading Passage 1Title Role of Managers / What do managers do? 经理人角色（管理类）Question types 分类题6题判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题多选题2题文章内容回顾原文是关于manager的新研究及研究结果。
介绍管理学大师亨利·明茨伯格(Henry Mintzberg)的经理角色理论。
1-6分类题：文中提到明氏对经理人角色的3种分类：A. 说经理人主要发挥的是仪式性的角色作用，如同大学校长颁发毕业证书，还包括人员的招聘培训等。
B. 主要是信息的发布和联络人。
C. 实际决策作用。
问某种行为属于第几种：1. 负责企业的发展计划(scheme) 选：C2. 主持仪式选：A3. 使用资金选：C4. 研究竞争对手动向选：B5. 告知员工消息选：B6. 招聘新人选：A7-11判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN:7. 说以前关于经理人角色的理论不容易理解，原文说了以前的理论非常的simple。
FALSE8. 说MS的理论挑战了以前well established的理论。
TRUE9. NOT GIVEN10. FALSE11. FALSE12-13多选题：最后两段说了MS学者的理论的积极面是哪两点？12. 选：B（带divide的选项）原文倒数第二段说elaborate classification。
13. 选：E（带fresh way的选项）原文最后一段说关于经理人角色理论，要give a new insight。
相关原文阅读The role of a Development Manager can be a very stressful one. You are the "man in the middle'', being pulled in different directions by management, customers, sales, developers etc.. If you are doing your job well nobody notices: things work fluently, the work gets done without drama and everyone gets what they want. If things go wrong, no matter what the cause, then it is your fault.The secret to being successful as a Development Manager is managing expectations and making sure everyone understands your role is the first step. Both you, and the people you work, with need to agree on what is expected of you as a Development Manager.I have seen job postings for Development Managers that leave me shaking my head. One required in depth knowledge of a large number of a programming languages and environments, in another the position was 66% (why not 2/3rds?) programming, still others required PMO certification and this list could go on. While I agree the role of the Development Manager is sort of nebulous, job postings like these give me the feeling that the companies posting the jobs really have not thought about the role. This is a recipe for disaster for both the company and anyone hired under these conditions.As Development Manager you have a number of responsibilities, but the primary one is to get a product out the door. Your goal is deliver results to the customer, or market, and do everything necessary to achieve this. To do this you need to make sure the development team is able to work as efficiently as possible and this means making sure they have clear goals, both short term and long term, and that nothing prevents them from doing their work. From the initial project scope to deploying the product out to customer sites, each step is your responsibility. You can, and should, delegate as much as you can but be ready to check that things are being done as you want and be ready to jump in if it is not.Project ScopingAs Development Manager you need to know how to scope out a project. Depending on your organization and how you work with outside groups this could be a major part of your work. If you regularly take on projects on behalf of 3rd parties, then you should know how to respond to an RFP (Request For Proposal), complete with Deliverables, Time Lines, Budget etc.. Even if you only deal with internal projects, without a formal document system, you should get in the habit of putting together a Project Scope Document for every project. Also, if you are practicing Agile development, thesedocuments need to be living things and maintained and updated as the project progresses.Over Head ProjectsThis is part of Project Scoping, but it deserves a separate paragraph. I’ve heard people talk about “Over Head” projects that don’t need a budget and time line. This is so wrong! A failure to work out what the cost and deliverables are on these “Over Head” projects can stifle your team as they eat into your schedule and divert resources away from other work. Every project you undertake has at least an internal cost and at least one deliverable. You need to be able to negotiate both with the other stake holders for everything you undertake.Managing RelationshipsRemember, you are the ''man in the middle'' and any failures are going to belong to you, even if the cause is something beyond your control. You need to keep good and open relationships with the people involved.Get to know not just your immediate boss, but who he reports to and the people who are on the same level. You also need to get to know other stake holders on the projects you manage. Make sure they are ''in the Loop'' and get regular status updates and have good visibility on what your team is doing.Who handles customer relations? Besides your boss, this is probably the most important person you need to get to know. They can manage customer expectations, handle complaints (real or imagined) and provide critical customer contacts. On the other hand they can make your life miserable, making promises to customers without checking with you, posting bug reports that are unnecessary, pestering you to deliver on unrealistic time lines etc.Get to know you team, how long have they been with the company, what are the individual strengths and weaknesses? Who works well with whom? How busy are they? Keep track of little things like birthdays, anniversaries, etc.. Just acknowledging these little things make for sense of community.Making sure that management knows what you are working on and can see your progress is critical to keeping them happy. Communication and visibility are key getting this to work. I have used all sorts of tools to keep management in the loop and discover more all the time. Keep a tool box of programs, bulletin boards, whiteboards and anything else you can think of and keep them up-to-date. If the stakeholders understand the challenges you and your team are experiencing then they are less likely have unreal expectation. I say less likely, but not never. Some management will never understand why things don’t just ''work''. In these cases it may be time to start looking for another job.题型难度分析第一篇是经典机经旧文，版本号V091219, 收录在很多机经原文练习里。