Pronunciation and Spelling of Australia English澳大利亚英语发音拼写特点
21世纪大学实用英语综合教程第二册Unit1(可编辑修改word版)
教案授课单元21世纪大学实用英语综合教程第二册Unit 1本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（√）实践课（）教学时数6本（章）节教学目标After studying this unit, the students are expected to1.master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and giveclarification;2.understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master theuseful sentence structures and words and expressions found in the exercises relevant to the first two texts;3.know how to write a letter of invitation;4.know how to use V+V-ing;5.guess the meaning of unknown words in context.授课要点教学重点和难点Teaching focus:1. Master the basic language and skills necessary to make requests2. Explain some language points to the Ss.3. Explain some grammar points to the Ss.Teaching difficulties:1. How to improve Ss’ speaking ability.2. How to improve Ss’ listening ability.思考题或作业1.Review the key expressions from the previous lesson.2.Read Text B of this unit, and deepen the understanding of the theme in this unit. -Share reflections on this theme in class.3.Review the new words and phrases of this text. Try to use them in daily life.4.Finish the reading and listening tasks of this unit.教学内容与组织安排1st period Text A (Global Reading)2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading)3rd period Grammar Review4 th period Practical Writing5th period Text B6th period Improve Your Reading Skills1st period Text A (Global Reading)1 Background InformationEnglish LanguageThe English language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is used as either a primary or secondary language in many countries.During the 1500s, fewer than 2 million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as the result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Today, about 400 million people speak English as their native language. Most of them live in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States.Another 100 million people living chiefly in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and in many African countries speak English in addition to their own language. An additional 200 million people probably know at least some English. (From the 1998 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia)Characteristics of EnglishVocabulary. English has a larger vocabulary than any other language. There are more than 600,000 words in the largest dictionaries of the English language.Some English words have been passed on from generation to generation as far back as scholars can trace. These words, such as woman, man, sun, hand, love, go, and eat, express basic ideas and feelings. Later, many words were borrowed from other languages, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian, and Spanish. For example, algebra is from Arabic, fashion from French, piano from Italian, and canyon from Spanish.A number of words, such as doghouse and splashdown, were formed by combining other words. New words were also created by blending words. For example, motor and hotel were blended into motel. Words can be shortened to form new words, as was done with history to form story. Words called acronyms are formed by using the first letter or letters of several words. The word radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging.Pronunciation and spelling in English sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent. Many words are spelled similarly though pronounced differently. Examples include cough, though, and through. Other words, such as blue, crew, to, too, and shoe, have similar pronunciations but are spelled differently. Many of these variations show changes that occurred during the development of English. The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation changed.Grammar is the set of principles used to create sentences. These principles define the elements used to assemble sentences and the relationships between the elements. The elements include parts of speech and inflections.Parts of speech are the word categories of the English language. Scholars do not all agree on how to describe the parts of speech. The traditional description listseight classes: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The most important relationships of the parts of speech include subject and verb, verb and predicate, and modifier and the word modified.English has fewer inflections than most other European languages. An English noun has only two inflections, the plural and the possessive. Inflections are used to change the tense and number of a verb or the case of a pronoun. Inflections can change adjectives to the comparative or the superlative — for example, big, bigger, biggest.American EnglishAmerican English is a variety of the English language spoken in the United States. Although all Americans do not speak the same way, their speech has enough in common that American English can be recognized as a variety of English distinct from British English, Australian English, and other national varieties. American English has grown up with the country. It began to diverge from British English during its colonial beginnings and acquired regional differences and ethnic flavor during the settlement of the continent.Today it influences other languages and other varieties of English because it is the medium by which the attractions of American culture — its literature, motion pictures, and television programs — are transmitted to the world.Characteristics of American EnglishA. PronunciationIn broad terms, Canadian and American speakers tend to sound like one another. They also tend to sound different from a large group of English speakers who sound more British, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. For example, most Canadians and Americans pronounce an r sound after the vowel in words like barn, car,and farther, while speakers from the British English group do not. Also, some British English speakers drop h sounds at the beginning of words, so that he and his are pronounced as if they were spelled ee and is. The English spoken in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa sounds more like British English than American English does because these varieties have had less time to diverge from British English. The process of separate development began later in these countries than in North America.In some cases there are differences between American English and British English in the rhythm of words. British speakers seem to leave out a syllable in words like secretary, as if it were spelled secretry, while Americans keep all the syllables. The opposite is true of other words, such as specialty, which Americans pronounce with three syllables (spe-cial-ty) while British speakers pronounce it with five syllables (spe-ci-al-i-ty). Vowels and consonants may also have different pronunciations. British speakers pronounce zebra to rhyme with Debra, while American speakers make zebra rhyme with Libra. Canadian and British speakers pronounce the word schedule as if it began with an sh sound, while Americans pronounce it as if it began with an sk sound.B. WordsThe most frequently used words are shared by speakers of different varieties of English. These words include the most common nouns, the most common verbs, and most function words (such as pronouns, articles, and prepositions). The different varieties of English do, however, use different words for many words that are slightly less common — for example, British crisps for American potato chips, Australian billabong for American pond, and Canadian chesterfield for American sofa. It is even more common for the same word to exist with different meanings in different varieties of English.Corn is a general term in Britain, for which Americans use grain, while corn in American English is a specific kind of grain. The word pond in British English usually refers to an artificial body of water, whereas ponds also occur naturally in North America. British English chemist is the same as American English drugstore, and in Canada people go to the druggist. Many of the words most easily recognized as American in origin are associated with aspects of American popular culture, such as gangster or cowboy.C. SpellingAmerican English spelling differs from British English spelling largely because of one man, American lexicographer Noah Webster. In addition to his well-known An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Webster published The American Spelling Book (1783, with many subsequent editions), which became one of the most widely used schoolbooks in American history. Webster’s books sought to standardize spelling in the United States by promoting the use of an American language that intentionally differed from British English. The development of a specifically American variety of English mirrored the newcountry’s separate political development. Webster’s most successful changes were spellings with or instead of our (honor, labor for the British honour, labour); with er instead of re (center, theater for the British centre, theatre); with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the British defence, licence); with a final ck instead of que (check, mask for the British cheque, masque); and without a final k (traffic, public, now also used in British English, for the older traffick, publick). Later spelling reform created a few other differences, such as program for British programme. Canadian spelling varies between the British and American forms, more British in eastern Canada and more American in western Canada.2. Group DiscussionHave you ever had an experience in which you are misunderstood or have failed to understand others? Misunderstandings can result from the spoken form or written form of the language that you use.2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading)Words and Expressions & Difficult Sentences1) misunderstanding: n. (an example of) wrong understanding 误解，误会e.g. Her poor French often leads to misunderstandings when she visits France. misunderstand: vt. understand wrongly 误解e.g. I’m sorry, I misunderstood you.It seems that you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting.2) get on: board (a bus, a train, etc.)登上（公共汽车、火车等）e.g. When I got on the bus, I found all the seats were occupied.They felt worried when they realized that they had got on the wrong train.3) head for: go towards 向…走去；朝…行进e.g. The ship was heading for Britain.He headed for the bus stop.4) … he could ride to New York without paying.介词without 解释为“不、未”，其后跟动词时，须用V-ing形式。
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______ .A.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East2.【单选题】We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects3.【单选题】Perseverance is a kind of quality and that is _______ it takes to do anything well.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why4.【单选题】We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept5.【单选题】Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes6.【单选题】Words that are identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called ______.A.perfect homonymsB.homographsC.homophonesD.homonyms7.【单选题】—David has made great progress recently. — _______，and _______.A.So he has；so you haveB.So he has；so have youC.So he has；so do youD.So has he；so you have8.【单选题】Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules9.【单选题】“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings10.【单选题】If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A. concentratedC.confirmedD.convinced11.【单选题】Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual12.【单选题】______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization13.【单选题】It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when14.【单选题】Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on15.【单选题】Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjectiveC.prepositionD.noun16.【单选题】It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.B.adoptC.applyD.adjust17.【单选题】We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of18.【单选题】Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reasonC.Class reasonD.Psychological reason19.【单选题】To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in20.【单选题】What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】A good worker in a key spot could, so _______ as he kept up production, take all the coffee breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little2.【单选题】The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______ .A.fireB.hotC.photoscanningD.sister3.【单选题】How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.44.【单选题】One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.A.onomatopoeic motivationB.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation5.【单选题】A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s6.【单选题】Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.7.【单选题】Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg8.【单选题】Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell9.【单选题】In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause10.【单选题】Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.11.【单选题】Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set12.【单选题】Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkD.Finals13.【单选题】Parents, teachers in schools and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of ________ our potential interests.A.raisingB.risingC.arousingD.arising14.【单选题】Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.15.【单选题】The word “minister” originally meant “a servant”, but now has changed to“a head of a ministry ”. This process of meaning change is called ______ .A.extensionB.elevationC.degradationD.specialization16.【单选题】Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over17.【单选题】He insured his car ________ he had an accident.A. unlessB.ifC.sinceD.in case18.【单选题】Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural policies.B.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes19.【单选题】“ Apple, pear, peach, orange, lemon, etc. ” make up the ______ of“ fruit ”.A.synonymsB.homonymsC.superordinate termD.semantic field20.【单选题】Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：B2.正确答案：B本题解析：affect 多作为动词来用，表示影响。
英语中存在的问题和解决方式作文
英语中存在的问题和解决方式作文The English language is an important part of our daily lives. We use it to communicate, to learn, and to express ourselves. Unfortunately, there are some issues that can arise when it comes to English. These issues can range from confusion surrounding grammar and pronunciation,to difficulty expressing oneself correctly. Here, I will discuss some of the common issues facing English learners, as well as their solutions.First and foremost, grammar can be a very difficult concept to grasp, especially for those who have never been exposed to it. Many times, the rules and structures of the language simply do not make sense to the learner. One solution to this problem is to study grammar in asystematic way. This may involve reviewing the rules and structures on a regular basis, and seeking out help if necessary. Additionally, it canbe helpful to read or listen to English material that uses correct grammar, as it will allow you to become more familiar with the language.Another common issue that arises is the difficulty of rememberingand using the correct pronunciation and spelling of words. The best way to solve this problem is to familiarize oneself with the phonetic alphabet, as it can help to clarify pronunciation. Additionally, it is helpful to say words out loud in order to practice proper articulation. Furthermore, studying the meanings of words and their connections to one another can make it easier to accurately spell them.The final issue that English learners often face is expressing themselves in the language. This is especially true for those who are more comfortable speaking their native language. One way to overcomethis problem is to practice writing, speaking, and listening in English on a regular basis. Additionally, it can be helpful to read books or watch movies in the language in order to become more familiar with its nuances.In conclusion, there are a variety of issues that can arise when trying to learn English. However, with some practice and effort, theycan be overcome. By studying grammar systematically, familiarizing oneself with pronunciation and spelling, and practicing different ways of expressing oneself, it is possible to become more adept in the language. In the end, learning English takes time, but with the right approach, it can be a rewarding and enjoyable experience.。
表示澳大利亚的英语
表示澳大利亚的英语English:Australian English is the form of the English language spoken in Australia. It has its own distinct vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammatical features, which have been influenced by the country's history and multiculturalism. Australian English is known for its colorful slang, colloquialisms, and unique idiomatic expressions that are not typically heard in other English-speaking countries. Additionally, there are also differences in spelling and usage of certain words compared to British and American English. While Australian English shares many similarities with British English, it has developed its own identity and is recognized as a separate variety of the language.Translated content:澳大利亚英语是澳大利亚使用的英语形式。
它有自己独特的词汇，发音和语法特点，这些特点受到了这个国家的历史和多元文化的影响。
澳大利亚英语以其丰富多彩的俚语，口语化的语言习惯和不同于其他英语国家的独特惯用语而闻名。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料1. What is the publicly accepted definition of a word?(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore, we can say that …a word is a minimal free form of a langua ge that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function?.2. What accounts for the differences between sound and form?four major reasons. The internal reason for this is that there are more phonemes than letters in English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is borrowing.3. What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning. The same concept can be represented by different sounds in different languages. For example, …woman? becomes …Frau? in German and …femme? in French. On the other hand, the same sound /mi:t/ is used to mean …meat?, …meet?, and …mete?.4. How are English words classified?English words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. They may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.5. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now well assimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin1. What does the Germanic family consist of?The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2. What major families can be found in the Indo-European language family?In the Indo-European language family, we can find eight main groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armanian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic and Germanic.3. What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a synthetic language.4. What are the characteristics of Middle English?Middle English (1150-1500) borrowed a large number of words mainly from French. It had a much larger vocabulary. It retained much fewer inflections. It was a language of leveled endings.5. What are the characteristics of Modern English?Modern English (1500-up to now) has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.1. What are the differences between a bound morpheme anda bound root?Bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words include two types: bound root and affix. A bound morpheme may be either a bound root or an affix. Bound roots, only one type of bound morphemes, are included in bound morphemes.2. What are the differences between a root and a stem?A root and a stem are not the same. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed.A stem may consist of a single root or two roots or a root plus one or more affixes. Therefore a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words.2. Point out the types of morphemes.prediction, strawberries, encouragement答:(1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: prediction ( pre + dict + ion ), strawberries ( straw + berry + es ), encouragement ( en + courage + ment ).(2) “Straw”, “berry” and “courage” are all free morphemes as they can stand alone as wo rds.(3) Of the nine morphemes, all the rest pre-, -dict-, -ion, -es, en- and –ment are bound morphemes as they cannot stand alone as words. Of the six bound morphemes, pre-, -ion, en- and –ment are derivational morphemes and –es is an inflectional morpheme,while –dict- is a bound root.2. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes, then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.luckily, reminded, teachers答: (1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: luckily ( luck + y + ly), reminded ( re + mind + ed), teachers ( teach + er + s)(2) “Luck”, “mind” and “teach” are free morphemes; re-, -ed, -y, -ly, -er and –s are bound morphemes. And of the six bound morphemes, -ed and –s are inflectional morphemes and the other four are derivational morphemes.(3) Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can stand alone as words. Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They must be bound to other morphemes to form words. 1. What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?Prefixes do not generally change the word classes of stems. In other words, most of the prefixes are characterized by their non-class-change nature. Their chief function is to change the meanings of stems. Unlike prefixes, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.2. What are the three main features of compounds?Compounds have the following three main features: phonetic features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second. Semantically, everycompound should express a single idea just as one word. Grammatically, a compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.3. What is conversion? What are its characteristics?A. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.B.These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.4. What is blending? What are the four major groups of blends?Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.As far as the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word and word + tail.5. What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formation, the opposite process of suffixation, is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs.Back-formed words are largely informal in style and some of them have not gained public acceptance.6. What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?If the nouns converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does and they must be used together withdefinite articles, the conversion is partial conversion.If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.7. What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words.8. What is clipping? What are the four common types of clipping?Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original.There are four common types of clipping: front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.V. Analyze and comment on the followingPoint out the formation of the following words:Sitcom workfare copter dormVOA TV NA TO G-man1) Sitcom and workfare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of situation and that of comedy, and workfare is formed by combining the word “work” and the tail of welfare.2) Copter and dorm are clipped words. Copter is formed by clipping the front of the word “helicopter”, and dorm is formed by clipping the back of the word “dormitory”.3) VOA, TV, NA TO and G-man are new wo rds created through acronymy. VOA from “V oice of America” and TV from “television” are initialisms, and NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” and G-ma n from “Government man” are acronyms.2. She decided to winter in Australia.In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Explain the type of conversion and its effect.1) In the above sentence, “winter” is a converted word.2) The verb “winter” i s converted from a noun.3) The conversion is economical and vivid.3. Find the blends in the following sentence and explain which types they belong to.The lunarnaut stayed in that motel for two days.In the above sentence, lunarnaut and motel are blends.The word “lunarnaut” from (lunar + astronaut) is a word + tail blend, and the word “motel” from (motor + hotel) is a head + tail blend.4. Explain the types of the following two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain the reasons and correct the mistake.the necessary a wounded1) There are two kinds of conversion from adjectives to nouns: full conversion and partial conversion.2) The word “necessary”, when converted from an adjective to a noun, has all the characteristics of noun, so the conversion is full. Its plural form is necessaries.3) The word “wounded”, when converted from an adjective to a noun, does not possess all the qualitiesa noun does and it must be used together with a definitearticle, so the conversion is partial. Th e expression “a wounded” should be corrected as “the wounded”.1. What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference refers to the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Reference is a kind of abstraction, but with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.2. What is motivation? How is it classified?1) Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.2) Motivation is classified into onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. What is grammatical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their reflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. Different lexical items may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings.4. What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant andrelatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.5. What is collocative meaning?Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocation.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The pen is mightier than the sword.What kind of motivation is used in the above sentence? What is the definition of that motivation? What do “pen” and “sword” mean?1) Semantic motivation is used in the sentence.2) Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.3) “Pen” and “sword” are two semantically motivated words. Their literal meanings are “a tool for writing or drawing with ink” and “a weapon with a handle and a long metal blade” respectively, but their figurative meanings are “writing” and “war” respectively.2. After casting a stone at the cops, they absconded with the loot.Are all the words used in the above sentence appropriate? If not, explain the reasons and improve the sentence.1) Structurally, the sentenc e with a gerund structure is very formal, but the words “cops” and “loot” used in the sentence are all slang/slangy words, and they are not consistent with the gerund structure. 2) The slang/slangy words “cops” and “loot” should be replaced by “police” and“money” respectively. The revised sentence “After casing a stone at the police, they absconded with the money” is appropriate in style.3. Women are flowers; women are tigers.Explain the grammatical, conceptual and connotative meaning of the word “women”which appears twice in the above sentence.1) The word “women” in the first part of the sentence and the one in the second have the same grammatical and conceptual meanings. Their grammatical meanings are: plural nouns and subjects; their conceptual meaning is: female adult.2) The connotative meaning of the word “women” in the first part is “beautiful”, or “lovely”, and that of the word “women” in the second part is “fierce” or “malicious”.1. What is the difference between radiation and concatenation?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.2. What is the main difference between homonyms and polysemants?The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to differentwords which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would come to our university next Monday.In the first sentence, “man”, “school”, and “week” are all superordinates while “visiting scholar”, “university”, and “Monday” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.The second sentence is clearer because subordinates are vivid, precise and concrete.The relationship between some words used in the above two sentences is hyponymy.2. Male/femaleExplain what kind of antonymy they belong to and the characteristics of this kind of antonymy.They are contradictory antonyms.Contradictory antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be.1. What is transfer? What are the main types of transfer?Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change of word-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four maintypes of semantic transfer are: associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.2. What are the two major factors that cause changes in meaning? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are: linguistic factors and extra-linguistic factors. Linguistic factors include shortening, the influx of borrowings and analogy. Extra-linguistic factors include the historical reason, the class reason and the psychological reason.3. What is the difference between elevation and degradation?Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance, but degradation of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal. What kind of word-meaning change has the word experienced? What accounts for the change of word-meaning?The word “deer” has experie nced narrowing or specialization of meaning.The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the major linguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and later the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retained the original meaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast”changed in colour.2. T he word “nice” formerly meant “ignorant” and “foolish”, but its modern meanings are “delightful” or “pleasant”. What kind of change in meaning has the word undergone? Explain the reasons and then list all the types of word-meaning changes.1) The word “nice” has undergone elevation or a melioration.2) The meaning of the word “nice” has been elevated because the word has risen from a humble beginning to the present position of importance.3) The main types of word-meaning changes are: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer.1. How is context classified?Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.2. What are the main types of linguistic context?Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. This meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Grammatical context refers to the structure in which a word occurs. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure. Though less common, it is by no means rare3. What are the causes of ambiguity?Ambiguity often arises due to the following three main causes: polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity. Homonymy is another cause of ambiguity as two separate words share the same form. Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity.V. Analize and comment on the following.1. Peter and Betty are married.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improvethe sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by grammatical structure.2) The sentence can be understood as “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”3) The sentence can be improved as: “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”2. She is a hard student.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inadequate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “She is a hard student and she is o ften praise d by her teachers,” or “She is a hard student to deal with.”3. The ball was attractive.Study the above sentence. If you find anything improper,please explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by homonymy.2) The word “ball” in the sentence may mean “a round object to play in a game” or “a dancing party”.3) The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of people,” or “The ball was attractive with the bright colours.”IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the characteristics of idioms?English idioms have two major characteristics: semantic unity and structural stability. Semantically, each idiom is a semantic unity although it consists of more than one word. Though the various words forming the idiom have their respective literal meanings, in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Quite often an idiom functions as one word. Structurally, each idiom is usually fixed and does not allow changes in most cases.2. What is the difference between metonymy and synecdoche in English idioms?Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ from each other. Metonymy, a kind of figures of speech used in English idioms, is a case of using the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it, but synecdoche is a case of substituting part for the whole or vice versa3. What are the rhetorical features of idioms?The rhetorical features of idioms include phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.Phonetic manipulation includes alliteration and rhyme.Lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repetition and juxtaposition.Figures of speech include simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification and euphemism. V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. He is as strong as a horse.Pick out the idiom in the above sentence, and then point out its structure, grammatical function and figure of speech.1)The idiom is “as strong as a horse”.2) Its structure is: as + adj. + as + n.3) Its grammatical function is that it is an idiom adjectival in nature and it functions as the predicative in the sentence.4) It is a simile.2. She has been looking for the lost key here and there for two days.Pick out the idiom in the above sentence, and then point out its structure, grammatical function and rhetorical feature1) The idiom is “here and there”.2) Its structure is “adv. + and + adv.”.3) Its grammatical function is that it is an idiom adverbial in nature and it functions as adverbial.4) Its rhetorical feature is juxtapositionIV. Answer the following questions.1. What is a dictionary? What is the relationship between a dictionary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of English, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.2. What are specialized dictionaries? What are theircharacteristics?Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.。
北京高考英语作文评分标准
北京高考英语作文评分标准1. Content and Completeness (内容与完整性)- Essays are assessed on how well they address the prompt and cover all aspects of the question.- The completeness of the response, including whether all parts of the question are answered, is considered.2. Organization and Coherence (组织与连贯性)- The logical flow of ideas and the overall structure of the essay are evaluated.- Clear introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions are expected for higher scores.3. Language Use (语言运用)- The use of a wide range of vocabulary and grammatical structures is favored.- Errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation are penalized, with the severity of the penalty depending on the frequency and impact on comprehension.4. Lexical Resource (词汇资源)- The ability to use appropriate and varied vocabulary to convey meaning effectively is assessed.- Repetition of words and phrases without variation can lower the score.5. Grammatical Range and Accuracy (语法范围与准确性)- A variety of complex sentence structures is expected forhigher grades.- Minor grammatical errors are tolerated, but they should not impede understanding.6. Pronunciation and Spelling (发音与拼写)- While not typically assessed in written essays, if a student's pronunciation or spelling is mentioned or described, it should be accurate.7. Task Response (任务回应)- The essay must respond directly to the task set by the prompt.- Off-topic essays or those that do not follow the instructions will receive lower scores.8. Argumentation and Persuasion (论证与说服)- For argumentative essays, the ability to present a clear and logical argument with supporting evidence is crucial.- The use of persuasive language and techniques is also considered.9. Creativity and Originality (创造性与原创性)- Essays that demonstrate original thought and creativity are often rewarded with higher scores.- Repetitive or formulaic responses tend to score lower.10. Presentation (呈现)- The overall presentation, including handwriting or typing, is taken into account.- Neatness and legibility can contribute to a better impression and potentially a higher score.It's important to note that the Beijing Gaokao English essay grading criteria are subject to change and may be interpreted differently by individual markers. However, these general principles provide a framework for what is typically expected in the grading of essays for this high-stakes examination.。
pdf新课标高中英语词汇诵读周计划肖安
pdf新课标高中英语词汇诵读周计划肖安全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1PDF New Standard High School English Vocabulary Recitation Week PlanIntroduction:English vocabulary is an essential part of learning the English language. To help high school students improve their vocabulary, a recitation week plan has been developed. This plan aims to enhance students' vocabulary retention and usage through regular practice and repetition. The plan outlines daily activities and exercises to reinforce the learning of new words and phrases.Day 1: Introduction to the Week Plan- Distribute the list of vocabulary words for the week- Introduce the importance of vocabulary recitation for language learning- Identify commonly used words and phrases for daily communicationDay 2: Vocabulary Review and Practice- Review the words introduced on the first day- Practice pronunciation and spelling of the words- Use the words in sentences to understand their usage in contextDay 3: Vocabulary Games and Activities- Engage students in vocabulary games such as word scrambles, crossword puzzles, and memory games- Encourage students to work in pairs or groups to practice using the words in different scenarios- Incorporate technology by using online vocabulary learning toolsDay 4: Vocabulary Quiz- Conduct a quiz to test students' retention of the vocabulary words learned throughout the week- Provide feedback and review incorrect answers to reinforce learning- Reward students for their efforts and improvementDay 5: Vocabulary Presentation- Have students prepare a short presentation using the vocabulary words learned during the week- Encourage creativity and originality in their presentations- Allow students to showcase their language skills and confidence in using the wordsConclusion:The PDF New Standard High School English Vocabulary Recitation Week Plan is designed to help students improve their English vocabulary through consistent practice and engagement. By following this plan, students can enhance their language skills, expand their vocabulary, and become more confident English speakers. With regular recitation and practice, students can achieve proficiency in using a wide range of English words and phrases in various contexts.篇2Title: The Plan for Reciting New High School English Vocabulary from PDF of the New Curriculum Standard by Xiao AnIntroduction:Learning English vocabulary is an essential part of mastering the language. To help high school students improve their vocabulary, a reciting plan based on the new curriculum standard has been designed by Xiao An. This plan aims to enhance students' English language proficiency and build a solid foundation for their future studies and careers.Week 1-4:During the first four weeks, students will focus on reciting vocabulary related to basic English words and phrases. The emphasis will be on common words used in daily communication and simple sentences. Students will be provided with PDF materials containing the vocabulary list and corresponding sample sentences for better understanding and memorization.Week 5-8:In the following four weeks, students will progress to more advanced vocabulary related to specific topics such as education, technology, and culture. The vocabulary will be categorized based on themes to help students grasp the context and usage of the words. Additionally, students will be assigned reading tasks to reinforce their understanding of the vocabulary in real contexts.Week 9-12:During the final four weeks, students will focus on reciting vocabulary related to complex English grammar structures and idiomatic expressions. The goal is to expand students' language proficiency and prepare them for more challenging language tasks. Students will also be encouraged to practice writing essays or articles using the vocabulary they have learned to improve their language skills.Conclusion:The reciting plan designed by Xiao An provides a comprehensive and systematic approach to learning English vocabulary. By following this plan, high school students can enhance their language proficiency, build a strong foundation for further studies, and improve their communication skills. Through consistent practice and dedication, students can achieve success in mastering the English language.篇3Title: PDF New Standard High School English Vocabulary Recitation Week Plan - Xiao AnIntroduction:In order to help high school students in mastering the new standard English vocabulary, we have designed a weekly recitation plan. This plan aims to enhance students' vocabulary retention and usage through consistent practice and reinforcement. In this document, we will outline the details of the plan and provide guidance on how to effectively implement it.Week 1:During the first week of the plan, students will focus on memorizing and reciting 50 key English vocabulary words. These words are essential for building a strong foundation in English language skills. The words will be provided in a PDF format, which students can download and print for reference. Each day, students will spend 15-20 minutes reviewing the words and practicing their pronunciation.Week 2:In the second week, students will continue to review and practice the vocabulary words from the previous week. In addition, they will be introduced to 50 new words that build upon their existing knowledge. The new words will cover a range of topics and themes, allowing students to expand their vocabulary in different contexts. Daily practice sessions will focus on both old and new words to ensure comprehensive learning.Week 3:In the third week, students will deepen their understanding of the vocabulary words by engaging in activities that involve using the words in sentences and conversations. These exercises will help students improve their language fluency and comprehension. Students will also be encouraged to write short paragraphs or stories using the vocabulary words to demonstrate their understanding and creativity.Week 4:In the final week of the plan, students will participate in a vocabulary recitation competition. This competition will test students' ability to recall and pronounce the words accurately. Students will be given a list of 100 words to recite, and they will be judged based on their pronunciation, fluency, and confidence. The competition will serve as a fun and interactive way to reinforce learning and motivate students to excel in their English studies.Conclusion:The PDF New Standard High School English Vocabulary Recitation Week Plan is designed to help students improve their English vocabulary skills in a structured and engaging manner.By following the weekly plan and dedicating time to practice and review, students can enhance their language proficiency and confidence. We hope that this plan will serve as a valuable resource for high school students seeking to excel in their English studies.。
词汇学模拟试卷(参考答案)
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)1. The prehistorical Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______ language.A. advancedB. developedC. analyticD. inflected ( )2. The word “prediction” contains no ______.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bund morphemeD. root ( )3. The most important of all features of words of the basic word stock is ______.A. productivityB. all national characterC. polysemyD. collocability ( )4. The word “port” from “portus” is regarded as a ______.A. semantic-loanB. neologismC. translation-loanD. denizen ( )5. Words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems are called ______.A. acronymsB. blendsC. derivativesD. compounds ( )6. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.A. popularityB. persistenceC. productivityD. priestess ( )7. The word “disunite” contains a ______ prefix.A. reversativeB. pejorativeC. negativeD. locative ( )8. Reference refers to the relationship between language and the ______.A. senseB. conceptC. worldD. context ( )9. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______.A. scope for “telescope”B. TV for “television”C. purse for “money”D. dorm for “dormitory”( )10. The words “same” and “different” are regarded as ______ terms.A. contradictoryB. relativeC. contraryD. graded ( )11. The word “copperhead” was used to refer to those northerners who were secretlyaiding the South because of the ______ reason.A. classB. historicalC. socialD. psychological ( )12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, whichis called ______ context.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. non-linguistic ( )13. The idiom “safe and sound” is an example of ______.A. reiterationB. repetitionC. alliterationD. juxtaposition ( )14. The ambiguity of the sentence, “The ball is attractive,” is caused by ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy ( )15. The main body of a dictionary is its ______ of words.A. notesB. usageC. spellingD. definitions ( ) II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)1. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _________________.2. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the _______________ element.3. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given _________________ and meaning and syntactic function.4. All the words in a language make up its __________________.5. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited ___________________ and collocability.6. Scottish and Irish belong to the Celtic family, but Danish and German belong to the ___________________ family.7. According to the ________________ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.8. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________, it can refer to something specific.9. The most common types of word-meaning changes are __________________ and narrowing.10. Of the three types of homonyms, __________________ constitute the largest number and are most common.11. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of _________________ inclusion.12. Idioms are generally felt to be __________________ and some are slang and colloquialisms.13. Synonyms may differ in the ________________ and intensity of meaning.14. So far as the language is concerned, a Chinese-English dictionary is regarded as a __________________ dictionary.15. Compared with American dictionaries, British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, include more ____________ information.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)1. The Germanic tribes were thought to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. ( )2. The chief function of prefixes is to change the meanings of stems. ( )3. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “internationalist”. ( )4. Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( )5. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ( )6. The words such as NATO, AIDS, BASIC and UFO are acronyms. ( )7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning. ( ) 8. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive. ( ) 9. The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different meanings. ( ) 10, The ambiguity of the sentence “The duck is too hot to eat,” is caused by inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 11. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically motivated words. ( ) 13. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is generally known as a specialized Dictionary. ( )14. In the idiom “sooner or later”, juxtaposition is used. ( )15. Linguistic context may include the whole cultural background. ( ) IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)1.What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?2. What are the four major causes of the difference between sound and form?3. What is transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?5. What are specialized dictionaries? What are their characteristics?V. Analyze and comment on the following. (20%)1. Point out the formation of the following words.sitcom medicare pub quake NATO VOA2.Read the following sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explainthe reasons and then improve the sentence.Jackson is a very hard businessman.《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）参考答案I. 选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. DII. 填空题1. affix2. first3. sound4. vocabulary5. productivity6. Germanic7. positions8. context9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal13. range 14. bilingual 15. grammaticalIII. 是非题1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题1.Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis forcommunication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.2.The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.3.Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change ofword-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.4.Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now wellassimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin.5.Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language orknowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms,pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, but each contains much more detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.V. 论述题1．1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”is an acronym, while VOA from “V oice of America” is an initialism.2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard”in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking”or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,”or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二）I. 选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. A8. C9. C10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. DII. 填空题1. affix2. first3. sound4. vocabulary5. productivity6. Germanic7. positions8. context9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal13. range 14. bilingual 15. grammaticalIII. 是非题1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. FIV. 问答题6.Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is themeaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Beingconstant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis forcommunication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all thespeakers of the same language.7.The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences werecreated by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.8.Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change ofword-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changedto mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transferbetween subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.9.Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now wellassimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which haveretained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin.10.Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language orknowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms,pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and avariety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, buteach contains much more detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.V. 论述题1．1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization”is an acronym, while VOA from “V oice of America” is an initialism.2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard”in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking”or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,”or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”。
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in Australia
From: Andy
Pronunciation
/i/ Normally, the word at the This sound in Australia sound end with-er,we usually In addition, the dictionary often tenser,so some words such as pronounce / əbe /, but marked out can / i / in sound, Australia mouth is / ə / pin and kin,that would sound Australians tend to just select bigger, it sounds a little bit like peen and keen. Some sound, for example, plural like /just a /, sounds so some words boxes like boxers. words such as happy and city, such as faster sounds like ending fasta. with a typical / i /, will be extended to the / i :/, it sounds like happee and citee.
/eə/ Examples: square, bared, haired (RP: / eə /). Australian English, in the / eə / became / e :/, bared become / be: d /.
/uə/→/ɔ/ Poor: ENG/puə/一AUS/pɔ/ /ei/ often pronunce / ai /, such as: raise become rise, tape become type, day become die, today become todie.
*Spelling*
Australian spelling is similar to the British spelling .
And British English, as customary reservations "u" in the words of honour and favour; using the "re" instead of "er" in theatre and metre in; Australia and the United Kingdom also have some different places, such as Australia with the "program", rather than the British use of "programme"; There are two forms are possible, such as "acknowledgment" and "acknowledgement(承认；确认；感谢) ” "abridgment (删 节；删节本；文摘； )" and "abridgement", but shorter been adopted this form of government in Australia. There are other proof that Australia uses American English spelling in some situation.
•: Are you coming today? Mike: Professor, I’m not going to die, I feel good. Marry: um..You must come today. Mike: NO!! I won’t die!! Marry: But you have to come today!! Mike:!@#$%^&
☺The embarrassed
moment
• Mike: A Chinese students studying in Australia
• Marry：A professor of oral English from Australia
(Class begins, Marry point at Franky and asked him a question about the class this noon.)