管理学罗宾斯著试题完整版
管理学(罗宾斯)小测验答案
管理学（罗宾斯，第7版）小测验答案（一）(2008-07-04 23:47:57)第一章管理与组织导论1、管理者是组织中这样的成员，他告诉别人该做什么以及应该怎样去做。
很容易将管理者与非管理雇员区分开来，后者是指组织中这样的成员，他们直接从事一项工作和任务，并且没有人向他们报告。
2、组织和工作性质的变化改变了管理的者的角色，在管理者与非管理雇员之间不存在清晰的界限。
3、通常将组织中的管理者分别称为基层管理者、中层管理者和高层管理者。
基层管理者是最低层的管理者，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作。
中层管理者，包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者。
高层管理者接近或处于组织顶层，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。
4、管理是一个过程，是协调工作活动使之有效率和有效果的过程。
管理是同别人一起或通过别人使工作活动完成得更有效率和更有效果的过程。
5、效率是指以最少的投入获得最大的产出；效果是指实现组织目标的程度。
效率涉及做事的方式，效果涉及事情的结果。
6、管理当局不能只是关注达到和实现组织目标，也就是关注效果，还要尽可能有效率的完成工作。
在成功的组织中高效率和高效果是相辅相成的，而不良的管理通常既是低效率的也是低效果的，或者虽然有效果但却是低效率的。
7、所有管理者都在从事五种管理职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制。
计划包括定义组织的目标、制定战略和计划以实现组织的目标；组织包括设计结构以执行计划；领导包括激励下属、影响个体或团队、有效的沟通以及处理雇员的行为问题；最后，控制包括监督、比较和改进组织的绩效。
8、管理过程是指一组进行中的决策和行动，包括计划、组织、领导和控制。
当管理者进行管理时，他们的工作通常以连续的方式也就是以过程的方式体现出来。
9、亨利?明茨伯格得出结论，管理者在履行10种不同的角色和行为。
他将它们分为三种类型，一种是关于人际关系的（挂名首脑、领导者和联络者），第二种有关信息的传递（监听者、传播者和发言人），第三种是关于决策制定的（企业家、混乱驾御者、资源分配者和谈判者）。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6Chapter 6 –Decision-Making: The Essence of the Manager’s JobTrue/False Questions4. The first step in the decision-making process is identifyinga problem.True (easy)6. It is possible at the end of the decision-making process that you may be required to start the decisionprocess over again.True (easy)10. Decision-making is synonymous with managing.True (easy)12. One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.False (difficult)13. Accepting solutions that are "good enough" is termed satisfying.False (easy)15. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision-making.True (easy)16. Rational analysis and intuitive decision-making are complementary.True (moderate)18. Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.True (easy)21. Most managerial decisions in the real world are fully nonprogrammed.False (easy)24. Risk is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates.False (difficult)25. An optimistic manager will follow a maximin approach.False (moderate)Multiple ChoiceTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS34. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights to those criteria; moves to developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem;implements the alternative; and concludes with evaluating the decision's effectiveness is the ______________.a. decision-making process. (easy)b. managerial process.c. maximin style.d. bounded rationality approach.e. legalistic opportunism process.36. "A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs" describes which of the steps in thedecision-making process?a. criteria weight allocationb. analysis of alternativesc. problem identification (difficult)d. decision effectiveness evaluatione. decision criteria identification38. Which of the following must be present in order to initiate the decision-making process?a. plenty of timeb. pressure to act (moderate)c. a lack of authorityd. a lack of resourcese. environmental certainty39. Managers aren't likely to characterize something as a problem if they perceive ______________.a. they don't have authority to act. (difficult)b. pressure to act.c. a discrepancy.d. they have sufficient resources.e. they have budgetary authority.44. Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by ______________.a. choosing the alternative with the highest score. (easy)b. choosing the one you like best.c. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price.d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable.e. choosing the alternative you think your boss would prefer.47. Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making process?a. identifying the problemb. evaluating the decision's effectiveness (easy)c. identifying decision criteriad. selecting an alternative that can resolve the probleme. allocating weights to alternatives.48.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness of the decision-makingprocess?a. Ignore criticism concerning the decision-making.b. You may have to start the whole decision process over.(difficult)c. Restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50% effective.d. 90% of problems with decision-making occur in the implementation step.e. Keep track of problems with the chosen alternative, but only change those issues that uppermanagement demand.49. Decision-making is synonymous with ______________.a. managing. (easy)b. leading.c. controlling.d. planning.e. organizing.51. Which of the following is not an "organizing" decision?a. What are the organization's long-term objectives? (moderate)b. How many employees should I have report directly to me?c. How should jobs be designed?d. How much centralization should there be in the organization?e. When should the organization implement a different structure?52. Which of the following is not a "leading" decision?a. How do I handle employees who appear to be low in motivation?b. What is the most effective leadership style in a given situation?c. How will a specific change affect worker productivity?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict?e. How should jobs be designed? (moderate)53. Which of the following is not a "controlling" decision?a. What activities in the organization need to be controlled?b. How should those activities be controlled?c. When is a performance deviation significant?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict? (moderate)e. What type of management information system should the organization have?54. Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing choices withinspecified constraints.a. rational (easy)b. leadersc. organizedd. satisficerse. programmed57. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationality?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences are clear.d. Preferences are constantly changing. (difficult)e. No time or cost constraints exist.58. In "bounded rationality," managers construct ______________ models that extract the essential features from problems.a. multipleb. bindingc. interactived. simplified (difficult)e. past59. According to the text, because managers can’t possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, managers______________, rather than ______________.a.maximize; satisficeb.maximize; minimizec.satisfice; minimized.satisfice; maximize (moderate)62. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong is referredto as _____________.a.economies of commitmentb.escalation of commitment (moderate)c.dimensional commitmentd.expansion of commitment64. According to the text, all of the following are aspects of intuition EXCEPT:a.experienced-based decisionsb.affect-initiated decisionsc.cognitive-based decisionsd.values or ethics-based decisionse.programmed decisions (easy)65.According to the text, _____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.a.poorly-structured problemsb.well-structured problems (moderate)c.unique problemsd.non-programmed problemse.programmed problems68. ______________ decision-making is relatively simple andtends to rely heavily on previous solutions.a. Nonprogrammedb. Linearc. Satisficingd. Integrativee. Programmed (moderate)70. A ______________ is a series of interrelated sequential steps that a manager can use for responding to astructured problem.a. procedure (easy)b. rulec. policyd. systeme. solution71. A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.a. procedureb. policyc. rule (moderate)d. solutione. system72. A ______________ provides guidelines to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction.a. systemb. rulec. solutiond. policy (moderate)e. procedure75. A business school's statement that it "strives for productive relationships with local organizations," is anexample of a ______________.a. rule.b. policy. (moderate)c. procedure.d. commitment.e. contract.78. Which of the following terms is associated with nonprogrammed decisions?a. unique (moderate)b. recurringc. routined. repetitivee. well-defined79. Lower-level managers typically confront what type of decision-making?a. uniqueb. nonroutinec. programmed (moderate)d. nonprogrammede. nonrepetitive83. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he/she is operating under what type of decision-making condition?a. riskb. uncertaintyc. certainty (easy)d. factuale. unprogrammed84. ______________ is those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood ofcertain outcomes.a. Certaintyb. Risk (easy)c. Uncertaintyd. Maximaxe. Maximin85. A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring season based on lastspring's outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?a. seasonalb. risk (difficult)c. uncertaintyd. certaintye. cyclical86. ______________ is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probabilityestimates available.a. Certaintyb. Riskc. Uncertainty (easy)d. Maximaxe. Maximin87. A person at a horse racetrack who bets all of his/her money on the odds-based longshot to "win" (ratherthan "place" or "show") is making what kind of choice?a. maximax (moderate)b. maximinc. minimaxd. minimin89. An individual making a "maximin" type of choice has what type of psychological orientation concerninguncertain decision-making?a. optimistb. realistc. pessimist (moderate)d. satisficere. extremist91. According to the text, a manager who desires to minimize his or her maximim “regret” will opt for a______________ choice.a. maximaxb. maximinc. minimax (moderate)d. minimin93. Which of the following decision-making styles have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in theirway of thinking?a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral95. The decision-making style that makes fast decisions and focuses on the short terms is referred to as the______________ style.a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral98. According to the text, ______________ are best characterized as careful decision makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.a. conceptualb. behavioralc. empiricald. analytic (moderate)e. spatial99. Which of the following is the decision-making style that would most likely look at as many alternatives aspossible and focus on the long run?a. analyticalb. directivec. conceptual (moderate)d. behaviorale. spatial101. A manager who would decide what computer system to purchase for the department by holding a meeting and receiving feedback from his/her subordinates matches with which type of decision-making style?a. analyticalb. behavioral (difficult)c. conceptuald. directivee. empiricalScenariosDecision-Making Conditions (Scenario)Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located in the Southeast. She is responsible forscheduling trucks, initiating new routes, and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with existing information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.116. Bubba, Sandy Jo's best driver tells her that he believes that he can estimate that there is a 75% probability that they can get the business of Pork Brothers Inc. if they initiate a truck route through rural North Carolina. Bubba is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty.b. risk. (difficult)c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.117. Sandy Jo can make accurate decisions if she is willing to pay $5,000 for research about the profitability of various truck routes. If she pays for the research, she believes that she is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty. (difficult)b. risk.c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.118. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically an optimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. uncertaintyd. maximax (moderate)e. maximin119. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. minimaxd. maximaxe. maximin (moderate)120. Sandy Jo wishes to minimize her regret and will probably opt for a ______________ strategy.a. certainty.b. risk.c. minimax (moderate)d. maximax.e. maximin.Essay QuestionsTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS121. In a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the decision-making process.Answera.Step 1: Identifying a problem– the decision-making process begins with t he existence of a problem ora discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.However, a discrepancy withoutpressure to take action becomes a problem that can be postponed.b.Step 2: Identify decision criteria–once the manager has identified a problem that needs attention, thedecision criteria important to resolving the problem must beidentified. That is, managers must determine what’s relevant in making a decision.c.Step 3: Allocating weights to the criteria: at this step, the decision maker must weigh the items inorder to give them the correct priority in the decision. A simple approach is to give the most important criterion a weight of 10 and then assign weights to the rest against that standard.d.Step 4: Developing alternative s –the fourth step requires the decision maker to list the viablealternatives that could resolve the problem. No attempt is made in this step to evaluate the alternative, only to list them.e.Step 5: Analyzing alternative s – once the alternatives have been identified, the decision maker mustcritically analyze each one. From this comparison, the strengths and weaknesses of each alternative become evident.f.Step 6: Selecting an alternative–the sixth step is the important act of choosing the best alternative fromamong those considered. All the pertinent criteria in the decision have now been determined, weighted, and the alternatives have been identified and analyzed.g.Step 7: Implementing the alternativ e –implementation involves conveying the decision to thoseaffected by it and getting their commitment to it. If the people who must carry out a decision participate in the process, they’re more likely to enthusiastically support the outcome than if they are just told what to do.h.Step 8: Evaluating decision effectiveness –the last step in the decision-making process involvesappraising the outcome of the decision to see if the problem has been resolved. Did the alternative chose and implementedaccomplish the desired result? If not, the manager may consider returning to a previous step or may even consider starting the whole decision process over.(difficult)123. In a short essay, discuss the assumptions of rationality and the validity of those assumptions.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she wouldcarefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be maximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests.Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: The manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited, in which the time pressures are minimal and the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low, for which the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking, and in which o utcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world d on’t meet all those tests.(moderate)126. In a short essay, discuss the difference between well-structured and poorly structured problems. Include specificexamples of each type of problem to support your answer. Next discuss the type of decisions that would be used to address each of these problems.Answera.Well-structured problems - the goal of the decision marker is clear, the problem is familiar, andinformation about the problem is easily defined and complete. Examples of these types of problems might include a customer’s wanting to return a purchase to a retail store, a supplier’s being late with an important delivery, a news team’s responding to an unexpected and fast-breaking event, or a college’s handling of a student wanting to drop a class. Such situations are called well-structured problems since they are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems. In handling these problem situations, the manager uses a programmed decision. Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine a nd to the extent that a definite approach has been worked out for handling them.Because the problem is well structured, the manager doesn’t have to go to the trouble and expense of going through an involved decision progress. Programmed decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.b.Poorly-structured problems –these problems are new or unusual and for which information isambiguous or incomplete.For example, the selection of an architect to design a new corporate manufacturing facility in Bangkok is an example of a poorly-structured problem. When problems are poorly-structured, managers must rely on nonproprammed decision making in order to develop unique solutions.Nonprogrammed decisions are unique andnonrecurring. When a manager confronts a poorly-structured problem, or one that is unique, there is no cut-and-dried solution. It requires a custom-made response through nonprogrammed decision making.(difficult)130. In a short essay, list and discuss the four decision-making styles as described in the text.Answera.Directive style – people using the directive style have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational intheir way of thinking. They’re efficient and logical. Directive types make fast decisions and focus on the short run. Their efficiency and speed in making decisions often result in their making decisions with minimal information and assessing few alternatives.b.Analytic style – decision-makers with an analytic style have much greater tolerance for ambiguity thando directive types. They want more information before making a decision and consider more alternatives than a directive style decision-maker does. Analytic decision-makers are best characterized as careful decision-makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.c.Conceptual style – individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and willlook at many alternatives. They focus on the long run and are very good at finding creative solutions to problems.d.Behavioral style –these decision markers work well with others. They’re concerned about theachievements of subordinates and are receptive to suggestions from others. They often use meetings tocommunicate, although they try to avoid conflict. Acceptance by others is important to this decision-making style.(moderate)。
罗宾斯《管理学》期末考试试题
1、从管理外部环境的角度看，“企业的基础是关系”这句话意味着什么？企业应该如何管理这些“关系”？答案: 358字（1）外部环境是指能够对组织绩效造成潜在影响的外部力量与机构，包括两类要素：具体环境与一般环境。
（2分）（2）具体环境包括：顾客、供应商、竞争者和压力集团。
（2分）（3）一般环境包括可能影响组织的广泛的经济条件、政治法律条件、社会文化条件、人口条件、技术条件与全球条件。
（2分）（4）企业处于由具体环境和一般环境要素所编织的复杂网络关系之中，这其中受企业决策和行动影响并影响着企业的各类相关者就是利益相关者。
这些利益相关者与企业息息相关，构成企业生存与发展的基础。
（2分）（5）企业管理外部关系分为四个步骤：第一，确定谁是组织的利益相关者；第二，确定这些利益相关者可能存在的特殊利益或利害关系是什么？第三，确定每一个利益相关者对于组织决策和行动来说有多关键；第四，决定通过什么具体方式管理外部利益相关者关系。
（4分）2、组织中的变革一般包括哪几种类型？试结合实际论述人们抵制变革的原因以及减少变革阻力的管理策略：答案: 482字（1）变革的类型：结构、技术、人员。
结构变革包括改变职权关系、协调机制、集权化程度、职务再设计及其他结构变量；技术变革包括工作开展的方式、所使用的方法和设备的改变等；人员变革是指员工的工作态度、期望、认知和行为的改变。
（3分）（2）人们抵制变革的三个原因：不确定性、担心个人损失、顾虑变革不符合组织的利益。
（3分）（3）减少变革阻力的六项管理措施：教育与沟通、参与、促进与支持、谈判、操纵与合作、强制。
（3分）（4）以战国时秦国的商鞅变法为例，这里的变法就是组织变革。
商鞅变法的目的是让秦国富国强兵。
可是，变法的主张却招致多方面的反对。
一方面是秦国的贵族，变法触犯了他们的既得利益。
一方面是秦国的大臣，他们因循守旧，认为不变法一样可以治理好国家，他们还担心一旦实行新法，官吏、百姓对它都不熟悉，有可能会产生不良后果。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-1
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Management and OrganizationsTrue/False QuestionsThe four contemporary functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.True (easy)Effectiveness refers to the relationship between inputs and outputs.False (moderate)Efficiency is often referred to as "doing things right."True (moderate)When managers meet organizational goals, they are efficient and effective.False (difficult)According to Mintzberg’s management roles, the information al role involves receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.True (moderate)Technical skills become less important as a manager moves into higher levels of management.True (moderate)The systems perspective underscores and emphasizes the fact that organizations are different, face different circumstances, and thus may require different ways of managing.False (moderate)Multiple Choice_____________ are organizational members who integrate and coordinate the work of others.a. Managers (easy)b. Team leadersc. Subordinatesd. Operativese. AgentsTypically, in organizations it is the _____________ who are responsible for making organizational decisions and setting policies and strategies that affect all aspects of the organization.a. team leadersb. middle managersc. first-line managersd. top managers (easy)e. subordinates_____________ distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one.a. Manipulating othersb. Concern for the lawc. Increasing efficiencyd. Coordinating and integrating others' work (moderate)e. Defining market sharea.spokesperson (moderate)b.entrepreneurc.disturbance handlerd.resource allocatore.negotiatora.human skillsb.technical skills (easy)c.conceptual skillsd.empirical skillsUnderstanding building codes would be considered a _____________ skill for a building contractor.a. humanb. technical (easy)c. conceptuald. empiricale. functionala. decision-making (easy)b. communicating with customersc. motivating subordinatesd. product knowledgee. technical skillsAccording to the text, _____________ are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.a.open systemsb.closed systems (easy)c.d.reverse systemse.forward systemsThe _____________ view of a manager's job implies that decisions and actions taken in one organizational area will impact other areas.a. systems (moderate)b. contingencyc. conceptuald. functionale. environmentala.the partiality of managementb.the segmentation of managementc.the universality of management (moderate)d.the cultures of managementScenarios and QuestionsThe Busy Day (Scenario)Don Eskew, plant manager at Control Systems, Inc., sighed as he sipped his first cup of coffee at 5 a.m. and read his agenda for the day. He is giving two company tours in the morning; the first to a newspaper reporter who is writing a story on the new plant expansion and has several questions, and the second to a group of ControlSystems, Inc., managers from the east coast. He then has a meeting with unit manager, Phil Johnson, to discuss Phil's recent drop in performance (a task he always hates). Next, he is spending a couple of hours reviewing the trade journals he receives from his high-tech association and writing up a brief synopsis for his presentation next week to the Division President. Finally, in late afternoon, he will be reviewing the new equipment malfunction and deciding whether to bring in extra people to get the equipment running as soon as possible. Whew! Just another day in the glamorous life of a manager.a. Herzbergb. Skinnerc. Mintzberg (easy)d. Fayole. Maslowa. leader (difficult)b. figureheadc. monitord. disturbance handlere. spokespersona. monitorb. figureheadc. disseminatord. spokesperson (difficult)e. resource allocatora. monitorb. disseminatorc. resource allocator (moderate)d. disturbance handlere. figureheadEssay QuestionsIn a short essay, discuss the difference between efficiency and effectiveness and include a specific example to support each concept.Answera.b.Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”—that is, those work activities that will helpthe organization reach its goals.For instance, at the Biersdorf factory, goals included open communication between managers and employees, and cutting costs. Through various work programs, these goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.(moderate)In a short essay, list and explain the four basic functions of management.Answera.Planning – involves the process of defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, anddeveloping plans to integrate and coordinate activities.anizing – involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how thetasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made.c.Leading – when managers motivate subordinates, influence individuals or teams as they work, select themost effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues, they are leading.d.Controlling –to ensure that work is going as it should, managers must monitor and evaluateperformance. The process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting is what is meant by the controlling function.(moderate)In a short essay, list and discuss the three essential skills according to Katz that managers need to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager.Answera.Technical skills – include knowledge of an proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering,computers, accounting, or manufacturing. These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organization’s work.b.Human skills –involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group.Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. These skills are equally important at all levels of management.c.Conceptual skills –these are the skill that managers must have to think and to conceptualize aboutabstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must be able to see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important at the top management levels.(moderate)。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题Chapter 10 – Organizational Structure and DesignTrue/False QuestionsA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia was once involved in industries rangingfrom paper to chemicals and rubber.True (moderate)2. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia has been competing in thetelecommunications industry since 1965.False (moderate)DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE3. Organizational design is the organization's formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.False (difficult)4. The concept of work specialization can be traced back a couple of centuries to Adam Smith's discussion ofdivision of labor.True (moderate)5. The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is division of labor.True (moderate)6. Historically, many organizations have grouped work actions by function departmentalization.True (moderate)7. Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow istermed customer departmentalization.False (moderate)8. Geographic departmentalization has greatly increased in importance as a result of today’s competitivebusiness environmentFalse (moderate)9. A group of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together is a cross-functional team.True (moderate)10. Authority is the individual's capacity to influence decisions.False (difficult)11. Authority is synonymous with responsibility.False (easy)12. Responsibility is the rights inherent in a managerial position.False (easy)13. A manager's span of control refers to the number of subordinates who can be effectively and efficientlysupervised.True (moderate)14. The classical view of unity of command suggests that subordinates should have only one superior to whom they report.True (easy)15. The trend in recent years has been toward smaller spans of control.False (easy)16. When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in anorganization, the organization is said to bedecentralized.True (moderate)17. Decentralization describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.False (moderate)18. In the last 35 years, there has been a trend of organizations moving toward increased decentralization.True (easy)19. Appropriate organizational structure depends on four variables: the organization's strategy, size, technology, and degree of environmental uncertainty.True (difficult)20. Standardization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent towhich employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.False (moderate)ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS21. An organic organization tends to be characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization,narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation indecision-making by low-level employees.False (moderate)22. An organic organization would likely be very flexible.True (moderate)23. Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic structure.False (easy)24. The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.False (difficult)25. Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.True (moderate)26. Woodward demonstrated that organizational structures adapted to their technology.True (moderate)27. Woodward's findings support that there is "one best way" to organize a manufacturing firm.False (moderate)28. The strength of the functional structure is that it focuses on results.False (moderate) it is the strength of divisional structure.\\\\\\\29. According to the text, a functional structure creates strategic business units.False (moderate)COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS30. Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs.False (easy)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. Accordi ng to t he company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ the organizational structure of Nokia is best described as ______________.a. mechanisticb. organic (moderate)c. centralizedd. formalized32. The factor contributing the most to Nokia’s success in the mobile phone industry according to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma‖ is ______________.a. new product development (moderate)b. government subsidiesc. national trade barriersd. weak competition33. ______________ is the process of creating an organization's structure.a. Human resource managementb. Leadingc. Organizing (moderate)d. Planninge. DepartmentalizationDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE34. According to the text, a(n) ______________ is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped, and coordinated.a. mission statementb. environmental scanc. internal resource analysisd. organizational structure (moderate)35. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?a. work specializationb. departmentalizationc. chain of commandd. bureaucratic design (difficult)e. span of control36. Work specialization is also known as ______________.a. departmentalization.b. centralization.c. span of control.d. formalization.e. division of labor. (easy)37. The term ______________ is used to describe the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided intoseparate jobs.a. work ethicsb. managerial capitalismc. social responsibilityd. work specialization (moderate)38. When did the idea of enlarging, rather than narrowing, job scope begin?a. 1950sb. 1960s (moderate)c. 1970sd. 1980se. 1990s39. Which of the following is not an example of the classical viewof division of labor?a. assembly-line productionb. Burger Kingc. Taco Belld. TQM (moderate)e. Kentucky Fried Chicken40. ______________ is the basis on which jobs are grouped inorderto accomplish organizational goals.a. Departmentalization (moderate)b. Centralizationc. Formalizationd. Coordinatione. Efficiency41. A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees whoare responsible for sales, marketing,accounting, human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?a. authorityb. chain of commandc. empowermentd. departmentalization (moderate)e. social grouping42. Grouping sporting equipment in one area, men's clothing in another area, and cosmetics in a third area, is anexample of what kind departmentalization?a. customerb. product (easy)c. geographicd. processe. outcome43. Sales responsibilities divided into the southwest, midwest, southern, northern, and western regions would bean example of ______________ departmentalization.a. productb. geographic (easy)c. processd. outcomee. customer44. Grouping activities on the basis of customer flow is______________.a. functional departmentalization.b. product departmentalization.c. geographical departmentalization.d. process departmentalization. (moderate)e. technological departmentalization.45. What type of departmentalization expects that each department will specialize in one specific phase of the process or product production?a. productb. geographicc. process (easy)d. outcomee. customer46. What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government organization where different publicservice responsibilities are divided into activities for employers, children, and the disabled?a. productb. geographicc. processd. outcomee. customer (moderate)47. Which of the following is not a form of departmentalization suggested by your text?a. functional departmentalizationb. product departmentalizationc. geographical departmentalizationd. process departmentalizatione. technological departmentalization (difficult)48. Today's competitive business environment has greatly increasedthe importance of what type ofdepartmentalization?a. geographicb. customer (difficult)c. productd. processe. outcome49. According to the text, managers are using ______________, which are groups of individuals who areexperts in various specialties and who work together.a. specialized teamsb. cross-demanded teamsc. cross-functional teams (moderate)d. simple structured teams50. Which of the following is a contemporary addition to thehistorical view of departmentalization?a. increased rigidityb. cross-functional teams (moderate)c. enhanced centralizationd. elimination of product departmentalizatione. addition of sales departmentalization51. Bringing together the company's legal counsel, research engineer, and marketing specialist for a project isan example of a(n) ______________.a. empowered team.b. process departmentalization.c. product departmentalization.d. cross-functional team. (moderate)e. continuous improvement team.52. The ______________ is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to thelowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom.a. chain of demandb. chain of command (easy)c. demand hierarchyd. continuous design structure53. To whom a worker reports concerns which aspect of organizational structure?a. chain of command (moderate)b. departmentalizationc. pay structured. line of commande. authority framework54. ______________ entitles a manager to direct the work of a subordinate.a. Responsibilityb. Legitimate powerc. Rankd. Operating responsibilitye. Authority (moderate)55. ______________ is the obligation to perform assigned activities.a. Authorityb. Responsibility (easy)c. Chain of commandd. Unity of commande. Formalization56. The ______________ principle (one of Fayol’s 14 principles of management) helps preserve the concept ofa continuous line of authority.a. unity of demandb. unity of command (moderate)c. demand structured. continuous demand57. Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?a. how much power a manager has in the organizationb. the geographic dispersion of a manager's subunits ofresponsibilityc. how many subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise (moderate)d. the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial ordere. the amount of time it takes to pass information down through a manager's line of command58. Other things being equal, the wider or larger the span of control, the more ______________ theorganizational design.a. bureaucraticb. democraticc. effectived. efficient (difficult)e. classical59. Wider spans of control may be viewed as more efficient, but eventually, wider spans tend to have whateffect on organizations?a. reduced effectiveness (difficult)b. increased turnoverc. loss of managerial powerd. customer dissatisfactione. rigid chains of command60. An organization that spends money on maintaining a well-trained work force can expect which of thefollowing span-of-control outcomes?a. increased contempt for managementb. increased voluntary turnoverc. centralized authorityd. less direct supervision (moderate)e. increased need for managerial-level employees61. A high-tech manager who supervises the development of a new computer chip needs ______________compared to a manager who supervises the mailing of unemployment insurance checks at the localgovernment office.a. about the same span of controlb. a narrower span of control (difficult)c. a wider span of controld. a more informal span of controle. elimination of the span of control62. In general, span of control is ______________ for managers.a. increasing (easy)b. decreasingc. staying the samed. significantly decreasinge. no longer important63. ______________ describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.a. Decentralizationb. Centralization (moderate)c. Transnationalismd. Cross sectional analysis64. If lower-level employees provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, theorganization is ______________.a. formalized.b. centralized.c. decentralized. (easy)d. mechanistic.e. organic.65. Recently, there has been a distinct trend toward ______________.a. smaller spans of control.b. decentralized decision-making. (moderate)c. decreased flexibility.d. emphasis on chain of command.e. mechanistic organizations.66. Which of the following factors WOULD NOT influence an organization to have a higher degree ofcentralization?a. Environment is stable.b. Company is geographically dispersed. (difficult)c. Company is large.d. Decisions are significant.e. Organization is facing a crisis.67. ______________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extentto which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.a. Standardizationb. Centralizationc. Chain of commandd. Strategye. Formalization (moderate)68. All of the following factors indicate that a decentralized organization would be most effective EXCEPTwhen ______________.a. the environment is complex.b. decisions are relatively minor.c. the organization is facing a crisis. (difficult)d. the company is geographically dispersed.e. effective implementation of strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibilityto make decisions.69. Which of the following factors describes an environment in whicha high degree of decentralization isdesired?a. Environment is complex, uncertain. (moderate)b. Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.c. Decisions are significant.d. Company is large.e. Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.70. The ______________ organizational structure is characterized by high specialization, extensivedepartmentalization, narrow spans of control and high formalization.a. mechanistic (easy)b. organicc. contingencyd. adhocracye. functional71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?a. high specializationb. wide spans of control (moderate)c. high formalizationd. limited information networke. extensive departmentalization72. What type of organizational form follows classical principles such as unity of command?a. organicb. linearc. decentralizedd. mechanistic (moderate)e. adhocracyORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS73. Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?a. wide span of controlb. empowered employeesc. decentralized responsibilityd. few rules and/or regulationse. standardized job specialties (difficult)74. All of the following are characteristics of an organic organization EXCEPT:a. narrow spans of control. (moderate)b. cross-hierarchical teams.c. free flow of information.d. low formalization.e. cross-functional teams.75. In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operatedwith few work rules was an example of what type of organization?a. bureaucraticb. mechanisticc. volatiled. nouvellee. organic (difficult)。
罗宾斯《管理学》(第7版)课后习题与考研真题详解
罗宾斯《管理学》（第7版）课后习题与考研真题详解第1章管理与组织导论一、思考题1．你的课程的授课教师是管理者吗？请分别用管理职能、管理角色、技能观点以及系统观点和权变观点讨论这个问题。
答：授课教师是管理者。
管理者指通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的人。
管理者的工作可能意味着协调一个部门的工作，也可能意味着监督几个单独的个人，还可能包含协调一个团队的活动。
授课教师就是协调一个团队（学习团队）达到教学目标的管理者。
具体说来，授课教师作为管理者的工作可以用不同的观点来描述：（1）职能观点。
管理的职能就是管理者为了有效的管理所必须具备的功能，一般认为管理具有以下几项基本职能：计划、组织、领导、控制。
如图1-1所示。
图1-1 管理职能对于授课教师的工作来说：①计划。
教师不仅对一个学期的授课任务有详细的计划，还对每堂课的授课内容，所要达到的目标都有一个具体的安排。
②组织。
教师要组织课堂教学，还要保证整个学期这门课程的顺利进行，包括安排学习委员、班长等协助其教学工作的展开。
③领导。
表现在教师指导和激励所有的学生用心学习，个别时候还会找个人谈话，对学校好的同学进行表彰。
④控制。
教师要对授课情况进行反馈，并且制定一系列的课堂纪律保证教学的顺利进行，以达到预期的授课目标。
（2）角色观点。
亨利·明茨伯格（Henry Mint berg）这位杰出的管理研究者认为，管理者的行为可以通过考察管理者在工作中所扮演的角色来恰当地描述。
明茨伯格的10种管理行为可以被进一步组合为三个主要的方面，即人际关系、信息传递和决策制定。
对于授课教师的工作来说：①人际角色。
作为课程的挂名首脑、领导者和联络者，授课教师要对学生的学习情况向学校总结、汇报，并为该门课程的展开争取一定的教学资源。
②信息传递。
作为监听者、传播者和发言人，授课教师全权负责这门课程的展开，学校对该门课程的指示或学生对该门课程有什么要求，都由授课教师代表全体学员向学校进行沟通和传达。
罗宾斯《管理学》第七版章内测验答案
第Ⅰ篇绪论第一章管理与组织导论一、谁是管理者1.管理者在哪些方面不同于非管理人员？答：协调其他人的工作——区分了管理岗位与非管理岗位。
2.说明为什么并不总能很容易地确定谁是组织中的管理员。
答：组织以及工作正在变化的性质模糊了管理者与非管理雇员之间的界限，许多传统的职位现在都包括了管理性的活动，特别是在团队中（团队成员通常要制定计划、决策以及监督自己的绩效），非管理雇员也承担着过去是管理者的一部分职责。
补充：⑴管理者：管理者是这样的人，他通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织的目标。
3.对比三种不同的管理层次。
答：①基层管理者是最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作生产和提供组织的产品。
②中层管理者包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者。
③高层管理者处于或接近组织顶层，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。
注：并不是所有的组织都具有金字塔形的组织结构，但都需要某个人来扮演管理者的角色，即需要有人来协调工作和活动，以便能够同别人一起或者通过别人来实现组织的目标。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么补充：⑴管理：定义为一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。
要点：①过程代表了一系列进行中的有管理者参与的职能或活动，这些职能一般划分为计划、组织、领导和控制。
②协调其他人的工作——区分了管理岗位与非管理岗位。
③有效率和有效果地完成组织的工作活动。
4.如何理解管理是一个过程。
答：上面要点①。
5.定义效率和效果。
答：①效率是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。
通常指的是“正确地做事”，即不浪费资源。
②效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。
③可见，效率是关于做事的方式；效果是指实现组织目标的程度，涉及事情的结果。
6.解释效率和效果对管理的重要性。
罗宾斯《管理学》章节题库(工作场所的管理者)【圣才出品】
第1章工作场所的管理者一、概念题1．管理[东南大学2019年研；山西财大2018年研；华南理工2017年研；湘潭大学2017年研；四川大学2017年研；福建师大2017年研；哈工大2016年研；中央财大2016、2015年研]答：管理是指在特定的组织内外环境下，通过对组织的资源进行有效地计划、组织、领导、控制而实现组织目标的过程。
其含义有：①管理存在于组织之中，是为了实现组织目标而服务的。
②管理是由计划、组织、领导和控制这样一系列相互关联、连续进行的活动所构成的，这些活动称为管理的职能。
③管理活动既强调目的（“做正确的事”）又注重过程（“正确地做事”）。
有效管理就是要效果与效率兼重，“正确地去做适当的事情”。
④管理工作在一定环境条件下进行，环境既提供了机会，也构成了威胁。
有效的管理必须充分考虑组织内外的特定条件。
2．管理者[暨南大学2017年研]答：管理者（manager）是协调和监管其他人的工作，以使组织目标能够实现的人。
管理者的工作与个人成就无关，而是关注如何帮助别人完成工作。
非管理雇员直接处理工作或任务，没有人向他们汇报。
在传统结构的组织中，管理者包括基层、中层和高层三类。
在其他架构较为松散的组织中，管理者可能不容易被识别出来。
管理者在组织中工作，这是人为的刻意安排，以实现某个特定的目标。
3．人际技能[山东大学2015年研；哈工大2014年研]答：人际关系技能指与他人及团队良好合作的能力，包括管理者自己单独或在团队中与其他人和睦相处的能力。
由于管理者直接与人打交道，因此这些技能对所有层级的管理者同等重要。
拥有良好的人际技能的管理者不仅知道如何与员工沟通，他们还擅于激励、领导员工，激发员工的工作热情与工作积极性，并且获得员工的信任，因而，他们往往能够从他们的员工那里获得最大产出。
4．人际关系角色[东财2009年研]答：亨利·明茨伯格的管理角色理论认为，管理者做什么可以通过考察管理者在工作中所扮演的10种不同但高度相关的角色来恰当地描述。
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管理学罗宾斯著试题 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-第一套《管理学》期末考试试卷（第一套试卷Ａ卷）一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1.西方权变理论学派的代表人物是（）。
A孔茨B西蒙C梅奥D伍德沃德2．管理跨度原则可以理解为（）。
A职位的职权和职责对等一致B领导者所管理的人员数目应当适当C管理人员要求与分工、协作相一致D应当授予管理人员一定的职权3．美国学者梅奥曾经带领一批研究人员进行了有名的霍桑试验，开创了（）的早期研究。
A行为科学学派B管理科学学派C社会系统学派D经验主义学派4.确定合理的管理幅度是进行组织设计的一项重要内容。
关于什么是合理的管理幅度，对于下列四种说法，你最赞同哪一种()。
A管理幅度越窄，越易控制，管理人员的费用也越低。
B管理幅度越宽，组织层次越少，但管理人员的费用会大幅度上升。
C管理幅度应视管理者能力、下属素质、工作性质等因素的不同而定。
D管理幅度的确定并不是对任何组织都普遍重要的问题，无须过多考虑。
5．在计划类型中，按照计划制定者的层次可将计划分为（）。
A战略计划、管理计划、作业计划B指令性计划、指导性计划C综合计划、项目计划D销售计划、生产计划、劳动人事计划、技术改造计划6．在管理控制活动中，有一种控制是用过去的情况来指导现在和将来,这种控制是（）。
A前馈控制B反馈控制C过程控制D间接控制7.根据领导生命周期理论，当下属的成熟度处于成熟阶段应采取的领导方式是：()。
A高关系低工作B命令式C参与式D低工作低关系8当人们认为自己的报酬与劳动之比，与他人的报酬与劳动之比是相等的，这时就会有较大的激励作用，这种理论称为：()。
A、双因素理论B、效用理论C、公平理论D、强化理论8在管理方格图中，团队式管理的方格是处于()。
A 9.1B 9.9C 1.9D 1.110．心理学家马斯洛将人的多种需求概括为五个层次的需要，依次是：（）。
A社交的需要、尊重需要、安全需要、生理需要、自我实现需要B生理需要、安全需要、尊重需要、社交的需要、自我实现需要C生理需要、安全需要、社交的需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要D生理需要、社交的需要、安全需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要二、多项选择题（每题?2分，共12分）1.领导者在建立和健全科学决策支持系统时，主要应注意建立（）。
A信息系统B咨询系统C决策系统D组织系统E执行系统F反馈系统2.现代管理的主要职能包括（）。
A计划职能B组织职能C创新职能D控制职能E激励职能F领导职能G协调职能3．能体现我国朴素的辩证思想的理论有（）。
A物极必反B以逸待劳C将欲弱之，必固强之D知己知彼，百战不殆E治国之道，务在举贤4.勒温的领导作风理论提出了三种极端的领导工作作风，即（）。
A专制作风B集权作风C仁慈作风D民主作风E放任自流作风F权变作风5.企业文化的结构大致可以分为以下几个层次：（）。
A目标层B哲学层C精神层D道德层E制度层F器物层6.管理思想发展史的第三阶段为中期的管理思想，主要代表人物（）。
A梅奥B法约尔C巴纳德D伯法E卡斯特四、简答题（每题?5分，共40分）控制过程一般有哪些步骤？什么是人际关系平衡其种类有哪些管理思想的发展可分成几个阶段？何谓组织生命周期理论？为什么说管理学既是科学又是艺术？双因素理论的主要内容是什么？费德勒模型的主要内容是什么？现代计划方法主要有哪些？五、论述题（每题?10分，共20分）为什么强调正激与负激相结合，但应以正激为主？试举例说明。
评述您学过的领导理论，谈谈管理学中的领导理论对提高领导艺术的作用。
【答案】一、单项选择题１．Ｄ２．Ｂ３．Ａ４．Ｃ５．Ａ６．Ｂ７．Ｄ８．Ｃ９．Ｂ１０．Ｃ二、多项选择题１．ＡＢＣＥＦ２．ＡＢＤＥＦＧ３．ＡＢＣＤ４．ＡＤＥ５．ＣＥＦ６．ＡＣ四、简答题答：①限定子系统的范围。
②识别所要测量的特性。
③订立标准。
④收集数据。
⑤衡量绩效。
⑥诊断与更正。
（答对５条给满分。
）答：所谓人际关系平衡是指交往双方的需要和这种需要的满足程度以及人际吸引的程度保持平衡。
（２分）种类有：自觉平衡，主动平衡，消极平衡。
（３分）答：第一阶段，早期的管理思想。
第二阶段，古典的管理思想。
以泰勒、法约尔等人的思想为代表。
第三阶段，中期的管理思想。
以梅奥与巴纳德等人的思想为代表。
第四阶段，现代管理思想。
答：组织象任何有机体一样有其生命周期。
格林纳认为一个组织的成长大致可分为创业、聚合、规范化、成熟、再发展或衰退五个阶段。
每阶段的组织结构、领导方式、管理体制和职工心态都有其特点。
答：管理学是一门科学，这是因为它具有科学的特点，如客观性，实践性，理论系统性，真理性，发展性，是一种反映客观规律的综合的知识体系。
管理学又是一门艺术，是因为艺术的含义是指能够熟练地运用知识，并且通过巧妙的技能来达到某种效果。
而有效的管理活动正需要如此。
答：双因素理论由赫兹伯格首先提出。
他认为，使职工感到不满意的因素（保健因素）往往由外界环境引起，如，公司政策、行为管理和监督方式、工作条件、人际关系、地位、安全等，使职工感到满意的因素通常是由工作本身产生的（激励因素），如，工作富有成就感、工作成绩能得到认可、工作本身具有挑战性、负有较大的责任等。
答：费德勒提出了有效领导的权遍模型，他认为任何领导形态均可能有效，其有效性完全取决于所处的环境是否适应。
影响领导形态有效性的环境因素有：领导者和下级的关系，职位权力，任务结构。
费德勒以一种被称为“你最不喜欢的同事”（ＬＰＣ）的问卷调查来反映和测定领导者的领导风格。
答；①滚动计划法②网络分析技术③线性规划方法④投入产出法⑤计量经济学方法五、论述题１．答：所谓正激就是对职工的符合组织目标的期望行为进行奖励，以使得这种行为更多的出现，即职工积极性更高；（２分）所谓负激就是对职工的违背组织目的的非期望行为进行惩罚，以使得这种行为不再发生，积极性向正确方向转移。
（２分）正激和负激都是必要而有效的，不仅作用于当事人，而且会间接地影响周围其他人。
（１分）但鉴于负激具有一定的消极作用，容易产生挫折心理和挫折行为，应该慎用。
因此，领导者在激励时因该把正激与负激巧妙地结合起来，而坚持以正激为主，负激为辅。
（３分）举例参考：领导者应该把严格管理和思想工作相结合。
（２分）２．答：（1）领导理论的主要内容包括：领导特质理论、领导行为理论和领导权变理论。
（３分）（3）领导行为理论包括：包括勒温的三种极端理论、连续统一体理论、管理系统理论领导行为四分图、管理方格理论等。
（２分）（4）领导的权变理论：包括费德勒模型，领导生命周期模型和途径-目标理论。
这些理论分别从不同的方面来论述领导的有效性和相关情境的关系。
（２分）（5）总之，领导理论从领导应具备的素质、可供选择的领导形态以及在不同情境下合适的领导形态等方面进行了科学的总结。
这些领导理论，是一种反映了客观规律的综合的知识体系。
反映了领导活动中的规律性，具有科学性，而艺术的含义是能够熟练地运用知识，并通过巧妙的运用来达到某种效果。
所以，领导理论为指导管理者的素质培养和管理行为的选择提供了基本素材，是提高领导艺术性的基础。
（3分）第二套一、单选题（每小题3分，共18分）1.管理的核心是( D )A.决策B.领导C.激励D.处理好人际关系2.霍桑实验的结论中对职工的定性是（B）A．经济人B．社会人C．自我实现人D．复杂人3.古典管理理论阶段的代表性理论是( A )A.科学管理理论B行政组织理论C.行为科学理论D.权变理论4.直线型组织结构一般只适用于（B）A．需要按职能专业化管理的小型组织B．没有必要按职能实现专业化管理的小型组织C．需要按职能专业化管理的中型组织D．需要按职能专业化管理的大型组织5.双因素理论中的双因素指的是（D）A.人和物的因素B.信息与环境C.自然因素和社会因素D.保健因素与激励因素6.专业化管理程度高,但部门之间协调性比较差,并存在多头领导现象.这是哪类组织结构类型的特点（B）A.直线制B.职能制C直线职能制D.事业部制E.矩阵制二、判断题（每小题2分，共20分）1.权变理论是基于自我实现人假设提出来的. (×)2.需求层次论是激励理论的基础理论。
( √ )3.决策最终选择的一般只是满意方案，而不是最优方案。
( √ )4.管理幅度是指一个管理者直接指挥下级的数目.管理幅度应该适当才能进行有效的管理. ( √ )5.冲突对组织都是有害的,冲突管理就是要尽可能减少或消除冲突. (×)6.管理的效益原理认为:管理工作都应该力图以最小的投入和消耗,获取最大的收益. ( √ )7.最小后悔值决策方法中的后悔值就是机会损失值. ( √ )8.公平理论认为一个人的公平感觉取决于其每次的投入与报酬之间是否对等. (×)9.高语境文化中的人们更加倾向于坦率的和直接的交流方式(×)10. “胡萝卜加大棒”是泰勒制的管理信条。
( √ )三、多选题（每小题5分，共30分）1.管理的二重性是指管理的( AD )A.自然属性B.艺术性C.科学性D.社会属性E.实践性2.管理的主要职能包括( ABEF )A.计划B.组织C.指挥D.协调E.领导F.控制3.管理的主要技能包括( ACD )A.人际B.诊断C.概念D.技术4.电子会议决策方法的主要优点有( ACD )A.诚实B.先进C.匿名D.高效5.目标管理的特点包括有( ACD )A.以目标我中心B.严格监督C.自我参与D自我控制6.控制工作的基本工作内容包括（ABC )A.确定控制标准B.衡量工作绩效C.纠正工作偏差四、简答题（每小题16分，共32分）1、现代管理理论的发展趋势是怎样的？答：现代管理理论的发展趋势，现简述如下：(1）、战略管理步入了新的发展阶段；（2）、人本管理的思想得到极大的丰富的发展；（3）、组织的变更具革命性；（4）、管理信息化成为企业和社会普遍追求的目标；（5）、知识管理将成为新时代管理的焦点。
2、如何理解人本原理如何实现以人为中心的管理答：管理作为一种社会活动，是以人为本来进行的。
人是管理中最活跃的因素，人既是管理的主体，又是管理的客体，人的积极性和创造性的充分发挥，是现代管理活动成功的保证。
因此，一切管理工作均应以调动人的积极性、做好人的工作为根本。
这就是现管理的人本原理。
人是管理的中心，人是管理的目的，民主管理是实现“以人为中心”管理的最佳途径，它是以民主集中制的形式出现的，具体做法为：先民主，再集中。
（1）创造条件让职工通过正常的渠道，对本单位的管理活动提出合理化的建议，参加组织决策；（2）让员工参加管理工作；（3）职工监督管理机构和按理说者。
它可以发挥领导者的作用与被管理工作者的积极参与结合起来。