北京交通大学2012翻译硕士MTI考研真题
2012年考研英语真题答案与解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishThe ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1(B.maintain)its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2(A.when) justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3(B.weakened)the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that t he court’s decisions will be 4(D.accepted)as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5(C.bound)by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6(B.subject)to the code of conduct that 7(D.applies)to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8(B.raise) the question of whether there is still a 9(A.line)between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10(B.as) having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11(A.so) they would be free to12(C.upset) those in power and have no need to 13(C.cultivate) political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14(D.tied).Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15(A.concepts) like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16(C.shapes)is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17(A.dismissed) as unjust.The justices must 18(C.address) doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19(D.accountable) to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20(D.as a result) convincing as law.最近，最高法院法官的道德判断成为了至关重要的事情。
短语翻译
2012翻译硕士MTI各校翻译基础词汇互译真题整理编号一.对外经贸大学AMIS 声讯交互规范(Audio Message Interactive Specification)DPOB（ date and place of birth）出生时间和地点农业管理信息系统(Agricultural Management Information System)BHD 黑鹰坠落(Black Hawk Down)CBRC（The China Banking Regulatory Commission）中国银行业监督管理委员会FEM有限元法(The Finite Element Method)MTN多边贸易谈判MSP (Managing Successful Programme)成功的项目群管理NNW国民福利指标（Net National Welfare ）PAO Periodicals Archive Online (典藏学术期刊全文数据库)SAC中国证券业协会（The Securities Association Of China）debenture 债券 balancesheet 资产负债表 taxagent 税务代理人 internationalarbitration 国际仲裁gross weight 毛重或总重 generalized system of preference 普惠制fixed cost固定成本 stocklistings股票上市 randomaccess随机存取 profitbefore tax 税前利润按揭 Mortgage 薄利多销small profits, quick returns 补贴 subsidy动产抵押（Chattel Mortgage）进口报关单declaration for importation 房地产（Real Estate）分包合同subcontract 股息dividend 国民待遇national treatment 市场调查market research编号二.北京大学1. Academy award 学院奖:奥斯卡金像奖2. animated movie 动画电影3. avant-garde 先锋派4. Byzantium拜占庭5. Civilian 平民?6. Cubism立体主义7. Catholicism 天主教8. Expo 博览会9. Bermuda Triangle百慕大三角10. Consumerism 消费主义,用户至上主义11. East End (英国)伦敦东区东伦敦12. Beatles 披头士13. Contributor捐助者投稿者14. Broadway 百老汇大街15. autograph亲笔签名1. 未来主义futurism2. 头版新闻front page news3. 蜜月honeymoon4. 香格里拉shangrella/ Shangri-La5. 人力资源 human resourse6. 碳酸饮料soda drinks/carbonated drink7. 学士学位bachelor degree8. 特洛伊木马Trojan horse9. 垃圾文化rubbishculture10. 中古英语 the Middle English11.《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》Guinness Book of World Records12. 荒诞派戏剧(The Theatre of the Absurd13. 迷惘的一代 the Lost generation14. 手稿manuscript编号三. 北二外1.红楼梦 A Dream in RedMansions2.寿桃peaches offered as a birthday present3.春卷spring roll4.国有企业state-owned business5.国库券treasurybonds6.国家外汇储蓄nationalforeign exchange reserve7.综合国力comprehensive national strength8.义务教育compulsory education9.温带大陆性气候temperate continental climate10.短篇小说short story11.科幻片 science fictionmovie12.污水处理sewage treatment13.海峡两岸关系cross-straits relation14.新闻发布会 press conference15.扩大内需 expand domestic demand1.CBD 中央商务区2.Gaza strip 加沙地带3.anti-dunming measures 反倾销措施4.Hubble Space Telescope 哈勃太空望远镜5.activiated carbon 活性炭6.Blu-ray disc 蓝光光盘7.HIV carrier艾滋病毒携带者ernment procurement 政府采购9.deposit reserve ratio 存款准备金率10.insurance company 保险公司编号四. 北京外国语学院(已整理)TPP （Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement）跨太平洋伙伴关系协议magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像carbon credit 碳信用额credit rating 信用评级total fertility rate 总生育率辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911蚁族 ant tribe限购令 property-purchasing limitation京沪高铁 Beijing-Shanghai High –speed Railway经济适用房 affordable hosing挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth贪多嚼不烂 bite off more than one can chew编号五北京师范大学extensive development 粗放型发展get the upper hand 处于有利地位占上风sleeping late 睡懒觉nanotechnology 纳米技术copyright theft 版权盗窃pull one's leg开某人的玩笑all-in-one ticket 一票通Group 20： 20国集团win-win cooperation 双赢合作paternity test 亲子鉴定junk email 垃圾邮件opinion poll选举投票，民意测验学分制 credit system金砖5国 BRICS换届选举general election循环经济 circular economy高素质人才 high-quality talent到期的房租 expired rent洗钱money laundering粮食安全 grain security grain safety自主研发 independent research and developmentlose one's shirt丧失全部财产输得精光international trade dispute 国际贸易争端政治体制改革Reform of political institutions节能减排energy-conservation and emission-reduction产业结构调整adjustment of industrial structure媒体炒作press hype/ media hype各界人士people from all walks of life编号六：北京交通大学1.高架铁路aerial railway / elevated railway2.市区铁路urban railway3.铁路网railway system4.铁路运输railway transportation5.往返票round-trip ticket6.站台票 platformticket7.客车站passenger station8.列车时刻表railway timetable/ trainschedule9.环形路线 circuit10.换乘站 interchangestation/ transfer station编号七：中石油（北京）1 TOEFL (Test ofEnglish as a Foreign Language)托福考试2 NATO(the North AtlanticTreaty Organization)北大西洋公约组织3 smog 烟雾；雾霾4 intellectual property 知识产权5 first-aid treatment 急救治疗6 the voice of people is the voice of god天视自我民视，天听自我民听7diplomatic etiquette 外交礼节8 IT（information technology）信息技术,9 House of Representatives 众议院,10public relations department 公关部、外联部,11financial management 金融管理、财务管理12 job fair 招聘会13summer resort 避暑胜地14 web browser 网页浏览器15software developer软件开发工程师16public relationship management 公关管理17可持续发展sustainable development18民意调查Opinion polls19开幕词opening speech20拜年pay a New Year's visit21同学会classmate party class reunion22企业文化 corporate culture23 自助者天助 God help those who help themselves24 经济一体化economicintegration25小康社会 a moderately prosperous society26团队精神 team spirit /group spirit27旅游景点tourist spots /scenic spot28文化冲突cultural conflict 29带薪假期paid holiday30项目经理project manager31跨国公司multinational corporation编号八. 北京语言大学AFP(AgenceFrance-Presse) <法>法新社FAO联合国粮食与农业组织SME（small and medium-sized enterprise）中小型企业UNGA（ UnitedNations general assembly）联合国大会PBOC（People's Bank of China）中国人民银行UPU（Universal Postal Union）万国邮政联盟B2C(business to customer) 企业到用户的电子商务模式national city bank of New York 花旗银行force majeure 不可抗力taekwondo 跆拳道state-of-the-art最先进的，顶尖水准的Cathay Cpacific 国泰航空公司Mahatma Gandhi 莫罕达斯·甘地Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系plurality rule 简单多数原则先发制人战略preemptive strike strategy民进党Democratic Progressive Party（DPP）“一站式”办公 one-stop office生态足迹 ecological footprint贴现率discount rate海水淡化sea waterdesalinization皮影戏shadow puppet show公益文化事业non-profit cultural undertakings/programs安居工程housing project for low-income urbanresidents西电东送transmit the electricity from thewestern areas to East China大病医疗费用社会统筹medicalcost social pool for major diseases古兰经 the Koran 习惯法customary鱼和熊掌不可兼得You can'thave your cake and eat it too官场现形记The Record ofRevelation of Officialdom编号九. 复旦大学试婚trial marriageCloud Computing 云计算party animal 聚会虫/聚会迷crowdsourcing 众包（群众外包）catch-22 《第22条军规》应用翻译applied translation收视率audience rating载人空间站manned space station大学城 Higher Education Mega Center/ university cityHuman GenomeProject 人类基因组计划编号十三上海交通大学1.ad hoc 特别的,特定的2.NASA美国国家航空和航天管理局3.Socrates 苏格拉底4.worst-case scenario 最恶劣情形，Midas迈达斯，Ponzi scheme 庞式骗局 lion'sshare 最大一份，最好的一份 , prenuptial agreement 婚前协议拳头产品competitive products; knock-out products，不良资产Non-performing Assets，国家发改委 National Development and Reform Commission，可持续发展sustainable development，和谐社会harmonious society，追尾rear-end美国证券交易委员会US securities exchange commission大规模停电large-scale outages，经济适用房 affordable housing编号十同济大学户籍改革制度 reform of household registrationsystem调整产业结构 adjustment of industrialstructure《论语》 The Analects of Confucius编号十一：郑州大学e-business电子商务, The Wall Street Journal华尔街日报IMF国际货币基金组织, MIT 麻省理工学院,EU 欧盟市场调查marketing research ，医保卡medicare card/ healthcare card，全球定位系统Global Positioning System，世界银行 World Bank编号十二. 上海外国语Austerity Measures财政紧缩措施UNESCO联合国教科文组织NATO 北大西洋公约组织APEC 亚太经济合作组织the US Senate美国参议院Reuters路透社Gary Locke骆家辉Arab Spring 阿拉伯之春Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报Washington Post 华盛顿邮报十二五规划the Twelfth Five-year Plan全国人民代表大会 National People's Congress (NPC)第十七届六中全会the sixth plenary session Seventeen of the 17th CPC Central Committee 珠江三角洲Pearl River Delta of China软实力soft power新华社the XinhuaNews Agency北京共识Beijing Consensus西气东输transport the natural gas from the Westto the East上海合作组织 S hanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)中美战略经济对话 China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue编号十三上海大学1. G 20 20国集团 2 和而不同advocatingharmony without uniformity3经济适应房affordable housing 4工业“三废”Industrial"three wastes"5 保障性住房government-subsidizedhousing编号十四上海东华大学C.I.F 到岸价NNP (net national product)国民净产值UNESCO 联合国教科文组织ZPG 人口零增长IQ 智商DOF自由度？house bill 公司汇票customhouse broker 报关行expiration date 截止日期单价unit price船上交货free on board承运人 carrier花旗银行national city bank of New York输出港export harbour发展中国家developing country出口价格指数Index of export prices编号十五华东师范bill of exchange 汇票OPEC 石油输出国组织CBD 中央商务区法人 juridical person廉租房low-renthouseknockout product 拳头产品载人航天mannedspace flight人文交流cultural and educational exchanges大型实景歌舞演出 real-scene musical extravaganza/musical on the site 编号十六华中师范P&G 宝洁公司NBA全国篮球协会Libiya Dinar利比亚第纳尔hologram 全息照片Budweiser 百威啤酒Arab spring 阿拉伯之春Al Jazeera Network 半岛电视新闻网中央党校Party School of the CPC CentralCommittee九三学社Jiu San Society中组部the Organization Department of the Central Committee of the CPC Honda 本田汽车国家体育运动委员会State Physical Culture and Sports Commission卫生部Ministry of Health最高人民法院Supreme People's Court中国工商银行Industrial and Commercial Bank ofChina体委 Sports Commission翻译标准translation criteria体裁types or forms of literature回教Muslim/ Muslim祠堂ancestral temple端午节the Dragon Boat Festival第三产业tertiary industry编号十七华中科技大学IDD国际直拨长途电话UNESCO 联合国教科文组织IMF 国际货币基金组织UPU UniversalPostal Union万国邮政联盟CTO Chief Technology Officer首席技术总监CCP ChineseCommunist Party 中国共产党Risk Profile 风险预测Notary office公证处Venture Capitalist风险资本家Revolving Fund周转基金；循环基金备用资金reservefund本土化localization蹦极bungee jumping保证金cash deposit被动吸烟passive smoking比基尼bikini边缘科学borderline science贬值devaluation包装业package industry兵马俑Terra Cotta Warriors步行天桥pedestrianoverpass便衣警察police in plain clothesRecprocal Tariff互惠税率；互惠关税闭路电视closed circuit television便携式电脑laptop/ portable computersNIC NetworkInformation Center 网络信息中心/网卡ILO InternationalLabor Organization 国际劳工组织保监会the China Insurance Regulatory CommissionCAAC (=CivilAviation Administration of China) 中国民航局GSM GlobalSystem for Mobile communication 全球移动通信系统编号十八西安外国语1.火车票实名制 real-name train ticket system2.联合国计划开发署UnitedNations Development Program3.幸福感 happiness feelings4.小康社会 a moderately prosperous society5.Benchmark interest rate基准利率6.主权债务危机sovereign debtcrisis7.全球定位系统Global Positioning System8. NASA 美国国家航空航天局9. Bricks 金砖国家编号十九南京大学EU 欧盟IMF 国际货币基金组织APEC 亚太经济合作组织YOG （YouthOlympic Games）青奥会webcasting网络广播no smoke without fire 无风不起浪不可再生资源unrenewable resources泡沫经济bubble economy通货紧缩currency deflation d eflation财政赤字financial deficit人才流失 brain drain扶贫poverty alleviation春蕾计划Spring Buds Program按揭贷款mortgage loansovereign credit rating主权信用评级look for a needle in a haystack 大海捞针ISBN（internationalStandard Book Number）国际标准图书编号参政议政participate in the administration anddiscussion of state affairs FIFA 国际足球联合会Federation Internationale de Football Association<法>网民netizen编号二十南京师范大学(已整理)1. IMF 国际货币基金组织2. ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟3.NMD 国家导弹防御系统4. COO ChiefOperating Officer 首席运营官5.GNP 国民生产总值6.DNS DomainName System域名系统7. BBS Bulletin BoardSystem 电子公告板系统8. OTC Over The Counter 非处方药9. IOC InternationalOlympic Committee 国际奥委会10 video on demand 视频点播11. telegraphic transfer 电汇12. marginal revenue 边际收益13. corporate image 企业形象14. customs declaration 报关单15. Organization of American States 美洲国家组织16. 局域网（Local Area Network，LAN）17. 和谐共赢all-win harmony；harmony and all winners18. 三下乡Bringing Culture/Science andTechnology/Hygienic Health to the Countryside19. “五个一”工程the Best Works20到…挂职to take up provisionalpost in21.主任科员principal staff22.解决民生问题improve the people's well-being23. 自主创新independent innovation24.基层民主community-level democracy25.全方位外交all-directional diplomacy26. 沿江沿边areas along the Yangtze River and thenational borders27.生态文明conservation culture28.主要功能区main functional region29.现场服务on - site service30.依法行政rule-of-law administration/ administrationaccording to the law编号二十一天津外国语(已整理)1.plain prose 平易文风2.seckill 秒杀3.chinadonisia 亚洲铁三角（中印尼）4.broken society 道德沦丧的社会5. PIIGS 欧猪五国6.game theory 博弈论7.ghost estate 鬼宅8.defriend 解除好友关系9.cultural pluralism 文化多元主义10.Obama-mess 奥巴马困境11. localization 本土化/本地化12. 敲门砖 a stepping stone to success13. 蜗居 dwelling narrowness14.富二代 rich second generation15.房奴 mortgage slave16汉化英语 Chinglish17. 典故 allusion18. 典籍英译 English translation of Chinese classics19. 模拟国际会议口译 mock international conference interpretation20. 陪同口译 escort interpretation21.翻译专业硕士 Master of Translation and Interpreting22. 建设中国特色社会主义 build the socialism with Chinesecharacteristics23. 偏方 folk prescription25. 翻译标准 translation criterion+26.隐婚族 Pseudo-singles/fake single27. 增强政治和文化建设 strengthen the construction of politics and culture28.农家乐agritainment 29.escorticism 异国情调30.orientalism 东方主义31 copycatting 山寨32. 功能对等 functional equivalence33. 学术翻译 academic translation34. 恶搞 KUSO/hoax编号二十二天津大学经济适用房affordable housing孝道 filial piety/ filial morality穿越剧time-travel TV drama京沪高铁Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway非物质文化遗产intangible cultural heritage以房养老House-for-pension scheme自主知识产权 i ndependentintellectual property rightscustoms declaration报关单settlement currency结算货币smart power 巧实力/智能编号二十三中山大学(已整理)1. 中小企业 small- and medium-sized enterprises2. 洗钱 money laundering3. 人民币升值 appreciation of the RMB4. 次贷危机 sub-prime crisis5. 水土流失 water loss and soil erosion6. 贸易顺差 trade surplus7.企业社会责任 Corporate Social Responsibility8. 主权信用评级 sovereign credit rating9. 贩卖人口 traffic in persons10. 美国驻华大使 American Ambassador to China11. 温室效应 greenhouse effect12. 投资回报率 ROI(=return on investment)13. 供应链 supply chain14. 劳动密集型产业 labour-intensive industry15. 防止核扩散条约 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons1. Capital chain 资金链2. Humanitarian intervention 人道主义干涉3. Credit facilities 信用便利4. Exclusive interview 独家采访5. Clean governance 洁治6. Poll 民意测验选举投票7. Double-dip recession 连续两次下降的经济衰退8. The State Council 国务院9. Debt limit 债务限额10. A Palestinian proposal to apply for statehood巴勒斯坦建国方案11. Social security 社会保障12. An earthquake of 9.0 magnitude in the RichterScale 里氏9级地震13. A cease-fire agreement 停火协定14. Oil leak/spill 漏油15. Organizing committee 组织委员会编号二十四广外UNESCO 联合国教科文组织SWOT analysis态势分析法appeal court 上诉法庭The Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》liaison interpretation, 联络口译Kyodo News Service日本共同社Savings portfolio储蓄投资组合subprime mortage crisis次级抵押危机strategic alignment 战略调整/战略合作World Heritage Organization世界遗产组织Closed-circuit News Network 闭路新闻网络Christian Science Monitor基督教科学箴言报the China-US business council美中贸易全国文员会Summer Davos World Economic Forum 夏季达沃斯世界经济论坛cost-consciousness 成本意识司法部Ministry of Justice亚运会the Asian Games创业板 Growth Enterprise Market通胀压力inflationary pressure市场定位market positioning孙子兵法The Art of War史记Historical Records零关税待遇zero-tariff treatment日本的共同社Kyodo News Service民事诉讼；civil procedure/civil actio广交会The China Export Commodities Fair上海合作组织shanghai cooperation organization国家发改委National Development and ReformCommission中国银监会the China Banking Regulatory Commission三农问题issues concerning agriculture , countrysideand farmers中国翻译者协会China Association of Translators?世界遗产委员会World Heritage Committee/commission编号二十五暨南大学WIPO WorldIntellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）academic award 学院奖，carve her name with pride 女英列传，holiday inn 假日酒店，UNESCO 联合国教科文组织，environmentally-friendly product 环境友好型产品，west point 西点军校，中国人民政治协商会议Chinese People's Political ConsultativeConference (CPPCC)，司法公正judicial fairness，黄金储备gold reserve，论语the Analects of Confucius 抗洪救灾fight floods and provide disaster relief，，道德经Tao Te Ching，科教兴国rejuvenate our country through secienceand education，外向型经济export-oriented economy 。
北京交通大学翻译硕士考研真题真题解析考研大纲大纲解析辅导班资料
育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！北京交通大学翻译硕士考研真题真题解析考研大纲大纲解析辅导班资料【百天考研冲刺】最后100天需要注意事项：第一，尽快明确重点，然后拼命背诵。
第二，尽快模拟考试，然后找到问题。
第三，尽快调整状态，然后全力冲刺。
中国日报(China daily)常用词汇表（汉英）对...毫无顾忌make no bones about ...对冲基金hedge fund对讲机talkie and walkie对外招商attract foreign investment多党合作制multi-party co-operation in exercising State power 多功能性(农业)multifunctionality多媒体multimedia多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)多头账户long account/多种经营diversified economy/夺冠take the crown育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！E厄尔尼诺现象El Nino phenomenon恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation恶性循环vicious circle鳄鱼的眼泪crocodile tears耳旁风Like water off (on)a duck's back二板市场;创业板市场growth enterprise board;second board;hi-tech board二次创业start a new undertaking二级市场secondary market二进宫to enter the palace a second time (people with a past criminal record again commits a crime,and is convicted and put into a correctional institution)二流选手scrub,second-rater二手房second-hand house二元经济dual economyF发案率incidence (of criminal cases)发烧友fancier;zealot;enthusiastic fan发展不平衡disparate development育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！发展是硬道理Development is of overridingimportance.Development is the absolute need.法律硕士juris master (jm)/法人股corporate shares法制国家a state with an adequate legal system法治国家a country under the rule of law翻两番quadruple反败为胜bring about a complete turnabout,pull out of the fire 反不正当竞争法Law of the People's Republic of China Against Competition by Inappropriate Means反弹道导弹条约Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)反腐倡廉combat corruption and build a clean government 反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against …汎士通轮胎Firestone tires防抱死系统ABS (anti-lock braking system)防盗门burglarproof door;antitheft door防洪工程flood-prevention project防伪标志anti-fake label房产估价师real estate evaluator房产证property ownership certificate育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！房管real estate management房权证property right certificate访谈式竞选（候选人在电视访谈节目中亮相进行的竞选）talk-show campaign放高球lob放行单release permit放下架子to relinguish haughty airs;to get off one's high horse;throw off one's airs飞行药检spot check飞毛腿（导弹）Scud missile非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)非配额产品quota-free products非商标(非专利)产品generic products非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African,Caribbean and Pacific Group)费改税transform administrative fees into taxes分拆上市A subsidiary company of a corporation is listed on the stock market.分流reposition of redundant personnel分期付款installment payment分税制system of tax distribution育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！分销subunderwriting,distribution分业经营divided operation/management粉领族pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers,secretaries,models,airline hostesses,etc)风险基金VC funds风险投资venture capital;risk investment风险准备金loan loss provision,provisions of risk封闭式基金close-ended fund封杀出局force out封圣canonization of Saints疯牛病mad cow disease;bovine spongiform enceohalopathy (BSE)锋利扣杀razor-sharp smash扶贫poverty alleviation扶贫办公室Poverty Relief Office/浮动工资floating wages;fluctuating wages浮士德Faust福利彩票welfare lotteries福利分房welfare-oriented public housing distribution system 附加意外险supplemental accident insurance育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！附庸风雅，矫揉造作cutesification ，复合型人才inter-disciplinary talent复式住宅duplex apartment;compound apartment (a type ofresidential housing that maximizes usable space by increasing the number of the storey building)覆盖率coverage rate /G改制上市An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.尴尬，困境，糟糕pretty pass感到不妙I smell a rat.感谢款待的信a bread and butter letter (a letter sent as thanks for being treated well as someone's guest)干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary,younger in average age,better educated and professionally more competent干细胞stem cell岗位培训on-the-job training港澳台Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan港人治港Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong港务局port office;harbor authority育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！高层次、全方位的对话high-level and all-directional dialogue 高产优质high yield and high quality高等教育自学考试self-study higher education examination/高度自治high degree of autonomy高峰peak time高峰论坛summit (forum)高杠杆交易机构highly-leveraged institutions(HLI)高官会Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)高级商务师Certified Business Executive高架公路elevated highway;overhead road高考(university)entrance examination高科技板块high-tech sector高难度动作stunner,stunt高清晰度high definition高手master hand,expert/高新技术产业开发区high and new technology industrialdevelopment zone高原反应,高山反应altitude stress;altitude sickness格列佛游记Gulliver's Travels隔离带median育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！个人收入应税申报制度the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment个人所得税personal income tax/个人演唱会solo concert/个人自扫门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜hoe one's own potatoes 个体工商户privately or individually-owned business/各大菜系major styles of cooking各尽所能let each person do his best;from each according to his ability各就位On your marks!根本政治制度fundamental political system跟踪审计follow-up auditing更快、更高、更强Citius,Altius,Fortius/工笔traditional Chinese realistic painting/工程公司engineering company工程验收acceptance of work/工商局industrial and commercial bureau 工工薪阶层salariat;state employee;salaried person工业控制一体化integrated industrial control;industrial control of integration育明教育，给人奋斗的力量，未来的你一定会感激现在拼命的自己！一、每日作息表6:30—7:30起床洗漱吃早餐（营养早餐，肉蛋奶谷物必备）7:30—8:00背诵考研英语单词（考试不停，单词不止。
2012全国53所高校MTI真题汇总(网友回忆版)-汉语写作和百科知识单元
2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。
北外2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题
北外2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：英语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译一、将下列段落译为汉语Fifteen years ago at the Fourth World Conference on Women. Governments pledged to advance equality, development and peace for all women everywhere. The landmark Beijing Declaration has had a deep and wide-ranging impact. It has guided policymaking and inspired new national laws. It has sent a clear message to women and girls around the world that equality and opportunity are their inalienable rights. There are many examples of progress, thanks in large part to the resolute efforts of civil society organizations. A growing number of countries have legislation that supports sexual and reproductive health and promotes gender equality.Nonetheless, much work remains. Maternal mortality remains unacceptably high, too few women have access to family planning, and violence against women remains a cause for global shame. In particular, sexual violence during conflict is endemic.One key lesson of the past decade and a half is the importance of addressing broader discrimination and injustice. Gender stereotyping and discrimination remain common in all cultures and communities. Early and forced marriage. sexual abuse and trafficking of young women andgirls are disturbingly prevalent and, in some areas, on the rise. Whether looking through the lens of poverty. or in times of disaster, we see that women still bear the greatest burden.15年前，在第四次妇女问题世界会议上，各国政府承诺为造福世界各地所有妇女而推进平等、发展与和平。
2012年北师MTI真题
基础英语篇1.单选 20个20分基本是考词汇辨析的，有的是4个形似的，有的是意近的。
考语法的不多，不过简单的可以准备下，没坏处。
2.阅读分两部分。
第一部分选择题型。
一共4篇，20个题，40分第二部分简答题型。
5个题，20分。
其中有考了一个paraphrase，剩下的就是问问题。
这个最好练一下，我没准备过这种题型，所以做起来有点花时间。
3.作文 400字，20分。
说的是现在很多青年人对未来迷茫，没有规划，就此谈一下你的看法。
翻译基础篇1.术语翻译extensive development ; get the upper hand; sleeping late; nanotechnology; copyright theft; lose one's shirt; pull one's leg; international trade dispute; all-in-one ticket; Group 20; win-win cooperation; paternity test; junk email; opinion poll粮食安全；产业结构调整；学分制；金砖5国；政治体制改革；节能减排；换届选举；自主研发；循环经济；高素质人才；到期的房租；洗钱；媒体炒作；各界人士2.英译汉It seems to me there are two aspects to women. There is the demure and the dauntless. Men have loved to dwell, in fiction at least, on the demure maiden whose inevitable reply is: Oh, yes, if you please, kind sir! The demure maiden , the demure spounse, the demure mother—this is still the ideal. A few maidens, mistresses and mothers are demure. A few pretend to be. But the vast majority are not. And they don’t pretend to be. We don’t expect a girl skilfully driving her car to be demure, we expect her to be dauntless. What good would demure and maidenly Members of Parliament be, inevitably responding: Oh, yes, if you please, kind sir! — Though of course there are masculine members of that kidney.—And a demure telephone girl? Or even a demure stenographer? Demureness, to be sure, is outwardly becoming, it is an outward mark of femininity, like bobbed hair. But it goes with inward dauntlessness3.汉译英一篇关于教育重要性的，应该是领导人讲话。
2012年硕士研究生入学考试英语真题及答案
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitim acy by making themselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understan ding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous d irections. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate ef fort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground p ipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works itthrough the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credib le discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When H offa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been a ssociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out tha t much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fo ught against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B] appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) _____________________________________________________The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) _____________________________________________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) _______________________________________ ______________For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) __________ ___________________________________________Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45) _____________________________________________________What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to behuman. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyonddownloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creativeways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embedit in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading -between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced byanother in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of theworld's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtfuldownloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题一答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. [B] maintain2. [A] when3. [B] weakened4. [D] accepted5. [C] bound6. [B] subject7. [D] applies8. [B] raise9. [A] line10. [B] as 11. [A] so12. [C] upset13. [C] cultivate14. [D] tied15. [A] concepts 16. [C] shapes17. [A] dismissed18. [C] address19. [D] accountable20. [D] as a resultSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. DBACC CDADA 31. ADBDD CDBAAPart B (10 points)41. CDAFGPart C (10 points)46. 在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。
2012年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语考研真题
2012年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语考研真题
翻译硕士英语
单选题30个（30分）（单词其实都不太难，我看着有种似曾相识的感觉，可就是弄不清意思…）
阅读题4篇（40分），共15题，前两篇是选择，每篇5道，后两篇是问答题，前一篇是3道，后一篇2道，反正都是从文中找答案，难度不大。
作文（30分）是关于数字科技改变人的阅读习惯，请围绕应不应该放弃lengthy textbooks and novels in classes写一篇文章，要求450个单词左右。
二、阅读（15题，40分）
1）选择阅读
第一篇BBC,Longman,Oxford三词典新版特点比较，Longman不注重社会文化，BBC以听力新闻为材，适合学习者。
题目不算太难，有1-2题有点儿绕。
第二篇讲警察不像电视上那样潇洒，多数时间在写审犯记录。
题目不难，甚至不到专四水平。
2）简答阅读
第三篇讲人类技术需要对自己负责，电脑是世纪伟大发明，
带来革命。
前2题简单，第3题不是按阅读顺序出的，又返回到前面了，答案也不太好找；
第四篇讲美国自负带来的影响力的衰退。
第1题简单一些，第2题问态度，不太确定对错。
三、作文（1题，30分）
作文还是电子技术影响学生阅读，Should students be acquried to read lengthy textbooks and novels in their classes?400字，比往年多一百。