卡西欧fx系列电子计算器全型号使用说明书
卡西欧fx-82ES PLUS fx-85ES PLUS fx-95ES PLUS用户说明书
电池 • 将电池放在儿童不易接触到的地方。 • 仅使用本手册中为本计算器指定的电池型号。
操作注意事项
• 即使计算器运行正常，也应至少每三年(LR44(GPA76))、两年(R03(UM-4)) 或一年(LR03(AM4))更换一次电池。 废旧电池可能会漏液，从而对计算器造成损害并使其产生故障。请勿将废 旧电池遗留在计算器中。电池完全没有电之后，请勿再试图使用计算器 (fx-85ES PLUS)。
Disp 显示屏目前显示多语句表达式的中间结果。
重要事项：对于需要长时间执行的其他各类计算，当其在内部执行计算的同 时，显示屏可能只会显示上述指示符(没有任何数值)。
使用菜单
使用菜单可执行计算器的某些操作。例如，按N或w将显示应用功能的 菜单。 使用以下操作可在菜单之间导航。 • 在菜单屏幕中，按其左侧对应数字的数字键选择菜单项。
或商标。
Ck-2
取下保护壳
使用计算器之前，将保护壳向下滑动并取 下，然后将保护壳固定到计算器的背面， 如下图所示。
接通或者断开电源
按O接通计算器电源。 按1A(OFF)断开计算器电源。
自动关闭电源 如果不执行任何操作大约10分钟，本计算器会自动关闭。如果发生这种情 况，按O键可重新打开计算器。
调整显示对比度
计算器正在等待输入变量名称，以便调用此变量的数值。按 t后，将出现此指示符。
STAT 7 8
计算器处于STAT模式。 缺省角度单位为度数。 缺省角度单位为弧度。
9
缺省角度单位为梯度。
FIX
固定位数的小数位数有效。
SCI 固定位数的有效位数有效。
Math “普通显示”被选定为显示格式。
$`
可提供并重放计算历史记录的存储数据，或者在现有屏幕之 上或之下还有更多的数据。
CASIO_fx4800P与fx4850P说明书
次并显示计算结果，按 键删除显示后，计算结果不被保存；而 fx-4800P 可以完整地显示用户输
入的表达式，按 键显示的计算结果被保存在 Ans 存储器中，按 键删除显示后，可以按 键调出最近一次表达式的计算结果。还可以在完成表达式的计算后，立即按重演键 或 调出
并显示最近执行的表达式，再应用 或 键移动光标、输入新字符覆盖当前光标处的字符、应
第 1 章 CASIO fx-4800P 与 fx-4850P 的操作方法与编程技巧
§1.1 fx-4800P 的特点
众所周知，CASIOfx-4500PA 可编程函 数计算器早在 80 年代末就已经在我国工程 界 得 到 了 广 泛 的 应 用 ， fx-4800P 是 比 fx-4500PA 更高一个级别的产品(见图 1-1)， 它采用硬翻盖设计，除了具有 fx-4500PA 的 全部功能以外，还主要改进了下列特性：
30，但π 2 不可以输入为 2，4 3 显然也不可以输入为 43。
③ 计算器遵循括号内的表达式、A、B 型函数，×、÷、＋、－的运算规则，而在 A、B 型函
数内的表达式，省略了×号的乘法运算级别最高。对于有同级别的运算，遵循由左至右的运算规则。
如输入表达式 2π sin 30 最简单的按键方式为 2
。
③ 2500 加上其 15%(答案为 2875)。按键：2500 15
。
④ 3500 减去其 25%(答案为 2625)。按键：3500 25
。
⑤ 168、98 及 734 的和减去其 20%(答案为 800)。
按键操作：168 98 734
20
。
⑥ 原重量为 543 克，将其重量加上 345 克后，总重量为原重量的百分之几(答案为 163.54%)?
卡西欧fx-82MS计算器使用指南说明书
S M 2 8 -x fO I S A CMASTERING THE CALCULATOR USING THE CASIO fx-82MSLearning and Teaching Support Unit (LTSU)The Learning CentreGuide bookWritten byLinda GalliganPublished byUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoomba Queensland 4350Australia.au©University of Southern Queensland, 2006.1.Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, or as a result of application to the copyright owner.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission.Produced by the Distance and e-Learning Centre using FrameMaker5.5.6 on a Pentium workstation.TABLE OFCONTENTSPAGE Introduction1A word about starting out21.Addition and subtraction42.Multiplication and division83.Brackets104.Powers115.Fractions17ing the x–1 key197.Scientific notation208.Factorial x!22ing memory2310.Statistics2511.Linear regression3112.Trigonometric functions3413.Exponential and logarithmic functions3614.Degrees, minutes, seconds38 Review calculator exercises41 Calculator solutions42 Your notes44Mastering the Calculator using the Casio fx-82MS1IntroductionThis is one in a series of booklets prepared to assist students who are learning to use a calculator. They have been prepared by staff in The Learning Centre from the Learning and Teaching Support Unit (LTSU) at USQ. The series comprises:Mastering the calculator•Using the Casio fx-100s (also suitable for Casio fx-570)•Using the Casio fx-100AU•Using the Casio fx-82LB•Using the Casio fx-82TL•Using the Casio fx-82MS•Using the Sharp EL-531LH•Using the Sharp EL-556L•Using the Sharp EL-531RHThe instructions in this booklet only explain some of the keys available on your calculator necessary for basic work in data manipulation. If you require more assistance please contact The Learning Centre. If you would like information about other support services available from The Learning Centre, please contactThe Learning Centre (TLC)Learning and Teaching Support Unit (LTSU), S-BlockThe University of Southern QueenslandTelephone: 07 4631 2751Email:***********.auFax: 07 4631 1801Home page: .au/ltsuNote the booklets are also available online at the above address (follow the prompts).2Mastering the Calculator using the Casio fx -82MSA word about starting out•Make sure you are in the correct mode selection and that all previous data is cleared.•Example: To perform arithmetic operations press •To clear all values press •To clear memory pressThe screen displaysPress to clear memory•If your calculator has FIX or SCI on the display pressthree timesappears on the screenpress 3, then 2 so you are in Normal mode.•If your calculator has RAD or GRAD on the display press two timesappears on the screenpress 1 so you are in Degree mode.Mcl ModeAllMastering the Calculator using the Casio fx-82MS3•There is also a mode which gives you a preference for displaying the decimal point as a dot or comma as 34.26 or 34, 26.PressPressPress Press4Mastering the Calculator using the Casio fx -82MS1.Addition and subtraction1.1 To add numbers(it is shown on the photograph of the calculator here).ExampleTo add 7 and 3, typeThe display should read 10ExampleI want to find the total amount I earned in the past four weeks. If I earned $471, $575, $471 and $528, the key strokes would beThe display should read 2045.Mastering the Calculator using the Casio fx-82MS5and continue.ExampleExampleIf I want to add 471 and 575 but I typedThe display should read 1 046.‘Try practising cancelling with the1.3 The keys are used when you to delete other dataExampleIf you typed:471 + 546PressThe display should read 1 047.Practice using this key when replacing digits, operation keys (+ – ×÷), or more than one digit (use the DEL key).You can also use the insert key to insert anything you omitted. ExampleIf you typed 471 + 56the display should read 1047.1.4 To subtract numbersFind the key (it is shown on the photograph of the calculator following). ExampleTo subtract 35 from 257, typeThe display should read 222Example348 – 24 – 19The keystrokes areThe display should read 305.Sometimes you may have a sum like this:-7 + 4You can use theThe key strokes areThe display should read -3.You could also use the keystrokesIn this case the calculator recognises the – as a negative (not recommended to do it this way).2.Multiplication and division 2.1 To multiply numbersFind the key (it is shown on the photograph of your calculator here).ExampleTo multiply 7 and 3, typeThe display should read 21To find 753 × 492, typeThe display should read 370 4762.2 To divide numbersExampleTo divide 35 by 7, type The display should read 5To divide 7 905 by 85, typeThe display should read 93To divide 56 by 23947 typeThe display should read 0.002338497If it reads 2.3385×10-03 or something similar, then your calculator is in SCI (Scientific mode).See page 2 to change to NORM (normal mode).2.3 Combining multiplication and divisionExampleIf the question isthen it is really 27 ÷ 7 ÷ 4.Try it.The display should read 0.9642857142774×-----------3.BracketsFind the set of bracket keys on your calculator.The fx-100AU allows you to use many sets of brackets.ExampleDo the calculation 471 – (93 + 11 + 2) on the calculator. (Make sure your calculation is in ordinary comp. mode –)The keystrokes required are The display should read 365.Sometimes in calculations you will see other grouping symbols, for example, { } (called braces), [ ] (called square brackets).Try these examples:Exercise 1(a)25 + (7 + 2 – 4)(b)18 (3 + 7) [a multiplication sign is understood 18 × (3 + 7)] but you don’t need to press the× key(c)4 + 5 [2 (3 + 7)][to use two sets of brackets just press the same button](d)Answers:30; 180; 104; 14.Powers4.1 Squaring and higher powers62 means 6 × 6. You can use the square key to do this calculation. (It is shown on the photograph of your calculator here.)532+()----------------Pressthe display should read 36.Or you can use the power key on your calculator.Find the ^ key on your calculator (similar to the key on your computer keyboard).ExampleTo square 6,that is, find 62, typeThe display should read 36To find 273 the required key strokes areand the display should read 19683.If you have learnt your multiplication tables you will already know the squares of the whole numbers from 1 to 12 and thus be able to complete much of the following table.__________________________________________________________________________Exercise 2Use your calculator to find the squares of the whole numbers from 13 to 25 and any other squares you are unsure of.__________________________________________________________________________12 = 1112 =212 =22 = 4122 =222 =32 = 9132 =232 = 52942 =142 =242 = 57652 =152 =252 = 62562 =162 =72 =172 =82 =182 =92 =192 =102202Exercise 3You can use this key for other powers as well. Try these examples(a)74(b)810(c)(0.4)6 (you do not have to type the brackets in)(d)(–7)6 (you need to type the brackets in)(e)50.4(f)5–4__________________________________________________________________________Answers:(a)2401(b)1073741824(c)4.096 × 10–3 or 0.004096 (you move the decimal 3 places to the left)(d)(e)1.903653939(f)0.0016 [Just press–4 is the same as so you could press__________________________________________________________________________4.2 Square rootFinding the square root of a number ‘undoes’ or ‘neutralises’ the squaring of the number and vice versa. The symbol for square root is(This is called the radical sign)The square root of 36 is written as Now because 62 = 36, .Find the square root key on your calculator and type154-----36366=The display will read 6.What do you think is? =__________________________________________________________________________You should have said 9 because 92 = 81(Check your calculator)__________________________________________________________________________What do you think will be? You should have said ‘you can’t find the square root of a negative’ since you can’t find a number that squares to give a positive. Your calculator will say Math ERROR.Exercise 4Try these by looking at the table of squares you completed on the previous page and then check your answers on your calculator__________________________________________________________________________The answers are 4, 12, 10, 21, 7, 13, 11, 19.Let’s now check that taking the square root neutralises squaring.Try this on your calculator.Find the square root of 3 squared that is, The key strokes required are The display should read 3Because squaring and taking square roots are inverse operations , the order of the operatons can be reversed and the number is unaffected.So the square, of the square root of 3, should also equal 3Try it on your calculator. The key strokes required are__________________________________________________________________________(a) =(e)=(b) =(f) =(c) =(g) =(d) =(h) =818149–164914416910012144136132Exercise 5Complete the following without using the calculator(a)=(b)=(c)=(d)=10(e)=625(f)=144(g)=,because 82=(h)=,because =121(i)=,because =Check your answers on the calculator.__________________________________________________________________________4.3 Other rootson your calculator. To get to thiskey you must press shift first.727210222264121225Look at the examples below.Examples(a)9½and the display should read 3.orand the display should read 3.(b)and the display should read 2.(c)16¼and the display should read 2.Note:•Root key is a function at the back of the power key, so you will need to activate it with theSHIFT key•See the key . The x stands for the root you want to take so it is typed first.•From the examples above you may have seen that . is called a fractionalindex.813--x 813--83=813--5.FractionsHow do you add and ? Normally you would have to find a common denominator of252.So:Or you can use your calculator to add fractions. Find the key On the key the ‘a ’ represents the whole part of a mixednumber and the ‘’ represents the fraction part of a mixed number.When the number you are typing is a proper or improper fraction the ‘a ’ is zero and there is no need to type a value for it.112-----463-----112-----463-----+21252--------16252--------+37252--------==a b c--fraction keya bc --bc--The key storkes required for the calculation are:and the display will show 37252 which is read as ExampleFindUsing the calculator the key strokes are:and the display will show 87172 which is read asNote if you now press. So this key turns a mixed fractionIf you press thei.e. 8.9861111112-----463-----+d37252--------819--6372-----+d d87172-----64772--------ing the x –1 keyThis is a very useful key in more complex calculations. Find the key on your calculator.ExampleLook at this simple example is the same as You can input this in your calculator by pressingThe answer should be 0.571428571. This would be the same as if you just typed 4 ÷ 7Take another example Type:The answer should be 0.05194805147--417--×483+()7×-------------------------7.Scientific notationSometimes you may have numbers expressed in scientific notation, i.e., 7.24 × 103 instead of 7240. When a number is multiplied by 103right. You can do this on the calculator by using the key.PressIf you want to multiply two numbers e.g. 8.34 × 10–2 × 4.28 × 105. Pressand the display will read 35695.2If you presswhich means 3.56952 × 104. Pressing the mode three times gives youthe displayThe puts the calculator in scientific notation. The calculator then asks SCI 0~9? Thisgives the option of how many digits are displayed. The gives you 10 digits. Notice asmall sci appears in the screen.If you press ×1004whichmeans3.570 × 104. This rounds the number to 4 digits.Practise using the and keys on your calculator8.Factorial x!Look at your calculator and find the key with the symbol x! on it. You will come across this symbol when doing the Binomial Distribution. This is called the factorial key.3! means 3 × 2 × 1 and 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 13! = 65! = 120How many ways would you guess that we could arrange ten people?That is, how large would you estimate 10! to be? Use your calculator to find 10!You should get 3 628 800.10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × ... × 3 × 2 × 1(Thank goodness this can be done on the calculator.)Factorial ruleThe number of ways of arranging n items in order is known as ‘factorial n’ which is symbolised as n! where:n! = n× (n – 1) × (n – 2) × ... × 3 × 2 × 1ing memoryTo calculate the following it may be useful to use the memory key for each term:Example:To make sure memory is clear, first pressorand make sure you are in normal calculation mode [may need to press mode 1].An M appears in the display when you put something in memory.916–()216---------------------2316–()216------------------------1716–()216------------------------++key to activate M–)To do the calculation above, press the following keys- this puts the first term (3.0625) into the memory then press- this adds the second term (3.0625) into memory then press- this adds the third term 0.0625 to memory.To find the answer press The answer should be 6.1875.Example 2calculate the following:firstpress the following keys:your answer should be 11.39917438(There are other memory keys in your calculator – the A to F keys, accessed by using SHIFTSTO and RCL – try them yourselves.)1817---------1717---------1217---------++10.Statistics10.1 Mean and standard deviation – single dataThe formula for the mean is The formulas for the sample standard deviation are(sample)(population)Your calculator will calculate the mean and standard deviation for you (the populationstandard deviation or the sample standard deviation – in data calculations you will usually use the sample standard deviation.)On the Casio fx -82MS , σ and s are found in s-V AR. The positions of keys needed are shown on the diagram below.x Σxn-----=σn σn -1input data keyTo find the mean and standard deviation,firstly you must access the statistics mode of the calculator by using the keysfollowed bySD will appear in the centre of the screen.Note that once you are in the statistics mode, the keys shown within the blue lines are active.There are 3 such keys on the Casio fx -82MS. Make sure you can locate them. Before starting any computations always clear the statistic’s memories using Scl. PressI will use the data set A (–5, 2, 3, 4, 11) to demonstrate the use of the calculator. Note that I have shown the use of thekey where necessary.Step 1: Input the e theThe display should read n = 5. (This means 5 observations have been input).Step 3: Display the mean and standard deviation.Pressthe display shows three alternativesPressx σn = 5.099019514Pressx σn –1 = 5.700877126ExampleUse your calculator to find the mean, standard deviation and variance for data set B: –18, 1, 3, 9, 20.(the variance is the square of the standard deviation)__________________________________________________________________________After you are in the statistics mode and cleared the statistics memories, the keystrokes required are:The mean is 3, the standard deviation is 13.87 and the variance is 192.5. button accesses a number of extra statistical functions.If you have made an error with inputting your data you can correct it by using the up and down key.For example, you inputreads x 3 = 60, then pressIn the example below, the progressive calculations are shown simply to give you someunderstanding of the underlying processes – you should do one or two examples in detail and then check them by calculator.=Σx 2 =815=Σx = 15=n= 510.2 Mean and standard deviation of frequency distributionGiven below is the frequency table for the weights (kg) of a random sample of 30 first year university female students. Find the standard deviation, the variance and the mean.The calculations needed to obtain the standard deviation without statistical keys for these data are:Σx 2 = 602 × 2 + 612 × 14 + 622 × 8 + 632 + 642 × 5 = 114 495Σx = 60 × 2 + 61 × 14 + 62 × 8 + 63 + 64 × 5 = 1 853s = = Thus:s= 1.2 kg and s 2 = 1.4 kg 2= Note: In calculations like the above you should carry as many decimals as possible until thefinal result. The number of decimals to be retained at the end depends on the accuracy of the data values – one rule of thumb is to have one more decimal than in the original data.Notice how the frequencies were used in the above calculation.The calculator usage now has a small modification because we have been given the frequencies for the variable values. (There is no need to input each single observation.)Graduate’s weight(kg)FrequencyCumulative frequency6022611416628246312564530Σx i 2Σx i ()2n ⁄–n 1–--------------------------------------114 495 1 853()230⁄–29-------------------------------------------------------114 495114 453.6333–29--------------------------------------------------------- 1.4264==Σx n -----185330-----------61.8 kg==The keystrokes required are:The display should read n = 30.Thus, as expecteds = 1.2 kg, s 2 = 1.4 kg 2 and = 61.8 kg Exercise 6Find the mean, standard deviation and variance of (a)The annual rainfall data for the years 1971 – 1990Year 1971197219731974197519761977197819791980Rain (mm) 1 3409901 1201 7362601 1001 3791 1251 4301 446Year 1981198219831984198519861987198819891990Rain (mm)1 4591 6781 3459781 0021 1101 5461 6721 4671 123x(b)The sample of snail foot lengthsAnswers:(a)Rainfall statisticsmean:µ = 1 265.3 mm standard deviation:= 336.4 mm variance:σ2 = 113141.7 mm2 (b)Snail statistics mean:standard deviation:s = 0.70 cm variance:s2 = 0.49 cm2Snail foot length (cm)2.2 4.13.54.5 3.2 3.7 3.0 2.63.4 1.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.14.7 3.72.5 4.33.4 3.6 2.9 3.3 3.9 3.13.3 3.1 3.74.4 3.2 4.1 1.9 3.44.7 3.8 3.2 2.6 3.9 3.0 4.2 3.5σn-111.Linear regressionTo access the linear regression mode you presskey once followed bythen a small REG appearsExampleSuppose we had a sample of 10 of the same type of banana. Their lengths and skin thicknesses were measured. Below is a summary of the results.STEPS1.(1 = Linear Regression; there are 5 other types)2.Think of the sample of bananas as having two variables:– let x be the variable length of banana – let y be the variable thickness of bananaBanana 12345678910Length (mm)16.215.816.514.916.916.815.615.615.715.4Thickness (mm)1.11.21.11.00.91.21.11.20.90.8accesses the keys with ⎡ ⎤ in blueFor each banana you have to put in both numbers.To put in the first set of numbers, press the following keys:is used for the 2nd variableContinue in this mannerAfter you have input all the numbers.The display should read n = 10To find the linear regression equation in the formy = a + b xPressPress∴There is not a high correlation between the thickness of bananas and the length of bananas tested.The calculator will also give you other statistics about this sample. Use to get the mean thickness (1.055mm) or the standard deviation (0.64mm).x σy σn –1:12.Trigonometric functionsThe keys involved are:Important : Make sure that your calculator is in the correct mode. For example, if your calculator has R or G on the display and you wish to work in degrees, press mode twice and then select 1 for degrees. Your screen should now display D.Example 1In the right-angled triangle below, the length of the side opposite the 20° angle needs to be calculated.To find the length of the side labelled xcm, useThe keystrokes on the calculator are:Example 2In the right-angled triangle below, the length of the hypotenuse needs to be calculated.To find the length of the side labelled x cm, use:The keystrokes on the calculator are:The display should read 20.466631, so the length of the hypotenuse is about 20.5 cm.Example 3Given the lengths of two of the sides in the right-angled triangle below, find the value of the angle θin degrees:To find the value of θ, you need to use the cos –1 key. The calculator keystrokes are:Note: You must first get the value of the division by using the brackets.Your display should read 60°. If it does not, check that you are in degree mode.13.Exponential and logarithmic functionsThere are two log keys on your calculator, with their associated exponential keys. The latter are accessed by first using the shift key:The ‘log’ key uses base 10 and the ‘ln’ key uses base e (natural logarithm).Example 1Solve equation Taking logs of both sides;To find the value of a , the keystrokes are:The display should read 4.3219281.So, . Confirm this by using theExample 2Given , find the value of y The key is above the log key. Hence the keystrokes are:The display should read 38.370725Example 3 (harder)Given , find the value of xTo find log x , the calculator keystrokes are:2a 20=4.32220≈log y 1.584=log y 1.584= y ⇒101.584=10x log x 6 1.5=The display should read 0.5187675.Since this is the value of log x , you still need to find x where Without removing the answer of 0.5187675 on your display, press:Your display should now read 3.3019272Note: You could use the ‘ln’ key instead of the ‘log’ key – the answer would still be the same. Try it!14.Degrees, minutes, secondsThe key involved isThis key can be used for problems involving degrees, minutes and seconds or hours, minutes and seconds.0.518767510x=Example 1Suppose that you have a trigonometric problem where the angle involved is given in degreesand minutes. e.g. Find x where ’The keystrokes involved are:The display should show 1.728343, so x is approximately 1.73Example 2If you wish to convert an angle in degrees to its equivalent in degrees, minutes and seconds:e.g. 34.88°, the keystrokes are:The display should read 34°52°48.Example 3To find the sum of 5 hours 52 minutes 30 seconds and 7 hours 45 minutes 49 seconds:The keystrokes are:The display should read 13.638611 (hours).x 4sin 25° 36×=Review calculator exercises1.Perform the following calculations(i)(5 + 4) × 3(ii)12.5 – 8 ÷ 0.5(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)(viii)(ix)(x)(xi)2.The following data is on growth (in $m) in an economy over a 8 year period:2.56.2-2.10.048.27.42.1-1.7Calculate (i) Σx(ii) Σx 2(iii) (Σx )2Explain in words what each of these mean.368–×4--------------------12.816.5 3.8–-----------------------70.4117+×47+()2×-------------------------------2.434--------145.617.225⁄–345.617.22–5⁄25327×1.0230--------------------+4.1333 3.000–() 2.0150.136626------------------0.200026------------------+±10090–()290---------------------------5060–()260------------------------2030–()230------------------------++Calculator solutions1.(i)(5 + 4) ×3= 27Make sure your calculation is in comp mode.(ii)12.5 – 8 ÷ 0.5= -3.5(iii)= 2.5Either (3 × 6 – 8) ÷ 4 = or 3 × 6 – 8 = ÷ 4 =(iv)= 1.007874Either 12.8 ÷ (16.5 – 3.8) = or 16.5 – 3.8 = x –1× 12.8 =(v)= 0.9Either ... ÷ ((4 + 7) × 2) = or ... ÷ (4 + 7) ÷ 2 =(vi)= 3.2Either 2.4 ÷ (3 ÷ 4) =, or 2.4 ÷ 3 a b/c 4 = (vii)= 9.296..Either 145.6 – 17.2x 2 ÷ 5 = √ =, or √ (145.6 – 17.2x 2 ÷ 5) =(viii)= 1.41..Either 345.6 – 17.2x 2 = √ ÷ 5 = or (345.6 – 17.2x 2) √ ÷ 5 =(ix)= 39.498525 + 3 × 27 ÷ 1.02 ÷ √ 30 =(x)= 1.3325 or 0.9341368–×4--------------------12.816.5 3.8–-----------------------70.417+×47+()2×----------------------------2.434--------145.617.225⁄–345.617.22–5⁄25327×1.0230--------------------+4.1333 3.000–() 2.0150.136626------------------0.200026------------------+±Calculator keys:0.1366 x 2 ÷ 6 + .2 x 2 ÷ 6 = √ = x 2.015 ==(xi)= 6.1111Calculator keys:(100 – 90) x 2 ÷ 90 + (50 – 60) x 2 ÷ 60 + (20 – 30) x 2 ÷ 30 =2.The following data is on growth (in $m) in an economy over a 8 year period:2.56.2-2.10.048.27.42.1-1.7Calculate (i) Σx(ii) Σx 2(iii) (Σx )2Explain in words what each of these mean.To do this on the calculator, you must be in SD mode. Enter the data:mode 1 2.5 M+ 6.2 M+ (–) 2.1 M+ .04 M+ 8.2 M+ 7.4 M+ 2.1 M+ (–) 1.7 M+(i)22.64Press the key that says ΣxThis gives the total growth over the last 8 years(ii)178.4016Press the key that says Σx 2of the squares of the growth in each year(iii)512.5696Press Σx and x 2. This gives the square of the sum of the growth.10090–()290---------------------------5060–()260------------------------2030–()230------------------------++Your notes。
卡西欧计算器fx-82ES、fx-82ES_Plus系列列方程的方法(键盘操作)
卡西欧计算器fx-82ES、fx-82ES Plus系列列方程的方法（键盘操作）方法一：软升级至fx-991ES（仅适用于fx-82ES）1.shift2.(Pol)3.14.shift5.(,)6.17.)8.=9.狂按分数线，直到按到顶不动为止（似乎是6个）10.按= （显示Syntax ERROR 不要管它），AC，左11.112.幂（在方向键下面，就是X上面有个小白框的键）13.=14.AC15.向上键16.AC17.向左键三次18.DEL19.根号Ans20.=21、十个Ans22、两个log■□23.右右右，按“（”按到乱码涨上来，大概10个24.=右，左左按“sin（”按到乱码涨上来，大概7个25.=右，左，按7个“（”不停重复25步......直到屏幕上的乱点消失，光标不见26.AC27.shift+9+128.升级成功，请修复后用线性模式按mode出现8个，可以自由转换，EQN也可以用了，最大缺陷是在数学模式下计算就死机。
注：EQN模式就是方程模式。
方法二：升级至牛顿解方程功能（仅适用于fx-82ES）1.打出r（正常模式下，具体方法看上面）2.r前一分之一3.M+4.出现错误，别管他按AC5.5个分数线6.=7.ac8.←9.+10.111.幂（会变为线性格式）12.=13.ac14.1÷215.shift+9+1 + = + =alpha+abs是=shift+abs是解方程方法三、利用START模式（适用于fx-82ES、fx-82ES Plus系列）很多人说fx-82ES PLUS不能解方程，其实并非如此，它可以解一部分方程，但过程有些麻烦，不如95和991的EQN好用。
82ES PLUS可以解下列方程1、一元一次方程2、一元二次方程3、二元一次方程组4、少数分式方程5、比例式首先按MODE，按2(STAT)。
一元一次方程(说例统计表中，第一行X和Y都是0(只需要在X列按一下0和=就行了)，第二行X列输入a的值(这里是8)，Y列打出c-b的值(这里打21-5或打16都行)，按AC，按SHIFT，按1，按5(Reg)，按2(B)，按等号，显示的值就是方程的解了。
CASIO fx-350TL计算器说明书
前 言............................................................................... V 1 范围................................................................................. 1 2 规范性引用文件....................................................................... 1 3 缩略语............................................................................... 1 4 定义................................................................................. 1 5 报文类型及用途....................................................................... 2 5.1 由主站发往子站的报文（控制方向）................................................... 2 5.2 由子站发往主站的报文（监视方向）................................................... 2 6 报文定义............................................................................. 3 6.1 控制方向的报文..................................................................... 3 6.1.1 时间同步 ASDU6.................................................................. 3 6.1.2 总查询（总召唤）的启动 ASDU7 .................................................... 3 6.1.3 一般命令 ASDU20................................................................. 4 6.1.4 扰动数据传输的命令 ASDU24 ....................................................... 4 6.1.5 扰动数据传输的认可 ASDU25 ....................................................... 4 6.1.6 通用分类数据 ASDU10............................................................. 5 6.1.7 通用分类命令 ASDU21............................................................. 5 6.2 监视方向的报文..................................................................... 6 6.2.1 标识报文 ASDU5 ................................................................. 6 6.2.2 被记录的扰动表 ASDU23 .......................................................... 7 6.2.3 扰动数据传输准备就绪 ASDU26 .................................................... 7 6.2.4 被记录的通道传输准备就绪 ASDU27 ................................................ 7 6.2.5 带标志的状态变位传输准备就绪 ASDU28 ............................................ 8 6.2.6 传送带标志的状态变位 ASDU29 .................................................... 9 6.2.7 传送结束 ASDU31 ................................................................ 9 6.2.8 传输扰动值 ASDU30 ............................................................. 10 6.2.9 通用分类数据 ASDU10............................................................ 11 7 通用分类服务........................................................................ 12 7.1 组的标题.......................................................................... 13 7.2 系统.............................................................................. 13 7.3 定值.............................................................................. 13 7.4 动作.............................................................................. 14 7.5 告警.............................................................................. 18 7.6 保护测量值........................................................................ 18 7.7 远动测量值........................................................................ 19 7.8 遥信（不带时标的开入量）.......................................................... 19 7.9 电量.............................................................................. 19 7.10 遥控开关......................................................................... 19 7.11 遥调............................................................................. 19 7.12 软压板........................................................................... 20 7.13 扰动数据中模拟量通道描述......................................................... 20
卡西欧 fx-220 计算器 说明书
x
2 A z 60 =
DEG
1.
y
AN
DEG
1.732050808
按 AN鍵可以存儲器內的數值取代現在顯示的數值-
• 例 2︰將直角坐標 (1, 3) 變換為極坐標 (r, )-(RAD 模式)
r
1Ay3L=
RAD
2.
θ
AN
RAD
1.047197551
k排列
• 例︰用數字 1 至 7 可排列成多少個沒有重複數字的不同的 4 位數-
(12%) (18%) (23%)
1200 - - 12 A v 18 A v 23 A v
180. 75.
2875. 2625.
K 144. K 216. K 276.
科學函數計算
• 請使用 COMP 模式進行函數計算• 部分計算可能需要較長的時間進行計算• 請等待計算結果出現後﹐再進行下一個計算• =3.1415926536-
• 例 4：
1 3
1 ȕ
1 4
123 + 30 A K =
• 例 5︰8!
3AX,4AX= AX
8Af
1023.
12. 40320.
k 小數位數﹑有效位數﹑NORM﹑RND﹑隨機數#﹑工 學計算
• 例 1︰ 1.234+1.234﹐保留計算結果 2 位小數 (FIX 2)-
F72
FIX
0.00
1.234 +1.234 =
SCI
3.3–01
• 例 4︰將 56,088 米換算成公里56088 J
56.088 03
• 例 5︰將 0.08125 克換算成毫克.08125 J
81.25–03
卡西欧科学计算器fx-500ES说明书
请不要将计算器放入您的裤袋或者其它紧身服内，因为这
样，可能会使计算器发生扭曲或者弯曲
切勿尝试拆开计算器
切勿用原子笔或者其它尖锐物体按压计算器的按键
使用柔软的乾布拭净计算器的外部
假如计算器很脏，请用沾有弱性水溶液与温和的中性家用清
洁剂的布块拭净之在擦拭计算器之前，应先拧去过多的水
设定"
有关存储器信息，请参阅"使用计算器存储器"
Ck-3
安全注意事项
使用计算器之前，请务必阅读下述安全注意事项请将本手册
存放於近处，以供今后参考使用
注意
此符号用於指示，若忽略含有此符号的相关信息，可能会
造成人身伤害或者物质损害
电池
将计算器的电池取出之后，应放置於安全之处，避免小
孩用手触摸，以及意外吞食
应将电池放置於小孩用手够不到之处倘若电池被意外
吞食，应立即与医生联系
切勿为电池充电，尝试拆开电池，或者使电池发生短
路切勿将电池暴露於直接受热之处或者焚烧电池
电池若使用不当，则可能引起电池液体泄漏并损坏附近
物品，并且可能引起火灾以及人身伤害的危险
当您将电池装入计算器时，应始终确保电池的正极k
和负极l终端朝向正确
显示一个长的表达式
显示屏一次可以显示14个字符若输入第15个字符，则整个
表达式会向左移动此时，指示符]出现在表达式的左侧，表
示一些字符跑出了左侧屏幕
输入表达式：1111 + 2222 + 3333 + 444
显示部分：
当指示符]出现时，您可以按下d键，向左卷动检视隐藏
部分这会使指示符'出现在表达式右侧此时候，您可
CASIOfx82-911MS系列电子计算器使用指南Word版
CASIO fx82MS-911MS系列电子计算器使用指南泰山医学院CASIO fx82-fx911MS系列电子计算器主要包括fx-82MS，fx-95 MS，fx-100 MS，fx-350 MS，fx-991 MS，fx570 MS，fx-911 MS等型号，为函数型科学计算器，其基本的键符及运算功能相同或相近。
此类计算器多数具有以选择并进入多种计算模式或运算状态。
典型的如统计运算状态、回归运算状态等。
这就大大提高了计算器的计算功能及计算项目。
能够满足一般科研人员处理及分析常用资料及数据。
本使用说明综合了该系列计算的主要及常见功能，对某一种具体型号的CASIO fx 计算器而言，某些运算功能可能有，也可能没有。
需要读者自己去进一步学习、钻研和掌握。
一、计算器键符及其功能概述1．常用键符及其功能和意义表1 CASIO fx82-fx911MS系列计算器常用键符及其功能和意义序号键符功能和意义相一致。
4 方式键或状态键。
选择0－9数字键、小数点键、EXP键，可进入相应的某种运算方式或运算状态。
5 调用函数键。
可以前后翻页，调出以前使用过的函数功能。
6 分别与多个独立的内存键配合，可以将数据分别存储到相应独立的内存中。
7 倒数键。
8 计算组合数键。
9 计算排列数键开立方键。
10开平方键。
1112 立方键。
13 平方键。
14 10的x方键，e的x方键。
15 常用对数键，自然对数键。
输入分数键，假分数键。
,序号键符功能和意义39x的y次乘方键，x的开y 次方键。
40 直角坐标转换为极坐标键。
41 极坐标转换为直角坐标键。
42 极坐标键。
43 直角坐标键。
44 存储键。
45 内存提取键。
46 逗号键。
47 百分号键。
48 回归方程中的截距a提取键。
49 回归方程中的回归系数b提取键。
50 回归方程中的相关系数r提取键。
51 y的均值及∑y2。
57x 估计值，y 估计值。
58 为红色字母。
是8个独立内存。
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是一个FX-82ES计算机，按下MODE键会显示出三个功能。
同时按下SHIFT-7-ON键（此功能用于出厂测试计算器，嘿嘿），并连按多次SHIFT后，会出现如（图二）所显示的内容。
其中P3便代表FX-82ES的模式，现在我们就要将其修改为FX-991ES的模式。
图(二)图(三)关闭计算器，拆开计算器，可以看到如（图三）的电路板。
找到P4引脚，可以看到当中有条裂缝，用指甲将上面的（尤其是裂缝中的）氧化层刮去，随后用软性铅笔（如2B）在裂缝上涂满，确保裂缝中有足够的碳粉可以导通P4引脚后。
打开计算器，按下MODE，可以看到如图(四)的画面,变成8种模式功能，原来只有3种）这说明你的计算器改装成功了。
图(四)同时按下SHIFT-7-ON键，并连按多次SHIFT后，可以看到如（图五）的画面，P?说明你的计算器连接了两个P引脚，变得十分怪胎了，不过这并不影响使用。
其实，P引脚是用来设置计算机型号的。
卡西欧公司从成本上考虑，将一些计算器使用相同的电路板，只是通过P来设置型号。
可以看到FX-82ES计算器的P3引脚是连通的，而其它的引脚都有一条裂缝。
如果你有兴趣，可以尝试连通其它的，会出现不同的功能，不过连接P4后的功能是最多的，与FX-991ES的功能完全一样。
（如果错了，橡皮擦擦了就好了）改装后的计算器有部分按键与原计算器不同，这里提供了对照表（图六）希望注意。
附：1.卡西欧FX-991ES说明书下载地址：/CALC/DOWNLOAD/CN/MANUAL/2.卡西欧FX-82ES大家可以去本地的文具批发市场和是小一些的商场，和是网络商店，你可以去里面逛逛，一般批发价为48元，零售价为55元左右（如果是大商场80多）。
而FX-991ES的价格为120-160元之间（如果是大商场300多）3.考研规定FX-911ES计算机是肯定能用的，FX-82ES是更不用说了。
所以改装的FX-82ES考研不管能不能用，自己用都是最不错的选择。
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－计算机准确度测试F ORSENICS E VALUATION A LGORITHM 是一个简单测试科学计算机的计算准确度的方法。
说穿了其实很简单，那就是利用科学计算机计算下面的数式。
SIN-1 COS-1 TAN-1 TAN COS SIN 9 (使用D EGREE 度数模式)这个数式的正确数值是9，但是因为各计算机的内部设计不同，准确度也有分别，所以会导致出现不同的结果。
计算的结果愈接近9，表示计算机的计算愈准确。
计算机计出答案差别内部小数位数C ASIO FX-3600PV/3900PV9.0001252461.252458×10-411C ASIO FX-3800P9.0000157181.57179×10-511C ASIO FX-50F/4500PA9.0000156851.568547×10-512C ASIO FX-5000F/5500LA9.0000156851.568547×10-512C ASIO FX-570W/991W8.999998637-1.36296×10-612C ASIO FX-570MS/991MS8.999998637-1.36296×10-612C ASIO FX-3650P/3950P8.999998637-1.36296×10-612C ASIO FX-82ES/991ES9.0000000077.33338×10-915C ASIO FX-4800P/5800P9.0000000077.33338×10-915C ASIO CFX-9850/9950GB P LUS 9.0000000077.33343×10-915C ASIO A LGEBRA FX2P LUS 8.999999998-2.40532×10-915C ASIO FX-9860G/9860G SD8.999999998-2.40532×10-915C ASIO FC-100V/200V9.0000000077.33338×10-9153600PV/3900PV的准确度是最差的，这2种是出口中国工程用最多的工程计算器。
可见日本的险恶用心。
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－C ASIO系列程式计算机计算误差问题FX-3600PV/3800P/3900PV这2种是出口中国工程用最多的工程计算器。
可见日本的险恶用心。
C ASIO 的程式计算机(FX-3600PV/3800P/3900PV)在某些计算上最后的小数位或数位会有错误出现(但FX-50F却似乎没有这个问题，很明显它的内部设计和其他叁部计算机是不同的)。
最出名的例子莫过于2的32次方计出的答案4294967295竟然是单数(正确答案应是4294967296，但计算4的16次方的答案4294967296却是正确的)。
其实这个问题(关于截断误差R OUNDING E RROR )存在了已经很久，不过，以前那个时候的人(包括我自己在内)对这个问题都不太在意，原因我相信是因为很少使用它们的人会真正经常需要9个小数位或以上的准确度，到了现在情况我相信也没有多大改变。
还有就是认为计算器不会计算错误。
但是，其实C ASIO 是绝对应该有能力、资源及技术去改善这个情况的，可惜的是，在没有受到外间压力要求下，它似乎并无意去改善这个情况。
小日本还死不承认，大家可以在网上寻找相关的报道，FX-50F及C ASIO 出产的较高级程式计算机或较新的计算机例如FX-4500PA、FX-570MS/991MS、FX-991ES和FX-3650P/3950P都是没有这问题的，这更加使我相信C ASIO 并非不能，而是无意去改善。
我拥有的其他计算机如S HARP EL-506R、S HARP EL-506V、H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-20S或是较近期购得的C ITIZEN SRP-285II及H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-30S也都没有这问题，所以我认为这问题很明显是计算机基本的设计上出现问题所致。
而这2种是90年代出口到我们工程用最多的工程计算器。
可见日本的险恶用心。
我在出于好奇之下想比较一下我手上的一些科学计算机及财务计算机(不包括图像计算机)看看究竟有多少部会有这样的问题，所以就进行了一些简单测试，结果如下：大家可以用下面的方法测试自己手上的计算器。
测试一：直接计算2^32(正确答案应是4294967296)测试二：先计算32 LOG 2，再计算反对数(正确答案应是232=4294967296)测试叁：先计算32 LN 2，再计算反对数(正确答案应是232=4294967296)测试四：计算60!(正确答案至10个有效数字应是8.320987113×1081)测试五：先计算(6÷2÷9)2，再减去1÷9 (正确答案应是0)测试六：计算30003–29993 (正确答案应是26991001)测试七：计算(1+1÷7500)7500 (正确答案准确至9位小数应是 2.718100632) 测试八：计算(4÷3)2，再减去4×4÷9 (正确答案应是0)由上面的测试结果，看得出C ASIO FX-3600PV/3800P/3900PV在很多较复杂的计算里都有明显的误差。
大家可以想像到在程式计算中，要进行很多计算步骤时，这些细微的错误就会逐渐累积，最后可能会令到最终结果出现错误。
虽然这是一般计算机或电脑都会遇到的问题(程式编写员亦要留意这些问题以避免导致程式计算出现重大错误)，但C ASIO 的这叁部计算机问题就比较严重了。
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－各计算机的内部计算使用的小数位数这个现象和各计算机的内部计算使用的小数位数(N UMBER OF INTERNAL DIGITS )看来有些关系。
如果内部小数位数越多，应该表示计算的结果越准确，请看下表：计算机内部小数位数C ASIO FX-3600PV/3800P/3900PV11C ASIO FX-50F/T RULY SC-11112C ASIO FX-3650P/3950P/T RULY SC-18512S HARP EL-506W/520W/525014S HARP EL-5020/546L/506R/506V12C ASIO FX-570W/991W/570MS/991MS12C ASIO FX-82ES/991ES15C ASIO FX-5000F/FX-4500PA/5500LA12C ASIO FC-100/20012C ASIO FC-100013C ASIO FC-100V/200V15T EXAS I NSTRUMENTS TI-30X IIB13T EXAS I NSTRUMENTS TI-68 13T EXAS I NSTRUMENTS BAII P LUS 13H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-20S/32SII/33S12H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-30S/9G24H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-12C P LATINUM 10H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-17BII+12H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-11C/15C10H EWLETT P ACKARD HP-22S/42S12C ITIZEN SRP-285 14C ITIZEN SRP-280/285II/30024C ITIZEN SRP-175/C ANON F-803P12C ITIZEN SR-260/C ANON F-60412C ASIO FX-500A12是一个FX-82ES计算机，按下MODE键会显示出三个功能。
同时按下SHIFT-7-ON键（此功能用于出厂测试计算器，嘿嘿），并连按多次SHIFT后，会出现如（图二）所显示的内容。
其中P3便代表FX-82ES的模式，现在我们就要将其修改为FX-991ES的模式。
关闭计算器，拆开计算器，可以看到如（图三）的电路板。
找到P4引脚，可以看到当中有条裂缝，用指甲将上面的（尤其是裂缝中的）氧化层刮去，随后用软性铅笔（如2B）在裂缝上涂满，确保裂缝中有足够的碳粉可以导通P4引脚后。
打开计算器，按下MODE，可以看到如（图四）的画面（变成8种模式功能，原来只有3种）这说明你的计算器改装成功了。