西方文明史导论答案

西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）

西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程，智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。

但是，在学习这门课程时，很多学生都会遇到一些问题，下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。

一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展？古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。

从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代，再到中王国时期，古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运，建立了强大的国家，培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。

此外，古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明，同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系，形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。

这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。

二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头？古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件，其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。

古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁，加上全民公民制和男子自由，使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。

同时，古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地，例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等，这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考，为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花？文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期，为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。

它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果，也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。

文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。

此外，文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲，传递到亚洲和美洲，极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。

总之，智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程，深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展，让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。

尽管时代在变，但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示，只有了解历史、借鉴历史，才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。

西方文明史导论智慧树答案2021

西方文明史导论智慧树答案20211.（多选题）文明与下列哪些要素是对立的?（AB）A.野蛮B. 动物性2.（多选题）欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段?（BCD）A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B. 从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期3.（多选题）宗教改革的主要主张包括（ABCD）A.因信称义B.不加修饰的上帝之言C.凡信徒皆祭司D.基督徒的自由4.（多选题）欧洲封建主义的主要特征包括（BCD）A.中央集权B.行政权掌握在私人手里C.分散割据D.兵权页通过契约掌握在私人手里5.（多选题）欧洲从中世纪向近代化过渡的三场思想文化运动是（ACD）A.宗教改革B.巴黎公社C.文艺复兴D.启蒙运动6.（多选题）三个世界的理论包括（ABC）A. 感觉和经验的世界B. 直觉和艺术的世界C. 智觉和科学的世界D.文化和理性的世界7.（多选题）斯克布瑞尼在领域开辟方面的贡献主要有（ABCD）A.述史料是一种原始史料B.文化传播和庆典C. 区分仪式中的两个要素:圣礼和奇迹D. 图像材料也是原始材料8.（多选题）罗马文化突出的特点有（ABC）A.现实B.世俗C.理性D.浪漫9.下列关于希腊与罗马国民性的总结，正确的说法有（ABCD）A.希腊人看重精神，罗马人看重物质B.希腊人看重心灵价值，罗马人看重社会价值C.希腊提倡多元化，擅长做加法，罗马提倡简练，擅长做减法D.希腊人是理想化的，形而上的，罗马人是功利的，现实的10.（多选题）英国伊丽莎白一世女王在位期间的主要举措（ABD）A.中央集权制B.动用政府的力量发展工商业C.议会制D. 组织军队打败西班牙的“无敌舰队”11.（多选题）教会管理的世俗事务主要包括（ABCD）A.教会掌管文化、礼仪B. 教会拥有不可分割的财产C.教会掌握意识形态D.教会掌管司法12.（多选题）西方人所谓的理性包括以下哪几种（ABCD）A.计划性B.合乎道理、规律C.追求最大效益D.百分之百的用智觉行事13.（多选题）欧洲从中世纪向近代化过渡的三场政治革命为（ABC）A.英国资产阶级革命B.法国大革命C.美国独立战争D.德国资产阶级革命14.（多选题）世界性三大宗教包括（ABD）A.佛教B.伊斯兰教C.道教D.基督教15.（多选题）中世纪的教会具有哪些特点?（ABC）A.宗教对世俗的反动B.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾C.等级制16.（多选题）文明的起源的三个要素是（BCD）A.文化B.国家C.城市D.文字17.（多选题）构成文化认同的几大要素有（ABCD）A.共同的语言B.共同的生活方式C.共同的宗教D.共同的习俗18.（多选题）《旧约》的主要内容为（BD）A.福音书B.强调法律C.耶稣降世后的事D.古代犹太人传统19.（多选题）基督教兴盛的原因（ABCD）A.教义简单，哲理、伦理教导B.有传统C.是人民的而非统治者的文化D.是罗马文化的反文化20.（多选题）下列哪些是圣•奥勒留•奥古斯丁的著作（ABC）A.《论自由意志》B.《上帝之城》C. 《忏悔录》21.（多选题）对中国人文科学与社会科学的研究分为哪几类（BC）A.微观研究B.基础研究C.决策研究D.宏观研究22.（多选题）欧洲封建社会制度转换时期的表现为（BCD）A.经济危机B.领主制、庄园制，农奴制瓦解C.农业危机D.农业秩序危机23.（多选题）英雄主义内在逻辑中的几个关键词分别是（ABCD）A.无我B.爱C.美D.英雄的献身24 .（多选题）斯克布瑞尼的理论贡献主要是（ABC）A.反对“宗教改革是一场城市运动”B.否定了大众文化、精英文化两分法的传统观念C.复数的宗教改革D.宗教改革是一场城市运动25.（多选题）关于雅典英雄的追求，下列相符的选项是（BC）A.力量B.文化C.美D.体魄26.（多选题）下列描述符合希腊文化意境的有（BCD）A.功利的现实主义B.玄同忘我之境C.直觉、诗意、精神的形象化D.理想与美。

西方文明史试题及答案

西方文明史试题及答案1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性?A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案: AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合?A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案: ABCD3.1500-1800 年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为?A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案: C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案: ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案: B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征?A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案: C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点?A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案: ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些?A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案: ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案: B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论?A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案: A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案: A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征?A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案: ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质?A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流.C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案: ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的?A.农村B.城市C.国家D.文字正确答案: ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示?A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案: ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位?A.老子B.约瑟夫•奈正确答案: A。

西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案

(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century，which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。

西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)

西方文明史导论题库（试题62道含答案）1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性？A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案：AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合？A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案：ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案：C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案：C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些？A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案：ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论？A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案：A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征？A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案：ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质？A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案：ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的？A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案：ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示？A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案：ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位？A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案：A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式？A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张？A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案：B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响？A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由正确答案：ABCD22.在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的？A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案：C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案：B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面？A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案：ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点？A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案：ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型？A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案：AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指？A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案：C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡？A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案：ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段？A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案：BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。

西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案

(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century，which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。

自-西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点

《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说：“大学不仅要传授知识,大学更应当传授智慧。

大学不应满足于培训技术,大学更应致力于锻造人格。

”结合你自己的专业，谈谈你对这段话的理解。

主观发挥题,无标准答案,言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑，能提出自己的观点认识为好。

第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(１0分)概述希腊文化的意境。

理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式：直觉、诗语和精神的形象化；玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。

2、【问答题】(1０分）阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化；心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品；向善性；唯美主义；神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(１0分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么?《荷马史诗》分成两部，上部《伊利亚特》,下部《奥德赛》。

两部史诗的内容不一样，前一部叫人拼命去当英雄，后一部叫人做一个平常人，游山玩水找到自己。

两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》，遭来很多人的非议。

一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的，因为它们的内容如此不同,所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。

另一种说法,正是这样一种不同，反而组成一个合体,看到了它的两个面。

为什么这么一部有名的史诗,在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差？是作者的有意所为,还是一个历史的巧合?现在已无从考证,《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。

姑且不做这样的文献考订，围绕内容来说,看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜,或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻,有什么谜语隐藏其中。

2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻？隐喻的破解：英雄主义隐喻的破解：浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者；坚定的目标性，找回自己；找到两极之间的最佳点；最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间，是可以取得和谐的。