2018智慧树西方文明史导论答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案
西方文化导论_课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems ofthe Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides andAristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modernera in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuoushistory of split and unification?The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value. Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could playsuch a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs ofcapitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of theRenaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1
智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程，智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。
但是，在学习这门课程时，很多学生都会遇到一些问题，下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。
一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展？古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。
从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代，再到中王国时期，古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运，建立了强大的国家，培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。
此外，古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明，同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系，形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。
这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。
二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头？古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件，其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。
古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁，加上全民公民制和男子自由，使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。
同时，古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地，例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等，这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考，为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花？文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期，为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。
它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果，也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。
文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。
此外，文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲，传递到亚洲和美洲，极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。
总之，智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程，深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展，让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。
尽管时代在变，但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示，只有了解历史、借鉴历史，才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论(尔雅)》网课测试题答案2
南开大学智慧树知到“选修课”《西方文明通论（尔雅）》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.尼采的哪一本书对酒神和日神做出了精辟的分析?()A.《悲剧的诞生》B.《人性，太人性的》C.《查拉图斯特拉如是说》D.《道德的体系》2.西方的公法文明已经完全被中国所接收。
()A.错误B.正确3.政治学家萨拜因认为西欧历史上最革命的事件是()。
A.启蒙运动B.宗教改革C.文艺复兴D.基督教会的兴起4.人类最早的文字是()。
A.象形文字B.楔形文字C.拼音文字D.图画文字5.以下哪个国家是第一个把安乐死立法的国家?()A.法国B.英国C.荷兰D.美国6.以下哪项不属于对西方音乐的风格分期?() A.巴洛克音乐B.浪漫主义音乐C.文艺复兴音乐D.表现主义音乐7.在中世纪的欧洲，代表着上帝的机构是()。
A.罗马天主教会B.修道院C.宗教审判所D.君主8.西方现代文明是从传统文明中自然直接地成长起来的。
()A.错误B.正确9.从中世纪起规定小步舞曲为几拍子?()A.三拍子B.四拍子C.五拍子D.六拍子10.在古代，中国文明与西方文明曾有过直接的相遇。
()A.错误B.正确11.在西方人看来，体育是对人的感性能力的开掘与探究，是一种肉体的沉醉。
()A.错误B.正确12.以下哪项没有体现中国人缺乏竞争意识?()A.不敢为天下先B.吃亏是福C.难得糊涂D.自强不息13.封建制度的产生代表着人类进入文明时代。
()A.错误B.正确14.与西方文明相比，中华文明的发展大起大落较多。
()A.错误B.正确15.以下哪一个不属于小提琴三大家族?()A.斯特拉迪瓦里B.瓜奈里C.阿玛蒂D.帕格尼尼第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.哈利路亚的中文意思是赞美主。
()A.错误B.正确2.以下不属于儒家观点的是()。
A.未知生，焉知死B.朝闻道，夕死可矣C.牝常以静胜牡D.唯女子与小人难养也3.古希腊城邦中的公民身份有什么意味?()A.城邦政治统治者B.城邦土地所有者C.城邦的保卫者D.以上都是4.下列关于“公法”与“私法”说法错误的是()。
西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)
西方文明史导论题库（试题62道含答案）1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性？A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案：AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合？A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案：ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案：C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折？A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案：B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案：C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些？A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案：ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论？A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案：A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征？A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案：ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质？A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄正确答案：ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的？A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案：ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示？A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案：ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位？A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案：A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式？A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革？A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案：C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张？A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案：B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响？A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由正确答案：ABCD22.在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的？A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案：C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案：B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面？A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案：ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点？A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案：ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型？A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案：AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指？A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案：C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡？A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案：ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责？A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案：ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段？A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案：BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》2019期末考试答案
智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》2019期末考试答案1【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？CA.主权国家B.国家臣民关系C.领主附庸制D.政教分离2【单选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是AA.奥德修斯B.宙斯C.普罗米修斯3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释？AA.布瑞克B.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦4【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征？CA.政教分离B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.国家臣民关系5【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段，这三个阶段的依此顺序为？DA.封建贵族，权贵贵族，等级贵族B.等级贵族，封建贵族，权贵贵族C.权贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族D.封建贵族，等级贵族，权贵贵族6【单选题】(5分)亚里士多德的老师是？CA.亚历山大B.苏格拉底C.柏拉图7【单选题】(5分)12-14世纪的欧洲贵族可以被界定为AA.等级贵族B.权贵贵族C.封建贵族8【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展？CA.卡赞斯坦B.鲍斯曼C.布瑞克D.斯克瑞布尼9【单选题】(5分)1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为？DA.前工业化时期B.现代C.中世纪D.近代早期10【单选题】(5分)《近代国家的中世纪起源》的作者是谁？AA.斯特雷耶B.布洛赫C.冈绍夫11【单选题】(5分)哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法？BA.斯克瑞布尼B.鲍斯曼C.卡赞斯坦D.布瑞克12【单选题】(5分)与中国文化相比，西方人更偏向于用下述哪种思维？BA.归纳法B.演绎法13【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是？AA.放大了的国家B.放大了的个人C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化14【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点
西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说:“大学不仅要传授知识，大学更应当传授智慧。
大学不应满足于培训技术，大学更应致力于锻造人格。
”结合你自己的专业，谈谈你对这段话的理解。
主观发挥题，无标准答案，言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑，能提出自己的观点认识为好。
第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(10分)概述希腊文化的意境。
理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化;玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。
2、【问答题】(10分)阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化;心灵性，每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;向善性;唯美主义;神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(10分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么,《荷马史诗》分成两部，上部《伊利亚特》，下部《奥德赛》。
两部史诗的内容不一样，前一部叫人拼命去当英雄，后一部叫人做一个平常人，游山玩水找到自己。
两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》，遭来很多人的非议。
一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的，因为它们的内容如此不同，所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。
另一种说法，正是这样一种不同，反而组成一个合体，看到了它的两个面。
为什么这么一部有名的史诗，在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差,是作者的有意所为，还是一个历史的巧合,现在已无从考证，《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。
姑且不做这样的文献考订，围绕内容来说，看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜，或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻，有什么谜语隐藏其中。
2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻, 隐喻的破解:英雄主义隐喻的破解:浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者;坚定的目标性，找回自己;找到两极之间的最佳点;最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间，是可以取得和谐的。
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing thenature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact thatthey both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of real ity of the “things in themselves” remainsforever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which theyshould be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of smallvariations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivis m, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. meta physical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)上一页下一页。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2018智慧树西方文明史导论答案第一章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)以下哪部著作通过研究日本的国民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策，并成为将基础研究与决策研究紧密结合起来的典范A.《菊与刀》B.《文明的冲突》2【多选题】(5分){以下描述哪些符合国民性及国民性研究的特点A.国民性包含了文化表象、思维方式、价值观念、社会伦理、宗教传统等要素B.反映的是群体的、而非个别的认同和行为的方式C.通过国民性研究可以解剖一个国家的密码D.国民性研究是一种决策研究3【多选题】(5分)文明与下列哪些要素是对立的！A.野蛮B.动物性4【单选题】(5分)与中国文化相比，西方人更偏向于用下述哪种思维A.归纳法B.演绎法$5【单选题】(5分)文化兴国中的“文化”，对国家而言，指的是A.国家的文化实力B.单位和个人的创新能力第二章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一点A.公元前746年~B.公元前776年C.公元前465年2【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合希腊文化的意境A理想与美B.直觉、诗语和精神的形象化C.玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生(3【多选题】(5分)希腊文化具有如下哪些特点A.来自民间的自发的民族文化；B.心灵性，每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品；C.向善性；D.唯美主义；E.神秘性和悬念,4【单选题】(5分)希腊神话中，贞节的保护神是A.雅典娜B.赫拉C.宙斯5【多选题】(5分)~《荷马史诗》内容包含了A.《伊利亚特》B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时日》第三章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和主旨上存在的反差之谜A.《伊利亚特》"B.《奥德赛》C.《工作与时日》2【单选题】(5分)破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的关键点在于A.从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义B.从唯美主义到现实主义C.从浪漫主义到理性主义\3【单选题】(5分)亚里士多德的老师是A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚历山大4【多选题】(5分).斯巴达英雄的两个关键是A.体魄B.爱美C.力度5【单选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中提到的想出“木马计”的人物是A.普罗米修斯、B.奥德修斯C.宙斯第四章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)罗马文明之所以会取代希腊，在于其文化中的哪些特点A.浪漫B.理性C.现实】D.世俗2【多选题】(5分)古代西方文明是由以下哪些要素共同塑造而成的A.希腊文明B.罗马文明C.日耳曼文化D.基督教要素，3【单选题】(5分)“希腊传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化·4【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化5【单选题】(5分)@“日耳曼传统”的特征是A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化6【单选题】(5分)“原始基督教的传统”的特征是（A.放大了的个人B.放大了的国家C.强调家的原则D.罗马的反文化第五章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合罗马文化的要素A.有用性>B.工具论C.强调身体的快乐D.荣誉高于一切2【单选题】(5分)在罗马人的眼中，希腊人的文化存在什么问题A.没用B.俗"3【单选题】(5分)希腊人会觉得罗马人的文化存在什么问题A.没用B.俗4【多选题】(5分)通过比较罗马文化和中国文化，可以得出哪些关于中西方文化之间的差异性的结论`A.西方是高科技文化，中国文化是高情感文化B.西方是求新求异，未来崇拜；中国是求全责备，重视传统C.西方是重外王，重个人主义；中国是重内圣，重集体主义D.西方是断裂性发展，快而不稳；中国是延续性发展5【多选题】(5分)从中国人的眼光来看，罗马文化缺乏中国文化的哪些要素A.政治统治而非强力统治￥B.政权与主流经济相结合C.知识分子与国家的结合D.中庸性和强大的综合能力第六章单元测试1.【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的概念，将封建社会视为一种社会类型，综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态A.冈绍夫B.布洛赫（C.斯特雷耶2.【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义概念，以法律和政治层面为主，用以指代封君封臣制A.斯特雷耶B.布洛赫C.冈绍夫*3【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段，这三个阶段的依此顺序为A.封建贵族，等级贵族，权贵贵族B.等级贵族，封建贵族，权贵贵族C.封建贵族，权贵贵族，等级贵族D.权贵贵族，等级贵族，封建贵族4【单选题】(5分)!欧洲中世纪史或中古史一般被认为以什么事件为开端A.罗马共和国的建立B.文艺复兴的开始C.西罗马帝国的灭亡5【多选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族的制度化表现包括A.庄园制度》B.领地制度C.农奴制度D.领主附庸制第七章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变，叫转型，也叫过渡，但是有两种情况：一种是有过渡期的过渡，另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
有过渡期的过渡，是说在旧形态和新形态之间，有一个长达数百年的过渡期。
有一些国家在向近代社会过渡时，并没有这样的长达数百年的过渡期。
西方向近代社会的过渡，属于哪种情况A.有过渡期的过渡）B.没有过渡期的过渡2【多选题】(5分)欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期)3【多选题】(5分)哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡，过渡的进程比较符合民意】4【多选题】(5分)欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性，使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法5【多选题】(5分)]人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究第八章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)在天主教的七大圣礼中，哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指A.坚信礼~B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼2【多选题】(5分)中世纪的教会具有哪些特点A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动|C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾3【多选题】(5分)中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争《E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争4【单选题】(5分)耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦\5【单选题】(5分)在七大圣礼中，哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼第九章单元测试&1【单选题】(5分)下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督，而不是崇拜教会、教皇2【多选题】(5分)-宗教改革产生了哪些影响A.政治上，变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上，关闭修道院，不再向教会纳税，教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上，将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上，强调基督徒的自由3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法，认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性，甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式%A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦4【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革，而是存在诸多的宗教改革，如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革A.鲍斯曼'B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦5【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念，强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克？C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦第十章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)文明的发展对社会有哪些启示A.文明从造墙开始，到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值^2【单选题】(5分)第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位A.老子B.约瑟夫· 奈3【多选题】(5分)文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的;A.农村B.城市C.国家D.文字4【多选题】(5分)下列哪些是软实力的特征A.隐形的规则)B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力5【多选题】(5分)创新型人才需要具备哪些素质A.能服从领导，但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众，但不随波逐流。
C.能充分展现个人魅力，但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学，但不照搬照抄第十一章单元测试1【单选题】(5分)下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼{D.鲍斯曼2【单选题】(5分)哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》，在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化，纠正将差异变为对立的做法A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦>3【单选题】(5分)哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用，这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的，从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦、4【多选题】(5分)作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点A.独立于封建政府，直接来自民间，受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化，不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会，不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法5【多选题】(5分)欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离6【单选题】(5分)下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离第十二章单元测试1【多选题】(5分)西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合A.文艺复兴时期的整合B.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合C.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合2【单选题】(5分)西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折A.文艺复兴时期的整合B.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合3【多选题】(5分)西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合A.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会B古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.古希腊人的放大了的个人4【单选题】(5分)1500-1800年间的欧洲历史，通常被界定为A.近代早期B.中世纪C.前工业化时期D.现代5【多选题】(5分)现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点，强调延续性A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》。