2012 美国总统大选 第二场辩论 完整版(中文字幕)
美国总统大选辩论中的身份建构与解构
美国总统大选辩论中的身份建构与解构作者：夏玉琼来源：《华侨大学学报·哲学社会科学版》2019年第01期摘要：在言语交际中，交际者不仅可以通过言语行为建构自己的身份，还可以对对方建构的身份进行解构。
文章以2016年美国总统大选三场电视辩论为语料，探讨了在辩论中希拉里自我建构的身份以及对手特朗普对希拉里身份的解构。
研究表明，希拉里在辩论中主要建构了亲民和积极进取的个人身份以及精明能干的精英政治家身份，而竞选对手特朗普则通过对希拉里人品、能力的质疑，对希拉里以往政绩的否定以及对希拉里未来从政构想的不看好，解构了希拉里自我建构的身份。
交际具有目的性和意图性，身份的建构和解构是希拉里和特朗普意在赢得更多美国选民支持进而赢得大选的手段之一。
关键词：身份建构；身份解构；总统竞选辩论作者简介：夏玉琼，金陵科技学院外国语学院副教授，研究方向：语用学、话语分析（E-mail：***********.cn；江苏南京 210001）。
基金项目：江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究项目“人际语用视阈下医生身份建构对医患关系的管理”（2016SJD740009）；江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究基金项目“人称指示语非常规用法的语用研究”（2017SJB0496）。
中图分类号：H313 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-1398（2019）01-0138-11一引言身份建构的研究是“社会科学的中心舞台”Bamberg，M.et al.Introduction to the volume.In Bamberg，M.et al，（eds.）.Selves and Identities in Narrative and Discourse.Amsterdam：John Benjamins，2007，pp.1-8.，并已成为语用学研究的前沿热点问题。
袁周敏：《身份的界定：问题与建议》，《外语教学》2016年第4期，第20-23页。
国内外学者主要关注不同交际场合及不同语篇中身份的动态选择与建构Hyland . H.Authority and invisibility： authorial identity in academic writing.Journal of Pragmatics，2002，（34），pp.1091-1112.Piller.I.Identity constructions in multilingual nguage in Society，2006，（30），pp.153-186.Victor Ho.Constructing identities through request e-mail discourse.Journal of Pragmatics，2010，（42），pp.2253-2261.陈新仁等：《语用学视角下的身份与交际研究》，北京：高等教育出版社，2013年版。
美国总统大选第三场辩论完整版-中文字幕
美国总统大选第三场辩论完整版（中文字幕）Transcript of the Third Presidential DebateBOB SCHIEFFER: Good evening from the campus of Lynn University here in Boca Raton, Florida. This is the fourth and last debate of the 2012 campaign, brought to you by the Commission on Presid ential Debates. This one’s on foreign policy. I’m Bob Schieffer of CBS News. The questions are mine, and I have not shared them with the candidates or their aides.The audience has taken a vow of silence — no applause, no reaction of any kind except right now when we welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Gentlemen, your campaigns have agreed to certain rules and they are simple. They have asked me to divide the evening into segments. I’ll pose a question at t he beginning of each segment. You will each have two minutes to respond, and then we will have a general discussion until we move to the next segment.Tonight’s debate, as both of your know, comes on the 50th anniversary of the night that President Kennedy told the world that the Soviet Union had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba —perhaps the closest we’ve ever come to nuclear war. And it is a sobering reminder that every president faces at some point an unexpected threat to our national security from abr oad. So let’s begin.The first segment is the challenge of a changing Middle East and the new face of terrorism. I’m going to put this into two segments, so you’ll have two topic questions within this one segment on that subject. The first question, and it concerns Libya, the controversy over what happened there continues. Four Americans are dead, including an American ambassador. Questions remain. What happened? What caused it? Was it spontaneous?Was it an intelligence failure? Was it a policy failure? Was there an attempt to mislead people about what really happened?Governor Romney, you said this was an example of an American policy in the Middle East that is unraveling before our very eye s. I’d like to hear each of you give your thoughts on that.Governor Romney, you won the toss. You go first.MITT ROMNEY: Thank you, Bob, and thank you for agreeing to moderate this debate this evening. Thank you to Lynn University for welcoming us here, and Mr. President, it’s good to be with you again. We were together at a humorous event a little earlier, and it’s nice to maybe be funny this time not on purpose. We’ll see what happens. (Laughter.)This is obviously an area of great concern to the entire world and to America in particular, which is to see a — a complete change in the — the — the structure and the — the environment in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring came a great deal of hope that there would be a change towards more moderation and opportunity for greater participation on the part of women and — and public life and in economic life in the Middle East. But instead we’ve seen in nation after nation a number of disturbing events. Of course, we see in Syria 30,000 civilians having been killed by the military there. We see in — in — in Libya an attack apparently by — well, I think we know now by terrorists of some kind against —against our people there, four people dead. Our hearts and minds go to them. Mali has been taken over, the northern part of Mali, by al-Qaida-type individuals. We have in — in Egypt a Muslim Brotherhood president.And so what we’re seeing is a — a — a pretty dramatic reversal in the kind of hopes we had for that region. Of course, the greatest threat of all is Iran, four years closer to a nuclear weapon. And —and we’re going to have to recognize that we have to do as the president has done. I congratulate him on — on taking out Osama bin Laden and going after the leadership in al-Qaida. But we can’t kill our way out of this mess. We’re —we’re going to have to put in place a very comprehensive and robust strategy to help the — the world of Islam and — and other parts of the world reject this radical violent extremism which is —it’s really not on the run. It’s certainly not hiding. This is a group that is nowinvolved in 10 or 12 countries, and it presents an enormous threat to our friends, to the world, to America long term, and we must have a comprehensive strategy to help reject this kind of extremism.MR. SCHIEFFER: Mr. President.PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, my first job as commander in chief, Bob, is to keep the American people safe, and that’s what we’ve done over the last four years. We ended the war in Iraq, refocused our attention on those who actually killed us on 9/11. And as a consequence, al-Qaida’s core leadership has been decimated.In addition, we’re now able to transition out of Afghanistan in a responsible way, making sure that Afghans take responsibility for their own security, and that allows us also to rebuild alliances and make friends around the world to combat future threats. Now, with respect to Libya, as I indicated in the last debate, when we received that phone call, I immediately made sure that, number one, we did everything we could to secure those Americans who were still in harm’s way; number two, that we would investigate exactly what happened; and number three, most importantly, that we would go after those who killed Americans, and we would bring them to justice, and that’s exactly what we’re going to do.But I think it’s important to step back and think about what happened in Libya. Now, keep in mind that I and Americans took leadership in organizing an international coalition that made sure that we were able to — without putting troops on the ground, at the cost of less than what we spent in two weeks in Iraq — liberate a country that had been under the yoke of dictatorship for 40 years, got rid of a despot who had killed Americans.And as a consequence, despite this tragedy, you had tens of thousands of Libyans after the events in Benghazi marching and saying, America’s our friend. We stand with them. Now that represents the opportunity we have to take advantage of. And you know, G overnor Romney, I’m glad that you agree thatwe have been successful in going after al-Qaida, but I have to tell you that, you know, your strategy previously has been one that has been all over the map and is not designed to keep Americans safe or to build on the opportunities that exist in the Middle East.MR. ROMNEY: Well, my strategy’s pretty straightforward, which is to go after the bad guys, to make sure we do our very best to interrupt them, to — to kill them, to take them out of the picture. But my strategy is broader than — than that. That’s —that’s important, of course, but the key that we’re going to have to pursue is a — is a pathway to — to get the Muslim world to be able to reject extremism on its own. We don’t want another Iraq. We don’t want another Afghanistan. That’s not the right course for us. The right course for us is to make sure that we go after the — the people who are leaders of these variousanti-American groups and these — these jihadists, but also help the Muslim world.And how we do that? A group of Arab scholars came together, organized by the U.N., to look at how we can help the — the world reject these — these terrorists. And the answer they came up was this.One, more economic development. We should key our foreign aid, our direct foreign investment and that of our friends — we should coordinate it to make sure that we — we push back and give them more economic development.Number two, better education.Number three, gender equality.Number four, the rule of law. We have to help these nations create civil societies.But what’s been happening over the last couple years as we watched this tumult in the Middle East, this rising tide of chaos occur, you see al-Qaida rushing in, you see other jihadist groups rushing in.And — and th ey’re throughout many nations of the Middle East.It’s wonderful that Libya seems to be making some progress, despite this terrible tragedy, but next door, of course, we have Egypt. Libya’s 6 million population, Egypt 80 million population. We want — we want to make sure that we’re seeing progress throughout the Middle East. With Mali now having North Mali taken over by al-Qaida, with Syria having Assad continuing to — or to kill —to murder his own people, this is a region in tumult. And of course Iran on the path to a nuclear weapon. We’ve got real gaps in the region.。
2012年美国总统大选 奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本
2012年美国总统大选：奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本2012年美国总统大选第二场辩论（字幕完整版）Transcript: Second presidential debatePresident Barack Obama and Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney met in Hempstead, New York Tuesday evening for the second of three presidential debates, moderated by CNN Chief Political Correspondent Candy Crowley.CROWLEY: Good evening from Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. I'm Candy Crowley from CNN's "State of the Union." We are here for the second presidential debate, a town hall, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates.CROWLEY: The Gallup organization chose 82 uncommitted voters from the New York area. Their questions will drive the night. My goal is to give the conversation direction and to ensure questions get answered.The questions are known to me and my team only. Neither the commission, nor the candidates have seen them. I hope to get to as many questions as possible.CROWLEY: And because I am the optimistic sort, I'm sure the candidates will oblige by keeping their answers concise and on point.Each candidate has as much as two minutes to respond to a common question, and there will be a two-minute follow-up. The audience here in the hall has agreed to be polite and attentive - no cheering or booing or outbursts of any sort.We will set aside that agreement just this once to welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney.(APPLAUSE)Gentlemen, thank you both for joining us here tonight. We have a lot of folks who've been waiting all day to talk to you, so I want to get right to it.Governor Romney, as you know, you won the coin toss, so the first question will go to you. And I want to turn to a first-time voter, Jeremy Epstein, who has a question for you.QUESTION: Mr. President, Governor Romney, as a 20-year-old college student, all I hear from professors, neighbors and others is that when I graduate, I will have little chance to get employment. What can you say to reassure me, but more importantly my parents, that I will be able to sufficiently support myself after I graduate?ROMNEY: Thank you, Jeremy. I appreciate your - your question, and thank you for being here this evening and to all of those from Nassau County that have come, thank you for your time. Thank you to Hofstra University and to Candy Crowley for organizing and leading this - this event.Thank you, Mr. President, also for being part of this - this debate.College kids all over this country. I was in Pennsylvania with someone who had just graduated - this was in Philadelphia - and she said, "I've got my degree. I can't find a job. I've got three part-time jobs. They're just barely enough to pay for my food and pay for an apartment. I can't begin to pay back my student loans."So what we have to do is two things. We have to make sure that we make it easier for kids to afford college.ROMNEY: And also make sure that when they get out of college, there's a job. When I was governor of Massachusetts, to get a high school degree, you had to pass an exam. If you graduated in the top quarter of your airlines, we gave you a John and Abigail Adams scholarship, four years tuition free in the college of your choice in Massachusetts, it's a public institution.I want to make sure we keep our Pell grant program growing. We're also going to have our loan program, so that people are able to afford school. But the key thing is to make sure you can get a job when you get out of school. And what's happened over the last four years has been very, very hard for America's young people. I want you to be able to get a job.I know what it takes to get this economy going. With half of college kids graduating this year without a college - excuse me, without a job. And without a college level job, that's just unacceptable.And likewise you've got more and more debt on your back. So more debt and less jobs. I'm going to change that. I know what it takes to create good jobs again. I know what it takes to make sure that you have the kind of opportunity you deserve. And kids across this country are going to recognize, we're bringing back an economy. It's not going to be like the last four years. The middle-class has been crushed over the last four years, and jobs have been too scarce. I know what it takes to bring them back, and I'm going to do that, and make sure that when you graduate - when do you graduate?QUESTION: 2014.ROMNEY: 2014. When you come out in 2014, I presume I'm going to be president. I'm going to make sure you get a job. Thanks Jeremy. Yeah, you bet.CROWLEY: Mr. President?OBAMA: Jeremy, first of all, your future is bright. And the fact that you're making an investment in higher education is critical. Not just to you, but to the entire nation. Now, the most important thing we can do is to make sure that we are creating jobs in this country. But not just jobs, good paying jobs. Ones that can support a family.OBAMA: And what I want to do, is build on the five million jobs that we've created over the last 30 months in the private sector alone. And there are a bunch of things we can do to make sure yourfuture is bright.Number one, I want to build manufacturing jobs in this country again. Now when Governor Romney said we should let Detroit go bankrupt. I said we're going to bet on American workers and theAmerican auto industry and it's come surging back.I want to do that in industries, not just in Detroit, but all across the country and that means we change our tax code so we're giving incentives to companies that are investing here in the United States and creating jobs here.It also means we're helping them and small businesses to export all around the world to new markets.Number two, we've got to make sure that we have the best education system in the world. And the fact that you're going to college is great, but I want everybody to get a great education andwe've worked hard to make sure that student loans are available for folks like you, but I also want to make sure that community colleges are offering slots for workers to get retrained for the jobs that are out there right now and the jobs of the future.Number three, we've got to control our own energy. Now, not only oil and natural gas, which we've been investing in; but also, we've got to make sure we're building the energy source of the future, not just thinking about next year, but ten years from now, 20 years from now. That's why we've invested in solar and wind and biofuels, energy efficient cars.We've got to reduce our deficit, but we've got to do it in a balanced way. Asking the wealthy to pay a little bit more along with cuts so that we can invest in education like yours. And let's take the money that we've been spending on war over the last decade to rebuild America, roads, bridges schools. We do those things, not only is your future going to be bright but America's future is going to bright as well. CROWLEY: Let me ask you for more immediate answer and begin with Mr. Romney just quickly what - what can you do? We're looking at a situation where 40 percent of the unemployed have been unemployed have been unemployed for six months or more. They don't have the two years that Jeremy has.What about those long term unemployed who need a job right now?ROMNEY: Well what you're seeing in this country is 23 million people struggling to find a job. And a lot of them, as you say, Candy, have been out of work for a long, long, long time. The president's policies have been exercised over the last four years and they haven't put Americans back to work.We have fewer people working today than we had when the president took office. If the - the unemployment rate was 7.8 percent when he took office, it's 7.8 percent now. But if you calculated thatunemployment rate, taking back the people who dropped out of the workforce, it would be 10.7 percent.We have not made the progress we need to make to put people back to work. That's why I put out a five-point plan that gets America 12 million new jobs in four years and rising take-home pay. It's going to help Jeremy get a job when he comes out of school. It's going to help people across the country that are unemployed right now.And one thing that the president said, which I want to make sure that we understand, he said that I said we should take Detroit bankrupt. And that's right. My plan was to have the company gothrough bankruptcy like 7-Eleven did and Macy's and Condell (ph) Airlines and come out stronger.And I know he keeps saying, you want to take Detroit bankrupt. Well, the president took Detroit bankrupt. You took General Motors bankrupt. You took Chrysler bankrupt. So when you say that I wanted to take the auto industry bankrupt, you actually did.And I think it's important to know that that was a process that was necessary to get those companies back on their feet, so they could start hiring more people. That was precisely what I recommended and ultimately what happened.CROWLEY: Let me give the president a chance.Go ahead.OBAMA: Candy, what Governor Romney said just isn't true. He wanted to take them into bankruptcy without providing them any way to stay open. And we would have lost a million jobs. And that - don't take my word for it, take the executives at GM and Chrysler, some of whom are Republicans, may even support Governor Romney. But they'll tell you his prescription wasn't going to work.And Governor Romney's says he's got a five-point plan? Governor Romney doesn't have a five-point plan. He has a one-point plan. And that plan is to make sure that folks at the top play by a different set of rules. That's been his philosophy in the private sector, that's been his philosophy as governor, that's been his philosophy as a presidential candidate.You can make a lot of money and pay lower tax rates than somebody who makes a lot less. You can ship jobs overseas and get tax breaks for it. You can invest in a company, bankrupt it, lay off the workers, strip away their pensions, and you still make money. That's exactly the philosophy that we've seen in place for the last decade. That's what's been squeezing middle class families.And we have fought back for four years to get out of that mess. The last thing we need to do is to go back to the very same policies that got us there.CROWLEY: Mr. President, the next question is going to be for you here.And, Mr. Romney - Governor Romney - there'll be plenty of chances here to go on, but I want to...ROMNEY: That - that Detroit - that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: We have all these folks.ROMNEY: ... that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: I will let you absolutely...ROMNEY: ... and the rest of the answer, way off the mark.CROWLEY: OK. Will - will - you certainly will have lots of time here coming up.Because I want to move you on to something that's sort of connected to cars here, and - and go over. And we want to get a question from Phillip Tricolla.QUESTION: Your energy secretary, Steven Chu, has now been on record three times stating it's not policy of his department to help lower gas prices. Do you agree with Secretary Chu that this is not the job of the Energy Department?OBAMA: The most important thing we can do is to make sure we control our own energy. So here's what I've done since I've been president. We have increased oil production to the highest levels in16 years.Natural gas production is the highest it's been in decades. We have seen increases in coal production and coal employment. But what I've also said is we can't just produce traditional source of energy. We've also got to look to the future. That's why we doubled fuel efficiency standards on cars. That means that in the middle of the next decade, any car you buy, you're going to end up going twice as far on a gallon of gas. That's why we doubled clean - clean energy production like wind and solar and biofuels.And all these things have contributed to us lowering our oil imports to the lowest levels in 16 years. Now, I want to build on that. And that means, yes, we still continue to open up new areas fordrilling. We continue to make it a priority for us to go after natural gas. We've got potentially 600,000 jobs and 100 years worth of energy right beneath our feet with natural gas.And we can do it in an environmentally sound way. But we've also got to continue to figure out how we have efficiency energy, because ultimately that's how we're going to reduce demand and that's what's going to keep gas prices lower.Now, Governor Romney will say he's got an all-of-the-above plan, but basically his plan is to let the oil companies write the energy policies. So he's got the oil and gas part, but he doesn't have theclean energy part. And if we are only thinking about tomorrow or the next day and not thinking about 10 years from now, we're not going to control our own economic future. Because China, Germany, they're making these investments. And I'm not going to cede those jobs of the future to those countries. I expect those new energy sources to be built right here in the United States.That's going to help Jeremy get a job. It's also going to make sure that you're not paying as much for gas.CROWLEY: Governor, on the subject of gas prices?ROMNEY: Well, let's look at the president's policies, all right, as opposed to the rhetoric, because we've had four years of policies being played out. And the president's right in terms of the additional oil production, but none of it came on federal land. As a matter of fact, oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land, and gas production was down 9 percent. Why? Because the president cut in half the number of licenses and permits for drilling on federal lands, and in federal waters.So where'd the increase come from? Well a lot of it came from the Bakken Range in North Dakota. What was his participation there? The administration brought a criminal action against the peopledrilling up there for oil, this massive new resource we have. And what was the cost?20 or 25 birds were killed and brought out a migratory bird act to go after them on a criminal basis.Look, I want to make sure we use our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear, our renewables. I believe very much in our renewable capabilities; ethanol, wind, solar will be an important part of our energy mix.But what we don't need is to have the president keeping us from taking advantage of oil, coal and gas. This has not been Mr. Oil, or Mr. Gas, or Mr. Coal. Talk to the people that are working in thoseindustries. I was in coal country. People grabbed my arms and said, "Please save my job." The head of the EPA said, "You can't build a coal plant. You'll virtually - it's virtually impossible given our regulations." When the president ran for office, he said if you build a coal plant, you can go ahead, but you'll go bankrupt. That's not the right course for America.Let's take advantage of the energy resources we have, as well as the energy sources for the future. And if we do that, if we do what I'm planning on doing, which is getting us energy independent, North America energy independence within eight years, you're going to see manufacturing jobs come back. Because our energy is low cost, that are already beginning to come back because of our abundant energy. I'll get America and North America energy independent. I'll do it by more drilling, more permits and licenses. We're going to bring that pipeline in from Canada. How in the world the president said no to that pipeline? I will never know.This is about bringing good jobs back for the middle class of America, and that's what I'm going to do.CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me just see if I can move you to the gist of this question, which is, are we looking at the new normal? I can tell you that tomorrow morning, a lot of people in Hempstead will wake up and fill up and they will find that the price of gas is over $4 a gallon.Is it within the purview of the government to bring those prices down, or are we looking at the new normal?OBAMA: Candy, there's no doubt that world demand's gone up, but our production is going up, and we're using oil more efficiently. And very little of what Governor Romney just said is true. We've opened up public lands. We're actually drilling more on public lands than in the previous administration and my - the previous president was an oil man.And natural gas isn't just appearing magically. We're encouraging it and working with the industry.And when I hear Governor Romney say he's a big coal guy, I mean, keep in mind, when - Governor, when you were governor of Massachusetts, you stood in front of a coal plant and pointed at itand said, "This plant kills," and took great pride in shutting it down. And now suddenly you're a big champion of coal.So what I've tried to do is be consistent. With respect to something like coal, we made the largest investment in clean coal technology, to make sure that even as we're producing more coal, we'reproducing it cleaner and smarter. Same thing with oil, same thing with natural gas.And the proof is our oil imports are down to the lowest levels in 20 years. Oil production is up, natural gas production is up, and, most importantly, we're also starting to build cars that are moreefficient.And that's creating jobs. That means those cars can be exported, 'cause that's the demand around the world, and it also means that it'll save money in your pocketbook.OBAMA: That's the strategy you need, an all-of-the-above strategy, and that's what we're going to do in the next four years.ROMNEY: But that's not what you've done in the last four years. That's the problem. In the last four years, you cut permits and licenses on federal land and federal waters in half.OBAMA: Not true, Governor Romney.ROMNEY: So how much did you cut (inaudible)?OBAMA: Not true.ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by, then?OBAMA: Governor, we have actually produced more oil –ROMNEY: No, no. How much did you cut licenses and permits onfederal land and federal waters?OBAMA: Governor Romney, here's what we did. There were a wholebunch of oil companies.(CROSSTALK)ROMNEY: No, no, I had a question and the question was how much did you cut them by?OBAMA: You want me to answer a question –ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by?OBAMA: I'm happy to answer the question.ROMNEY: All right. And it is –OBAMA: Here's what happened. You had a whole bunch of oil companies who had leases on public lands that they weren't using. So what we said was you can't just sit on this for 10, 20, 30 years,decide when you want to drill, when you want to produce, when it's most profitable for you. These are public lands. So if you want to drill on public lands, you use it or you lose it.ROMNEY: OK, (inaudible) –OBAMA: And so what we did was take away those leases. And we are now reletting them so that we can actually make a profit.ROMNEY: And production on private - on government land –OBAMA: Production is up.ROMNEY: - is down.OBAMA: No, it isn't.ROMNEY: Production on government land of oil is down 14 percent.OBAMA: Governor –ROMNEY: And production on gas –(CROSSTALK)OBAMA: It's just not true.ROMNEY: It's absolutely true. Look, there's no question but the people recognize that we have not produced more (inaudible) on federal lands and in federal waters. And coal, coal production is not up; coal jobs are not up.I was just at a coal facility, where some 1,200 people lost their jobs. The right course for America is to have a true all-of-the-above policy. I don't think anyone really believes that you're a personwho's going to be pushing for oil and gas and coal. You'll get your chance in a moment. I'm still speaking.OBAMA: Well –ROMNEY: And the answer is I don't believe people think that's the case –OBAMA: - (inaudible).ROMNEY: That wasn't the question.OBAMA: OK.ROMNEY: That was a statement. I don't think the American people believe that. I will fight for oil, coal and natural gas. And the proof, the proof of whether a strategy is working or not is what theprice is that you're paying at the pump. If you're paying less than you paid a year or two ago, why, then, the strategy is working. But you're paying more. When the president took office, the price of gasoline here in Nassau County was about $1.86 a gallon. Now, it's $4.00 a gallon. The price of electricity is up.If the president's energy policies are working, you're going to see the cost of energy come down. I will fight to create more energy in this country, to get America energy secure. And part of that isbringing in a pipeline of oil from Canada, taking advantage of the oil and coal we have here, drilling offshore in Alaska, drilling offshore in Virginia where the people want it. Those things will get us theenergy we need.CROWLEY: Mr. President, could you address, because we did finally get to gas prices here, could you address what the governor said, which is if your energy policy was working, the price of gasoline would not be $4 a gallon here. Is that true?OBAMA: Well, think about what the governor - think about what the governor just said. He said when I took office, the price of gasoline was $1.80, $1.86. Why is that? Because the economy was on the verge of collapse, because we were about to go through the worst recession since the Great Depression, as a consequence of some of the same policies that Governor Romney's now promoting.So, it's conceivable that Governor Romney could bring down gas prices because with his policies, we might be back in that same mess. What I want to do is to create an economy that is strong, and atthe same time produce energy. And with respect to this pipeline that Governor Romney keeps on talking about, we've - we've built enough pipeline to wrap around the entire earth once.So, I'm all for pipelines. I'm all for oil production. What I'm not for is us ignoring the other half of the equation. So, for example, on wind energy, when Governor Romney says "these are imaginary jobs." When you've got thousands of people right now in Iowa, right now in Colorado, who are working, creating wind power with good-paying manufacturing jobs, and the Republican senator in that – in Iowa is all for it, providing tax breaks (ph) to help this work and Governor Romney says I'm opposed. I'd get rid of it.That's not an energy strategy for the future. And we need to win that future. And I intend to win it as President of the United States.CROWLEY: I got to - I got to move you on –ROMNEY: He gets the first –CROWLEY: - and the next question –ROMNEY: He actually got –CROWLEY: - for you –ROMNEY: He actually got the first question. So I get the lastquestion - last answer –CROWLEY: (Inaudible) in the follow up, it doesn't quite work like that. But I'm going to give you a chance here. I promise you, I'm going to.And the next question is for you. So if you want to, you know, continue on - but I don't want to leave all –ROMNEY: Candy, Candy –CROWLEY: - sitting here –ROMNEY: Candy, I don't have a policy of stopping wind jobs in Iowa and that - they're not phantom jobs. They're real jobs.CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: I appreciate wind jobs in Iowa and across our country. I appreciate the jobs in coal and oil and gas. I'm going to make sure –CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: - we're taking advantage of our energy resources. We'll bring back manufacturing to America. We're going to get through a very aggressive energy policy, 31/2 million more jobs in thiscountry. It's critical to our future.OBAMA: Candy, it's not going to –CROWLEY: We're going to move you along –OBAMA: Used to being interrupted.CROWLEY: We're going to move you both along to taxes over here and all these folks that have been waiting.Governor, this question is for you. It comes from Mary Follano – Follano, sorry.ROMNEY: Hi, Mary.QUESTION: Governor Romney, you have stated that if you're elected president, you would plan to reduce the tax rates for all the tax brackets and that you would work with the Congress to eliminate some deductions in order to make up for the loss in revenue.Concerning the - these various deductions, the mortgage deductions, the charitable deductions, the child tax credit and also the - oh, what's that other credit? I forgot.OBAMA: You're doing great.QUESTION: Oh, I remember.The education credits, which are important to me, because I have children in college. What would be your position on those things, which are important to the middle class?ROMNEY: Thank you very much. And let me tell you, you're absolutely right about part of that, which is I want to bring the rates down, I want to simplify the tax code, and I want to get middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes.And the reason I want middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes is because middle-income taxpayers have been buried over the past four years. You've seen, as middle-income people in this country, incomes go down $4,300 a family, even as gasoline prices have gone up $2,000. Health insurance premiums, up $2,500. Food prices up. Utility prices up.The middle-income families in America have been crushed over the last four years. So I want to get some relief to middle-income families. That's part - that's part one.Now, how about deductions? 'Cause I'm going to bring rates down across the board for everybody, but I'm going to limit deductions and exemptions and credits, particularly for people at the high end, because I am not going to have people at the high end pay less than they're paying now.The top 5 percent of taxpayers will continue to pay 60 percent of the income tax the nation collects. So that'll stay the same.Middle-income people are going to get a tax break.And so, in terms of bringing down deductions, one way of doing that would be say everybody gets - I'll pick a number - $25,000 of deductions and credits, and you can decide which ones to use. Your home mortgage interest deduction, charity, child tax credit, and so forth, you can use those as part of filling that bucket, if you will, of deductions.But your rate comes down and the burden also comes down on you for one more reason, and that is every middle-income taxpayer no longer will pay any tax on interest, dividends or capital gains. No tax on your savings. That makes life a lot easier.If you're getting interest from a bank, if you're getting a statement from a mutual fund or any other kind of investment you have, you don't have to worry about filing taxes on that, because there'llbe no taxes for anybody making $200,000.00 per year and less, on your interest, dividends and capital gains. Why am I lowering taxes on the middle-class? Because under the last four years, they've been buried. And I want to help people in the middle-class.And I will not - I will not under any circumstances, reduce the share that's being paid by the highest income taxpayers. And I will not, under any circumstances increase taxes on the middle-class. The president's spending, the president's borrowing will cost this nation to have to raise taxes on the American people. Not just at the high end.A recent study has shown the people in the middle-class will see $4,000.00 per year in higher taxes as a result of the spending and borrowing of this administration.I will not let that happen. I want to get us on track to a balanced budget, and I'm going to reduce the tax burden on middle income families. And what's that going to do? It's going to help those families, and it's going to create incentives to start growing jobs again in this country.CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor.OBAMA: My philosophy on taxes has been simple. And that is, I want to give middle-class families and folks who are striving to get into the middle-class some relief. Because they have been hit hardover the last decade. Over the last 15, over the last 20 years.So four years ago I stood on a stage just like this one. Actually it was a town hall, and I said I would cut taxes for middle- class families, and that's what I've done, by。
2012美国总统大选电视辩论中的非语言符号传播
众 提问 ， 呈现的是全 身的形象 。
１ 、 目光 朝 向
尼克松 的选举辩 论 ，在 当时共 吸引 了约
６ ６ ０ ０万 观 众 ， 占美 国 人 口 的 ３ ６ ． ８ ％。 在 电
目光的接触 、 交流是信息得 以传递 的
重 要方 式 ， 而 目光 的朝 向在 很 大 程 度 上 显
朝 向 主 持人 ， 只在 最 后 阶段 对 奥 巴马 进 行 质疑时 ， 正面朝向奥巴马。
们用发音器官说话 ， 但我们用整个 身体交
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２ 、 表 情、 情 绪
符 号 的 意 义 ，前 者 指 的 是 符 号 的 物 质 形
了一个关于符号传递信息 的公式 ： 沟通 双 方相互理解 ＝ 语调（ ３ ８ ％） ＋表情 （ ５ ５ ％） ＋语 言 （ ７ ％） ， 表 明了非语言 符号在传 达 信息方面的作用。 借助 于大众传 媒呈现 的辩论 已经 超 越 了语言 、 逻辑 、 观点等 中心性 的内容 ， 它 集合 了人际传播与大众传播 的情境 ， 为观
奥 巴马 辩 驳 时 更 是 紧 盯 着 。 最 后 一 场 辩
息发 出者和信息 接受者 具有潜在 的信 息
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被 称作 非 语 言 符 号 ，例 如 的两位候选人 分
别 是 民 主党 的奥 巴马 和共 和 党 的罗 姆 尼 ，
能 影 响 到 选 民的选 择 。 二、 ２ ０ １ ２美 国 总 统 电 视 辩 论 中 的 非 语 言 符 号 呈 现
向讲 台， 很少用 眼光做 出 回应 ； 在 第二场
回答 现 场 观众 提 问 中 ， 奥 巴马 更 多 地 面 向
【图文】2012年美国总统大选
【图文】2012年美国总统大选10-03总统候选人首场辩论10-03副总统候选人辩论10-03候选人第二场辩论10-03候选人第三场辩论11-06投票开始11-07北京时间11时投票结束2013-01-06参众两院宣布获胜者2013-01-20总统就职典礼滚动图片视频评论奥巴马成绩单谁是罗姆尼罗姆尼PK奥巴马特别报道直击大选结果统计12345看奥巴马如何被镜头“包装”新闻视频更多>>回顾：奥巴马执政的四年直击：奥巴马团队美国各州选情图更多>>11月6日，美国选民将投票选出新一届美国总统，目前大选正式进入投票阶段。
率先赢得270张选举人票者获胜。
图片万花筒更多>>时代封面上的国家表情美国总统从华盛顿到奥巴马，都是《时代周刊》封面上的常客，并形成一道独特的风景。
总统与狗| 选举中的巧合罗姆尼一家|秀场玩家奥巴马图表看大选更多>>社交媒体玩不转，大选难赢“早上起床时穿上裤子的回报是什么？我们不知道。
但我们知道，不这样做是不好的。
”2012年的竞选活动则已步入社交网站的深水区。
290票203票奥巴马获胜连任成功推特发文称“感谢” 评新华网最新快讯：美国总统奥巴马在11月6日(北京时间11月7日)举行的美国大选中获得超过270张选举人票，连任总统成定局。
[详细]策划：奥巴马的为官之道四年大考成绩单选民政治下，美国政界早已形成一套细致入微的为官“表演”之道，吃穿住行皆有讲究。
奥巴马，这个美国政界的“头号演员”有啥为官之道……[详细]奥巴马获胜消息美媒称奥巴马成功连任美总统将发表获胜演讲奥巴马笑谈《江南style》或私下给妻子跳(图)一个美国中产家庭大选投票："当然是奥巴马"奥巴马在重要摇摆州获胜奠定胜选基础(图)一路上他这样走来第一任期内总统人生经历选情消息奥罗最后一刻转战网络社交媒体抢选票6成选民称最关注经济民调存“死穴” 选情变数大罗姆尼自曝只准备胜选演说奥巴马备好两份获胜演说选民不满:奥执政很糟罗姆尼被批“最为虚弱的诺言”大选花絮独家:奥巴马的秘诀会讲故事接地气擅抓民心奥巴马结束最后竞选活动回忆往昔泣不成声(图)4岁女童痛哭称受够美国大选网民盼早日结束奥巴马减少女儿曝光率两千金缺席最后拉票(图)小男孩与奥巴马合照时强吻女同学抢总统风头(图)分析评论秦升祺：奥巴马连任中国更有利大西洋周刊:为何共和党应对罗姆尼当总统心存恐惧华媒评美大选:无论谁当选中美关系基本格局不变FBI与美总统"为敌"近百年总统常处于下风孙哲:美国大选呈现两大特点折射其国家分裂严重美国学者:美国未来对外政策应注重对话与合作290票290票201票203票选情瞭望塔更多>>奥巴马这四年都做了啥？过去四年里，美国勉强度过经济危机，却依旧深陷泥潭。
三次辩论后的美国总统大选
三次辩论后的美国总统大选■ 周 琪 齐 皓／文从2012年9月4日召开的民主党全国代表大会正式提名现任总统巴拉克·奥巴马为总统候选人起，美国总统大选的角逐正式开始。
在此之前8月27日共和党全国代表大会已经正式提名米特·罗姆尼为共和党总统候选人。
在正式竞选的过程中，奥巴马竞选连任的前景始终被人们看好。
根据盖洛普9月10日的民调，奥巴马和罗姆尼的支持率分别为49%和44%, 奥巴马超过罗姆尼5个百分点，其接受提名演讲的受欢迎程度也略高于对手。
另外，民众对奥巴马执政能力的正面评价也从民主党全国代表大会前45%升至50%。
9月24日，路透社与法国益普索民调公司联合发布的民调显示，自民主党全国代表大会以来，奥巴马的支持率稳定地领先于罗姆尼，奥巴马支持率为49%，罗姆尼为43%。
直到三次总统候选人辩论开始之前，奥巴马的民意支持仍高于罗姆尼。
从10月3日到22日，被普遍认为的最有可能决定选举结果的三次总统候选人辩论已经结束。
各种民调显示出，在三次总统候选人辩论之后，奥巴马和罗姆尼的支持率都会发生一些波动。
这些变化既与辩论中两位候选人的表现相关，也受到就业等各种因素的影响。
随着大选最终投票时间的临近，对选民支持率的调查更加具有实际意义。
这其中有两个原因：一是随着三次辩论的结束和投票时间的临近，两位候选人向最广泛的公众展示执政能力的机会已基本用尽，而且在距离投票不到一周的时间内，美国的经济状况很难发生大的变化。
二是在此次大选中，奥巴马一直未能在与挑战者罗姆尼的竞争中取得较大的优势。
尽管绝大多数民主党人仍然对奥巴马获胜充满了信心，而且不少共和党人也承认奥巴马获胜的可能性更大，但在民调支持率如此接近的情况下，奥巴马的胜出并非绝无悬念。
三次辩论的重点2012年10月3日，举行了两位总统候选人之间的第一场辩论，双方将大多数时间用于在政纲细节上的直接交锋，辩论的主题是失业、税收、财政赤字、医保，甚至是华尔街监管等问题，而且在大多数情况下直接切入主题。
2012年奥巴马胜选演讲全文(中英文对照版)
2012年奥巴马胜选演讲全文（中英文对照版）Thank you so much.非常感谢你们。
Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny,the task of perfecting our union moves forward.今夜，在当年的殖民地赢得了决定自己命运的权利200多年以后，让美利坚合众国更加完美的任务又向前推进了一步。
It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people.这一进程是因为你们而向前推进的，因为你们再次确认了那种使美国胜利克服了战争和萧条的精神，那种使美国摆脱绝望的深渊并走向希望的最高点的精神，以及那种虽然我们每个人都在追求自己的个人梦想、但我们同属一个美国大家庭、并作为一个国家和民族共同进退的信仰。
Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.今夜，在此次选举中，你们这些美国人民提醒我们，虽然我们的道路一直艰难，虽然我们的旅程一直漫长，但我们已经让自己振作起来，我们已经发起反击，我们在自己内心深处知道，对美利坚合众国来说，最美好一切属于未来。
2012年美国大选罗姆尼败选演讲全文(中文英文对照)
2012年美国大选罗姆尼败选演讲全文（中文英文对照演说）Mitt Romney’s Concession SpeechNov. 7, 2012.美国总统大选罗姆尼败选演讲2012年11月7日Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, my friends. Thank you so very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.谢谢，谢谢，朋友们。
非常感谢你们。
谢谢。
谢谢。
十分感谢。
I have just called President Obama to congratulate him on his victory. His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations. I wish all of them well, but particularly the president, the first lady and their daughters. This is a time of great challenges for America, and I pray that the president will be successful in guiding our nation.我刚刚已致电奥巴马总统，祝贺他连任成功，同时也祝贺奥巴马的支持者和选举阵营，他们的辛勤努力得到了回报。
我在此祝福他们，并要特别祝福总统及总统夫人，以及他们的2个女儿。
对于美国而言，这是一个充满挑战的时代，而我希望总统先生能够引导美国获得成功。
I want to thank Paul Ryan for all that he has done for our campaign. And for our country. Besides my wife, Ann, Paul is the best choi ce I’ve ever made. And I trust that his intellect and his hard work and his commitment to principle will continue to contribute to the good of our nation.在此，我也要感谢保罗-瑞安为共和党阵营所付出的一切。
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2012 美国总统大选第二场辩论完整版（中文字幕）
2012 美国总统大选第二场辩论完整版（中文字幕）
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论北京时间10月17日在纽约州霍夫斯特拉大学展开。
现任总统、民主党总统候选人奥巴马和共和党总统候选人罗姆尼再一次面对面过招，现场火药味十足。
与首场辩论不同，第二场辩论采取镇民会议的模式，由美国知名民调机构盖洛普公司遴选出尚未决定投票意向的选民参加，并在现场向总统候选人提出问题，问题涵盖内外政策。