测绘工程专业英语(中国地质大学长城学院)
测绘工程专业英语Unit 2
May 2007May 2007
Singapore English
Chinese-style interjections ay yaah! to express surprise or exasperation
ay yor! to express pain or wonder or both
Unit 2
What does “Englishes” here refer to?
---- The title “Englishes” in its plural form refers to the various styles of English.
Each of us works not just with one English but with many Englishes… As for those who speak English, we have
ay yer! indicating a reaction to something unpleasant and maybe unexptected che! expressing irritation or regret
May 2007May 2007
Natalie Knuth / Teresa Mattheß
close meaning 'put off' → Close the light.
Style is….
How Do We Discuss Writing Style?
• And just like we can talk about these other types of style using specific language, such as rap that is broken down into old school, gangsta, hip-hop, etc., writing style can be discussed through a few key factors: • Diction • Syntax • Tone • Use of Figurative Language
测绘工程专业英语Unit 1
Unit 1What Is Geomatics?Geomatics DefinedWhere does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY + GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO-for earth and -MATICS for mathematical or GEO-for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics.It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called " geodesy"or"surveying", and by adding a number of computer science--and/ or GIS-oriented courses. Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment. Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences. Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization (ISO), so it is here to stay.The term "surveyor" is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields. Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis."As a result,both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world's leading universities are being changed to. "Degree in Geomatics". This does not suggest the demise of the term " surveyor" and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogrammetrists,etc. as appropriate to their specialization.In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. As a result, the role of the " surveyor" is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity. In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required. Academic and professional oinstitutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing ,canalyzing and presenting geographically referenced information (geo-spatial data).This broad term applies both to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveyingand oimapping, geodesy,m satellite o positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) , land management, computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.Several terms such as "geomatics,""geomatic engineering," and"geoinformatics" are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information. These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed,and applied. Along with land surveying,photogammetry,remote sensing,and cartography,GIS is an important component of geomatics.Branches of GeomaticsData acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system (GPS)satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry,image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS). Data plotting ( presentation)is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens ( where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory,they are available for use by a wide variety of users. Through the use of modem information technology (IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry,agriculture, planning and development, geology,geographical sciences,infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.Other Definitions of GeomaticsAs defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal Geomatica:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific,administrative, legal and technical operations involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be "the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management.Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earth-based data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies,planning, engineering,navigation,geology (and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data.[ from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis,management,retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems,i1environmental visualisation, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying.[ from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting andmanaging geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays animportant role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land andmarine resources, and real estate transactions.[ from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation , analysis management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth'g physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as:Surveying, Geodesy,Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.[ from the Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania]□ Notes:①测绘学（Geomatics）这个术语最初作为一门学科专业出现于加拿大，在过去几年里已被世界各地众多的高等教育机构所采纳，大多数是由以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”并引入许多计算机科学和地理信息系统方向的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语
测绘工程专业英语1. IntroductionIn the field of surveying and mapping engineering, it is crucial to have a strong command of English, as it plays a vital role in communication and understanding in the international arena. Being able to effectively communicate in English enables surveying and mapping professionals to collaborate with colleagues from different countries, participate in international conferences and seminars, and access a wealth of knowledge and resources in the field. This document aims to provide an overview of the essential English terms and expressions commonly used in the field of surveying and mapping engineering.2. Basic Terminology2.1 Surveying•Survey: The process of measuring and mapping the earth’s surface and features.•Land Survey: The measurement and mapping of land boundaries and features.•Topographic Survey: The measurement and mapping of the earth’s surface features, including natural and man-made elements.•Boundary Survey: The measurement and mapping of land boundaries.•Planimetric Survey: The measurement and mapping of only horizontal features of the earth’s surface.•Control Point: A point with known coordinates used as a reference for other measurements.•Traverse: A series of connected survey lines used to determine the positions of points on the ground.•Total Station: An electronic device used in surveying that combines the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance meter (EDM).2.2 Mapping•Cartography: The science and art of creating maps.•Map: A visual representation of an area, typically on a flat surface.•Topographic Map: A map showing the physical features of an area, such as contours, elevation, and water bodies.•Orthophoto: An aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected to remove distortions.•GIS (Geographic Information System): A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial or geographic data.•Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A 3D representation of the earth’s surface that includes elevation data.•Remote Sensing: The collection of data about the earth’s surface from a distance, usually through the use of satellite or aerial imagery.•LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): A remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distance and create highly accurate elevation models.3. English Expressions3.1 Surveying Expressions•。
测绘专业英语-全面整理
测绘专业英语Absolute error 绝对误差Accident error 随机误差，偶然误差Addition constant 加常数Adverse 不利的，敌对的，相反的Airborne 空气传播，空降的Algebra 代数学Alidade 照准仪Allowance 容许误差Alloy 合金Alter 改变Analog 类似物，相似体Analytical 解析的，分析的Analytical geometry 解析几何Angle closing error of traverse 导线角度闭合差Annexed leveling line 附合水准路线Apportion 分配Appreciate 增值Arbitrary 任意的，武断的，独裁的Artificial 人造的，假的，非原产地Atlantic ocean 大西洋Atmospheric 大气的Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Average error 平均误差Azimuth 方位，方位角Backsight(BS) 后尺Barometer 气压计Barometric leveling 气压水准测量Bearing 方向，方位Bisect 切成两份，对开Blunder 粗差，失误Blur 涂污，污损（名誉等），把（界限，视线等）弄得模糊不清BM(benchmark) 水准点Cadastral surveying 地籍测量Cadastre 地籍簿Calibration 校准，标度，刻度Category 种类，类别Celestial 天上的Celestial sphere 天球Chart 图表，海图Chord 弦长Circumference 圆周，周围Clamp 夹子Clinometer 测角器，倾斜仪Clockwise 顺时针方向的Closed leveling line闭合水准路线Closed loop traverse 闭合环导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增量闭合差Closure / closing error 闭合差Coefficient 系数Coherent 一致的，连贯的Commence 开始，着手Compass 指南针，圆规Compensator 补偿器Compensator level 自动安平水准仪Computer graphics 计算机图形学Connecting traverse 附合导线Conscientious 尽责的Consequence 结果，推理，推论，因果关系Consistency 一致性，连贯性Constant error 常查Control network 控制网Control Point 控制点Control survey 控制测量Counterclockwise 逆时针方向的Crystal 结晶状的，水晶，晶体Curvature曲率，弯曲Demise 死亡，让位，禅让，让渡Departure差异，相差，矛盾Depict 描述，描写Depression Angle 俯角Detail survey 碎部测量Deviation 偏差，偏移Dexterity 灵巧，机敏Diameter 直径Differential leveling 微差水准测量Digitize 将资料数字化Dimensional 空间的Diode 二极管Direct leveling 几何水准测量Distance measurement 距离测量Distance measuring instrument 测距仪Distance-measuring error 测距误差Dwindle 缩小Easting 东西距，朝东方，东行航程EDM（electronic distance measurement）电子测距仪Electromagnetic 电磁的Electromagnetic distance measuring instrument 电磁波测距仪Electronic level 电子水准仪Electro-optical distance measuring instrument 光电测距仪Elevation Angle 高度角Elevation difference 高差Elevation of sight 视线高程Eliminate 消除，排除Ellipsoid 椭圆体Embrace 拥抱Encoder 编码器，译码器Entity 实体Equator 赤道线Error of closure 闭合差Error of focusing 调焦误差Error propagation 误差传播Error propagation 误差传播Error test 误差检验Euclidean space 欧几里得空间Evenly 均匀地，平坦的Evolve 使发展，使进展Expertise 专门技术，专家的意见Explicit 清楚的，外在的Fieldwork 野外工作Fixed error 固定误差Flexibility 适应性，机动性Foresight(FS) 前尺Forestry 林产，森林学，林学Forward intersection 前方交会Fundamental 基本原则Geodesy 大地测量学Geodetic azimuth 大地方位角Geodetic surveying 大地测量学Geodimeter 光电测距仪Geographical 地理学的Geoid 大地水准面Geological survey 地质测量Geology 地质学，地质概况Geomatics 测绘学Geometric 几何的，几何学的Geophysics 地球物理学Geoscience 地球科学Graduated 分级的Gravimetric leveling 重力水准测量Gravitation 地心引力，引力作用Gravity 重力，地心引力Gravity field 重力场Grid bearing 坐标方位角Gross error 粗差Gross error detection 粗差检验Gyro azimuth 陀螺方位角Height of instrument(HI) 仪器高Height of target(HT) 目标高Horizontal Angle 水平角Horizontal circle 水平刻度盘Horizontal control network 平面控制网Horizontal refraction error 水平折光误差Horizontal survey 水平测量Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统Hydrographic 与水道测量有关的Hydrographic survey 水道测量Hydrographic survey 海道测量，水道测量Illustrative 说明性的，例证性的Imagery 肖像，雕刻影像Incorporation 结合，合并Index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差Indexing 标定指数Indication 指出，指示，迹象Inertial 惯性的，不活泼的Informatics 信息学Infrared 红外线的Infrared EDM instrument 红外测距仪Infrastructure 基础下部组织，下部构造，基础设施Initialize 初始化Instrumental error 仪器误差Intercept 截取，中途阻止Intermediate 中间的Intersect 横断，相交，交叉Invar 铟瓦Land management 土地管理Land survey 土地测量，地籍测量（property survey，boundary survey，cadastral survey）Laser distance measuring instrument 激光测距仪Laser level 激光水准仪Laser ranger 激光测距仪Latitude 纬度，范围Law of cosine 余弦定律Law of probability 概率论Law of sines 正弦定律Level 水准仪Level rod 水准尺Light-emitting diode displays（LEDs）发光二极管显示Limit error 极限误差Linear intersection 边交会法Linear-angular intersection 边角交会法Liquid crystal displays（LCDs）液晶显示Longitude 经度Long-range EDM instrument 远程电子测距仪Magnetic azimuth 磁方位角Magnitude 数量，巨大Maintenance 维护，保持Manipulate （熟练地）操作，使用（机器等）Manufacturer 制造业，厂商Marine survey 海洋测量Meridian 子午线，正午，顶点Method by series 方向观测法Method in all combinations 全组合测角法Method of direction observation 方向观测法Micrometer 测微计Microprocessor 微处理器Microwave distance measuring instrument 微波测距仪Mine survey 矿山测量Modulated 以调整的，被调的Monitor 监控Monument 纪念碑Monumentation 埋石Multiplication constant 乘常数Multiply 乘，增加National vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准Navigation 导航，航海Nickel 镍Nominal 名义上的Nominal accuracy 标称精度Northing 北进，北距（向北航行的距离）Observation error 观测误差Obviate 消除，排除，回避Oceanography 海洋学Odometer（汽车等的）里程表Open traverse 支导线Optical leveling 光学水准仪Orthometric 正高的Pacific ocean 太平洋Pacing 步测，定步Particle 粒子，点，微粒Pendulum 钟摆Permanent 永久的Permanent monument 永久标石Perpendicular 垂直的，正交的Personal error 人为误差Pertaining 与…有关系，附属…的Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Pipe survey 管道测量Plane surveying 平面测量学Plane trigonometry 平面三角Plotting 标图，测绘Plumb 铅垂，铅弹Plumb line 铅垂线Practitioner 从业者，开业者Precise ranging 精密测量Preclude 排除Preliminary 初步的，预备的Prerequisite 先决条件Prime meridian 本初子午线Probable error 或然误差Projection 投影，投射Propagate传播，宣传Propagation of error 误差传播Property 所有物，所有权Proportional error 比例误差Proposition 命题，主张Protractor量角器Provision 供应，预备，防备Quadrant 象限，四分仪Quantify 量化，确定数量Quarterly 一年四次的，每季的Radius 半径，范围Random error 随机误差，偶然误差Rangefinder 测距仪Reciprocal 彼此相反的，互惠的，相应的Reference datum 参考基准面Refraction 折光，折射Refraction correction 折光差改正Registration 注册，报到，登记Relative error 相对误差Resection 后方交会Resultant 作为结果而发生的，合成的Retrieval 检索，恢复，修补Revolution 旋转，革命River-crossing leveling 跨河水准测量Route survey 路线测量Satellite laser ranger 卫星激光测距仪Satellite positioning 卫星定位Sensor 传感器Sexagesimal 六十的，六十进位的Sexagesimal system 六十分制Sextant 六分仪Side intersection 侧方交会Sighting distance 视距Sophisticate 弄复杂，篡改Sophistication 复杂，强词夺理，诡辩Specifications of surveys 测量规范Spherical 球形的，球的Spheroid 球状体Spindle 轴，杆Spirit leveling 几何水准测量Spur leveling line 支水准路线Stadia 视距Stadia addition constant 视距加常数Stadia hair 视距丝，视距线Stadia interval 视距间隔Stadia multiplication constant 视距乘常数Standard field of length 长度标准检定场State-of-the-art 先进的，一流的Survey specifications 测量规范Surveying and mapping 测绘Systematic error 系统误差Tacheometry 视距测量Tangent 相切的，切线的Telescope 望远镜Terminate 停止，结束，终止Terrain 地形Theodolite 经纬仪Theory of error 误差理论Thermal 热的，热量的Tolerance 限差Topographic 地势的，地形学上的Topographic survey 地形测量Total length closing error of traverse 导线全长闭合差Traverse 导线，横贯，横断Traverse Angle 导线折角Traverse leg 导线边Traverse network 导线网Traverse Point 导线点Traversing 导线测量Trench 沟渠，管沟Triangle 三角形Triangulateration 边角测量Triangulateration network 边角网Triangulation 三角测量Triangulation network 三角网Trigonometric leveling 三角高程测量Trigonometry 三角法Trilateration 三边测量Trilateration network 三边网True error 真误差True north 真北Two-color laser ranger 双色激光测距仪Vertical Angle 垂直角Vertical circle 垂直度盘Vertical control network 高程控制网Vertical survey 高程测量Visibility 可见度，能见度，显著Visualization 可视化Zenith 天顶，顶点，顶峰Zenith distance 天顶距。
(完整word)测绘专业英语单词
(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 1Geomatics 测绘学Surveying 测量学Geodesy 测地学Geosciences 地球科学Surveying and mapping 测绘学Surveying and mapping engineering 测绘工程Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geodetic network 大地控制网Land Surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetriest 摄影测量员Practitioner 从业者Topographic map 地形图Geographic information system 地理信息系统Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量学Remote sensing 遥感Cartography 地图制图学Computer graphics 计算机图形学Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPS Environmental visualization 环境可视化Geographic information system GIS Geographic referenced information 地理参考信息Landforms 地形Underground geological structure 地下地质构造Hydrology 水文学Mineral resources 矿产资源Topographic maps 地形图Geodynamic phenomena 地球动力学现象Polar motion 极移Crustal motion 地壳运动Earth tides 地球潮汐Sphere 球（体）Spheroid 球体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭圆体，椭球Surveying station 测站Geodetic control points 大地控制点With permanent monuments 永久标志Curved surface 曲面Straight line 直线Plane 平面Precise instrument 精密仪器Reference coordinat e 参考坐标Contour maps 等值线图Three dimensional model 三维模型Analog or digital forms 模拟或数字形式Specialized illustration software 专业插图软件Data acquisition 数据获取Data representation 数据表达Manipulate 处理，操作Data storage 数据存储Data preprocessing 数据预处理Longitude latitude altitude 经度、纬度、高度Regional navigation system 地区导航系统Analog photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量Analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量Digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量Plotter 绘图机Passive remote sensing/active remote sensingFilm photography 胶片Infrared sensors 红外感应Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件Radiometer 辐射计Backscattered 反向散射Passive/active sensor/reflector 被动/主动传感器/反射器Henan polytechnic university Geographic data 地理数据Reference spheroid 参考椭球体Curved surface 曲面Analogy form 模拟模式Radio signal 无线信号Laser 激光(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 2Analog forms 模拟形式Paper plan 平面图Report table 报告表Three dimensional mathematical model 三维数学模型Horizontal and vertical distances 水平距离和垂直距离Determining Elevations 确定高程Direction 方向Location 位置Volume 体积（量）Portray graphically生动描绘Profile/cross section 侧面/横断面Longitudinal section 纵剖面Diagram 图表/示意图Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Digital level 数字水准仪Electronic Distance Measurement （EDM）Total station 全站仪Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影Satellite observation 卫星观测Inertial surveying 惯性测量Laser ranging techniques 激光测距技术Large volume of data 大量数据Rigorous processing 严密加工工艺Field/office work 野外/室内工作Conventional construction engineering projects 传统建设工程项目Property surveying 权属调查Geology 地质学 geophysics地球物理biology生物 agriculture 农业forestry 林业 hydrology 水文oceanography 海洋学Geography地理学Distance measurement 距离测量Linear 线性物 non-Spherical earth 球面地Slant 倾斜Tape 卷尺Telescope view望远镜视场electro-optical distance measuring 光电测距Earth gravity field 地球重力场Plume lines 铅垂线plastic tapes 塑料尺Poly tapes 塑料尺Steel types 钢尺Marking pole 花杆marking pin 测杆spring balance 弹簧秤Collimation axis 视准轴plumb bob 铅锤Invar tapes 因瓦尺Coefficient 系数Metric units 米制单位Foot units 英制单位Metric 公制，米制Meter 米Decimeter 分米Centimeter 厘米Minimeter 毫米Kilometer 千米Tacheometry 视距测量Theodolite tacheometryoptical resolutionOrdinary taping 普通丈量Precise taping 精密丈量Thermal expansion 热膨胀fixed-angle intercept截取一个固定角stadia interval factorstadia system 视距系统level rod 水准尺Plane table 平板仪line of sight 视线horizontal stadia principle 水平视距原理stadia interval 视距间隔 factor 常数stadia hairs 视距丝Principle focus 主焦点detail surveys 碎步测量topographic surveys 地形测量Leveling 水准测量electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪Geodimeter Inc光电测距仪公司terrain conditions 地形条件(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Radio waves 无线电波Identical velocities 相同速度Light velocity 光速Vacuum 真空operational range 测距Microwave systems 微波系统Light wave systems 光波系统Infrared systems 红外系统Wavelength band 波段Transmitted signals 传播信号airborne particles 浮尘Traversing 导线测量Precise taping 精密丈量Curvature 曲率Mean sea level MSLPermanent points/benchmarks 基准参照Trigonometric or indirect leveling 三角高程测量direct or spirit leveling 水准测量stadia leveling 视距测量different leveling 差分水准Point in question 待求点self-reducing tacheometer 自降速测仪Barometric leveling 气压高程测量Gravimetric leveling 重力高程测量mutually perpendicular axes Standard deviations 标准差earth curvature and refraction Annexed leveling line 附和水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线preclude 排除slope distance 斜距vertical angle 竖直角Zenith angle 天顶角National vertical datum 国家高程基准theodolite 经纬仪 transitangles of elevation 仰角 minus anglesangles of depression 俯角 down anglesreciprocal vertical angle observation 垂直角对测degree minute second 度分秒the sexagesimal system 六十进制系统radian 弧度topographic detail points 地形碎部点points to be set out 待放样点clinometer 测角仪/倾斜仪sextant 六分仪compass 罗盘true meridian direction 真子午线方向true north direction 正北方向meridian plane 子午面gyro theodolite 陀螺经纬仪magnetic meridian direction 磁北方向azimuths 方位角coordinate north direction 坐标北方向coordinate axies direction clockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向bearing/orientation 方位、方向quadrant 象限horizontal circle 水平度盘circular protractors 圆形量角器geometric conditions 几何条件astronomic 天文学的,极大的magnetic poles 磁极gauss coordinate system 高斯坐标系coordinate azimuth 坐标方位角meridian 子午圈/线azimuthal projection 方位角投影commencing on 开始face left 盘左bisected bisect 一分为二binary 二进制的horizontal scale 水平度盘比例尺upper plate clamp 上盘制动夹subtract 减法，扣除arbitrary points 任意点primary control 一级控制triangulation 三角法trilateration 三边法intersection 交会法resection 后方交会traversing 导线测量trigonometric proposition 三角定理law of sines 正弦定理(完整word)测绘专业英语单词law of cosines 余弦定理forward intersection 前方交会side intersection 侧方交会steel tapes 钢尺hydrographic surveyspur/stub traverse 支导线geometric closure 几何形状闭合connection/annexed traverse 附合导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Normal calculation 坐标正算inverse calculation 坐标反算Stadia hair 视距丝Cross hair 十字丝Pulse method 脉冲法Phase different method 相差法Modulated light beam 调制光束Dividing scale tape 刻线尺Reflect 反射disperse散射 radiate 辐射Refract折射 diffract 衍射 diffuse 漫射Compensator 补偿器Ralative precision 相对精度Absolute precision 绝对精度Horizontal distance 水平距离Benchmark 水准基准点Alidade 照准部Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Nominal factor 名义因子Construction maps 施工图Air density 空气密度Horizontal braking screw 水平制动螺旋Charpter 3plane trigonometry 平面三角orthogonal projection 正射投影reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面geoid 大地水准面landmass 陆地equipotential surface 等势面theoretical surface 理论面perpendicular 垂直gravity potential 重力势planimetric position 平面位置orthometric heights 正高Geodetic height 大地高semi-major axis 长半径minor axis 短轴plumb bob line 垂线spirit bubble 水准泡horizontalized 使整平flattening 扁率ellipsoidal/geodetic distance 大地距best fitting 最佳拟合global geocentric ellipsoid 全球地心参考系geodetic reference system 1980 大地测量参考系portrary 描绘conformality 正形性at expense of 以牺牲—为代价Arbitrary projection 任意投影Equidistant projection 等距投影Easel plane 承影面Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影Conic projection 圆锥投影Azimuthal/planar projection 方位投影Normal/regular axis tangent conic projection正轴切圆锥投影Normal/regular axis secant conic projection(完整word)测绘专业英语单词正轴割圆锥投影Tangent planar projectionNormal axis tangent planarprojection正轴切面投影Transverse axis tangent planarprojection横轴切面投影Oblique axis tangent planarprojection斜轴切面投影Graticule of normal conic projection 正轴圆锥投影格网Cylinder 圆柱体Gauss kruger projection=conformal（equal angle）transverse tangent elliptic cylindrical projectionUniversal transverse mercator UTM Rules of thumb 经验法则Geodetic datum 大地测量基准World geodetic system 84Standard parallels 标准纬线Meridian 子午线,子午圈，经线Mass anomaly质量异常Geodetic latitude 大地维度Geodetic longitude 大地经度Translation parameter 平移参数Rotation parameter 旋转参数Scale parameter 尺度参数Rotation axis 旋转轴Backsight 后视Leveling rod reading 水准尺读数Height difference 高差Notional leveling origin 国家水准原点Coordinate conversion 坐标转换Smooth surface 光滑表面Normal calculation 正算Normal line 法线Survey specification 测量规范Dimension of the ellipsoid 椭圆的尺寸Chapter 4Direct measurement 直接测量Geometric formulas 几何公式Three broad categories 三大范畴Blunders/mistakes=gross errors Systematic errors 系统误差Magnitude 量级Algebraic sign 代数符号Calibration 校准，标准化Random errors 随机误差Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Law of probability 概率Most probable value 最或然值Points of inflexion 拐点Square root 平方根Probability density function 概率密度函数Normal error distribution curve 正态分布曲线Normal random variable 正态随机变量Frequency histogram 频率直方图Standard deviation 标准差Arithmetic mean 算术平均值Error propagation 误差传播Partial derivative 偏导数Mean square error 中误差Least squares adjustment 最小二乘平差Superfluous measurement 多余测量Instrumental error 仪器误差Redundant measurement 冗余误差Optimal combination 最优组合Matrix/array 矩阵Functional model 函数模型Stochastic model 随机模型Statistical properties 统计特性(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Variance/covariance matrix 方差/协方差矩阵Weighting matrix 权阵Weihted adjustment 加权平差Conditional adjustment 条件平差Parametric adjustment 参数平差Algebraic sum 代数和Geometric check 几何检核Chapter 5Cartography 地图制图学Map compilation 地图编制Map decoration 地图整饰Contour map 等高/值线图Neat line 图表边线Coordinate gratitude/grid 坐标网格Inset 嵌图Bar scale 图解比例尺Thematic map 专题图Topographic map 地形图topological map 拓扑地图Electronic map 电子地图Analytic stereo plotter 解析立体绘图仪Data visualization 数据可视化Image processing 图像处理Spatial analysis 空间分析Specialized illustration software 专门插图软件Laser rangefinders 激光测距仪Computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计VectorRasterGeometrical principles 几何原理Geospatial information 地理空间信息Zoom in 放大 out 缩小Graphic scale bar 图解比例尺Map page space 图面空间C++ application programming interface API Chapter 6Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPSOrbital plane 轨道平面Orbital altitude 轨道高度Medium earth orbit /MEO 中地球轨道Carrier wave 载波Absolute positioning 绝对定位Relative positioning 相对定位Static positioning 静态定位Dynamic positioning 动态定位Base station 基站Real time kinematic RTK 实时动态定位Antenna 天线Post processing 后处理Ground based transmitter 地面发射机Geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道GPS receiver GPS接收机Monitor station 监控站Mobile /Roving station 流动站Differential GPS。
测绘工程专业英总语总结
Unit 1Geomatics: The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geo-spatial data.Unit 2Difference between Geodetic surveying and Plane surveying:Geodetic surveying: The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying.Plane surveying: The type of surveying in which the mean surface of earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvatureof the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying.All in all, The main difference of geodetic surveying and plane surveying is weather the curvature of the earth is taken into account.Unit 3How many methods can be used to measure the distance?1、pacing and odometer2、ordinary taping and precise taping3、tacheometry and stadia4、Electronic distance measurement(EDM)Definition of following words:1、tacheometry:By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying thestadia interval factor K by the stadia interval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to principal focus.2、Stadia:The difference between the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope.EDM how to work?EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves. They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or measuring the phase difference between transmitted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source. Unit 4A vertical line : A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.A horizontal line : A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point.A horizontal plane :A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point.A vertical plane : A vertical plane at the point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the point.How to do Angle measurement?(horizontal angle measurement)With the theodolite set up, centered, and leveled over at station A, then a simple horizontal angel measurement between surveying point B,A and C would be taken as follows:1、Commencing on ,say, “face left”, the target set at survey point B is carefully bisected(平分) and record the reading on horizontal scale m.2、The upper plate clamp is released and telescope is turned clockwise to survey point C. Record the reading on horizontal circle n.3、The horizontal angle is then the difference of the two directions.4、Change face and observe point C on “face right”, and note the reading.5、Release upper plate and swing counterclockwise to point B and note the reading.6、The reading or the direction must be subtracted(做减法)in the same order.7、The mean of two values would be accepted if they are in acceptable agreement.Unit 5What is Triangulation?The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three anglesof a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines. Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known,the direction of the remaining sides can be determined. And then coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.The difference between open traverse and closed traverse:Open traverse: An open traverse originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position, and terminates(终止) at a station whose relative position is not previously known.Closed traverse: A closed loop traverse, as the name implies forms a continuous loop enclosing(包围) an area. This type of closed traverse starts at assumed horizontal position or at a known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum and ends at the same point.Unit 6Difference in elevation may be measured by the following methods:1、Direct or spirit leveling, by measuring vertical distance directly.2、Indirect or trigonometric leveling, by measuring vertical angels and horizontal or slope di stances.3、Stadia leveling, in which vertical distance are determined by tacheometry(视距测量) using engineer’s transit and level rod; plane-table and alidade and level rod; or self-reducingtacheometer and level rod.4、Barometric leveling（气压水准测量）, by measuring the differences in atmospheric pressure at various stations by means of barometer(气压计)5、Gravimetric leveling(重力水准测量), by measuring the differences in gravity at various stations by means of a gravimeter(重力仪) for geodetic purposes.6、Inertial(惯性) positioning system(惯性定位系统),in which an inertial platform has tree mutually（互相地）perpendicular （正交的；垂直的）axes(轴),，one of which is “up”, so thatthe system yields elevation as one of the outputs.7、GPS survey elevations are referenced to the ellipsoid but can be corrected to the datum if a sufficient number of points with datum elevations are located in the region surveyed.Spirit leveling: Spirit leveling which means measuring the vertical distance directly. By using this method, we can determine differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other by using a surveyor’s level together with a graduated measuring rod.Detail:Known: the elevation of A[Ha]，back rod reading[a],front rod reading[b]Unknown: the elevation of B[Hb]Result: Hb=Ha+a-b;Trigonometric leveling: This method is to measure the slope distances and vertical angle to the point in question. Then using the law of sines to calculate the elevation of these two points.Unit 7Total station: A total station is the most commonly used instrument now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that captures all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional information.Advantages of Robotic Total Station:For all the complex eleUnit 8The sources of errors:1、Instrumental errors: These errors are caused by imperfections in instrument construction or adjustment.2、Natural errors: These errors are caused by variation in the surrounding environment conditions.3、Personal errors: These errors arise due to limitation in human senses.Mistake: Mistakes or blunders(粗差)actually are not errors because they usually are so gross(大) in magnitude(数量) compared to systematic errors and random errors.Systematic errors: Systematic errors are defined as those errors whose magnitude and algebraic(代数)sign can be calculated and applied as a correction to measured quantity ,or these errors follow some physical law and thus can be predicted.Random errors: Random (also known as accident) errors are introduced into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as well as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on measurements.Unit 9Random follow the following empirical rules:1、A random error will not exceed a certain amount2、Positive and negative random errors may occur at the same frequency.3、Errors that are small in magnitude are more likely to occur than those that are larger in magnitude.4、The mean of random errors tends to zero as the sample size tends to infinite.Mean: The concept of mean refers to the most probable value of the random data. The mean is defined as the numerical value that equal total number of observations in the sample divide the sample size.Standard deviation: Standard deviation is a numerical value indicating the amount of variation about a central value.Unit 10Precision: The degree of refinement in the performance of an operation, or the degree of perfection in the instruments and methods used to obtain a result, or an indication of the uniformity(一致性) or reproducibility（再现性）of a result.Accuracy: The degree of conformity(一致性) of final measured value, with respect to the true value as defined by accepted standard(the “truth”).The difference between precision and accuracy:Precision is a relative grouping without regard to the nearness to the truth, whilst the accuracy denotes(表示) absolute(绝对的) nearness to the truth.More generally, Accuracy is telling the truth… Precision is telling the same story over and over again.。
测绘工程专业英语 (2)
测绘工程专业英语1. Introduction测绘工程是一门综合性较强的学科，需要使用专业的英语术语来进行交流和沟通。
本文将介绍一些与测绘工程相关的常用英语词汇和表达，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用专业英语。
2. Surveying and Mapping 测绘2.1 Surveying 规划测量•Geodetic surveying大地测量•Cadastral surveying (land) 地籍测绘•Engineering surveying工程测量•Topographic surveying地形测量•Control surveying控制测量•Hydrographic surveying水文测量•Deformation monitoring变形监测2.2 Mapping 制图•Cartography制图学•Digital mapping数字制图•Geographic information system (GIS)地理信息系统•Remote sensing遥感•Image interpretation图像解译•Orthophoto正射影像•Contour lines等高线•Land cover classification土地覆盖分类3. Instruments and Equipment 仪器设备•Theodolite经纬仪•Total station全站仪•GPS receiver GPS接收机•Levels水准仪•Laser scanner激光扫描仪•Data collector数据采集器•GIS software GIS软件•Mapping software制图软件4. Measurements 测量数据•Distance measurement距离测量•Angle measurement角度测量•Coordinate measurement坐标测量•Elevation measurement高程测量•Height measurement高度测量•Area measurement面积测量•Volume measurement体积测量5. Data Analysis 数据分析•Data processing数据处理•Error analysis误差分析•Statistical analysis统计分析•Spatial analysis空间分析•Data visualization数据可视化•Interpolation插值•Extrapolation外推•Regression analysis回归分析6. Project Management 项目管理•Survey project planning测量项目规划•Budget estimation预算估算•Resource allocation资源分配•Scheduling进度安排•Quality control质量控制•Risk assessment风险评估•Project documentation项目文档7. Conclusion本文介绍了一些与测绘工程专业相关的英语词汇和表达，涵盖了测绘、制图、仪器设备、测量数据、数据分析和项目管理等领域。
测绘工程专业英语（5篇）
测绘工程专业英语（5篇）第一篇：测绘工程专业英语From the discussion thus far it can be stated with absolute certainty that all measured values contain errors , whether due to lack of refinement in reading , instrumental imperfection or human limitations.Some of these errors result from physical conditions that cause them to occur in systematic way , whereas others occur with apparent randomness.Accordingly , errors are classified as either systematic or random.But before defining systematic and random errors , it is helpful to define mistakes.These three terms are defined as follows:1、Mistake.Mistake or blunders(gross errors)actually are not errors because they usually are so gross in magnitude compared to the other two types of errors.Carelessness , inattention , improper training , bad habits ,poor judgement , adverse measuring or observing conditions , and various negative attitudes and emotions are the traces or the common reasons for mistakes.They are not classified as errors and must be removed form any set of observations.Typical example of mistakes are omitting a whole tape length when measuring distance , sighting the wrong target in a round of angles , writing down 27.55 for 25.75 in recording.Therefore great care must be taken to obviate themMistakes will never be completely eliminated from measurements , but surveyor's careful , attentive , conscientious attitude can reduce the mistakes in most cases.Through proper training and development of good work habits , development and maintenance of positive attitudes , and understanding the theory and practically eliminated.2、systematic errors.Systematicerrors are defined as those errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be calculated and applied as a correction to the measured quantity , or these errors follow some physical law and thus can be predicted.Some systematic errorsare removed by some correct measurement procedures(e , g, , balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling to compensate for earth curvature and refraction).Others are removed by deriving corrections based on the physical conditions that were responsible for their creation(e ,g , applying a computed correction for earth curvature and refraction on a trigonometric leveling observation).Surveyors should know how to deal with systematic errors.The first requirement is to recognize and accept the possible existence of errors.Next , identify the various sources that might be affecting a reading systematically , then , determine what the system is.Is it a constant , linear, or in proportion to the size of the quantity being measured ? Or , does it follow some other mathematical relationship ? Is there some physics involved ? Once systematic errors discovered and quantified , the errors can be essentially compensated by certain processes of measuring or correctedto reduce their effect.Careful calibration of all instruments is an essential part of controlling systematic errors3、Random errors.Random(also known as a accident)errors are introduce into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as well as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on measurements.After all mistakes and systematic errors have been removed from the measured values , the random errors remain.In general , random errors are unavoidable and relatively small.They usually do not follow any physical law , but it can be deal with and estimatedaccording to the mathematical laws of probability.Examples of random errors are(a)imperfect centering over a ground point during distance measurement with an EDM instrument ,(b)bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read , and(c)small errors in reading graduated scales Understanding the nature of random errors helps to understand why random errors never reallyfully corrected , since the observation of the physical phenomena contains personal , random errors.Thus , measurement have “uncertainties” or random errors that remain unquantifiable.Random errorsare dealt with by controlling or managing them.It is a quality control process.They cannot be corrected or eliminated , only minimized and controlled.第二篇：测绘工程专业英语课后词汇(精华版)（共）Absolute error 绝对误差addition constant 加常数aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量Adjustment of observations ,surver adjustment 测量平差annexed leveling line 附合水准路线Angle closing error of traverse导线角度闭合差as-built survey 竣工测量atomic clock 原子钟 Attribute date属性数据average error平均误差backsight（BS）后尺BM benchmark 水准基点 Bridge survey 桥梁测量Closed loop traverse 闭合环导线 closed leveling line 闭合水准路线 clock error 钟差Closed traverse 闭合导线construction control network施工控制网 construction survey 施工测量 control network控制网 control point 控制点control survey 控制测量data capture 数据采集 data transfer 数据转换depresson angle 俯角detail survey 碎部differential leveling 微差水准测量 detail image 数字影像direct /spirit leveling 几何水准测量distance measuring instrument，rangefinder 测距仪electronic leveltheodolite电子水准elctro-optical distance measuring instrument 广电测距仪elevation angle 高度角 elevation difference 高差engineering control network 工程控制网 engineering survey 工程测量error of closure ,closing error,closure闭合差Error propagation，propagation of error误差传播Free intersection 自由设站法 Geodesy 大地测量学Geodetic coordinate system 大地坐标系 Geodetic/ellipsoidal height 大地高Geographic information system 地理信息系统Geoid 大地水准面 Geomatics 测绘学Global positioning system 全球定位系统GPS constellation GPS星座，GPS receiverGPS接收机 Gross error 粗差Height of instrument HI 仪器高Height of target HT 目标高Horizontal angle 水平角Horizontal control network平面控制网 Horizontal survey 水平/平面测量Level（rod）水准仪（尺）Map projection 地图投影Master control station 主控站 Monitor station 监控站Multipath effect 多路径效应Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Raster data 栅格数据Realtime differential correction实时差分改正Reference datum 参考基准面Stadia addition constant 视距加常数 Stadia hair（interval）视距丝（间隔）Topographic survey 地形测量Total station 全站仪Traverse point 导线点 Traversing 导线测量Trigonometric leveling 三角高程测量Vertical angle 垂直角Vertical circle 垂直度盘第三篇：《测绘专业英语》教学大纲测绘专业英语Survey Specialty English一、课程性质㈠、教学对象：工程测量专业三年级学生㈡、建议学时、学分：24学时㈢、开课学期：三年级上学期二、课程内容、培养目标㈣、课程内容《测绘专业英语》课程的开设，是为了使学生在基础英语学习和测绘专业课程的基础上加强和提高对专业科技英语的阅读能力和使用能力，特别是使学生熟练掌握测绘学科范畴之内的基本词汇，习惯用法，能够阅读一些简单的测绘科技文献、测绘专业英文书籍、测绘仪器使用说明书，具备一定的测绘专业科技英语的阅读能力、翻译能力及写作能力。
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一、名词解释：1、Surveying (测量学）is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of Earth that,on drawing them to scale natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.2、Plane surveying （平面测量)is of wide scope and utility,and its methods are e mployed in the vast majorit y of surveys undertaken for various purposes,such as en gineering ,architectural,legal,c ommercial,scientific,geograph ical,exploratory,military,and n avigational.3、Geodetic surveys（大地测量）are usually of a nati onal character,occasionally w orks of international coopera tion,and they are undertaken as basis for the production of accurate maps of wide areas.4、Leveling（水准测量) is t he general term applied to a ny of the various processes by which elevations of point s or differences in elevation are determined.5、The theodolite （经纬仪）is an instrument designed for the measurement of hori zontal and vertical angles.It is the most precise instrume nt available for such observ ations,and is of wide applica bility in surveying.6、A traverse（导线）is a series of consecutive lines whose lengths and directions have been determined from field measurements7、Traversing(导线测量）,the act of establishing traverse stations and making the ne cessary measurements,is one of the most basic and wid ely practiced means of deter mining the relative locations of points.8、Azimuths（方位角）are measured clockwise from th e north end of the meridian through the angle points. 9、Topographic surveys（地形测量）are made to deter mine the configuration (relie f) of the earth’s surface and to locate natural and cultur al features on it.10、A topographic map（地形图）is a large scale repres entation of a portion of theEarth’s showing culture, relief, hydrography, and perhaps vegetation.11、Systematic-Error(系统误差）:These-errors conformto mathematical and physical laws.Their magnitude maybe constant or variable depending on conditions.12、Radom error(偶然误差）：These are errors that remain after mistakes and systematic errors have been eliminated.13、Precision(精度)refers to the degree of refinementor consistency of a group of measurements.14、Accuracy(准确度）which denotes the absolute nearness of measured quantities to their true values.二、填空1、The metal case is attached to some part of the instrument in such a way as topermit some (adjustment) of the position.2、Transits,are instrumentswhich ..... Along the verticalplane (altitude) as well asthe horizontal plane (azimuth).3、These instruments are (tripods),plane tables,(level rods),chains,and (tapes).4、As can be observed ,EDM systems are made up ofthree components-(a transmitter),(a reflector),and (a receiver).5、....the telescope must becapable of rotation about a(horizontal axis),for measurement of horizonal angles,the instrument must be rotatedabout a (vertical axis).6、There must be an (indexmark) on the rotating part,placed so that readings canbe taken against it on the(graduated circle).7、.....the observer operatesa setting device to obtain a(mean reading) free from(eccentricity error).8、If the (plumb bob) is not over the point,the (centering screw) can be loosenedand the.......9、These notes include directions.....stations with (fourdifferent positions).Two readings were taken on each position (one with the telescope normal or direct and onewith the instrument (reversed or plunged)).10、The line is determinedby a telescope with the usual components consisting of(object glass),(focusing arrangement),(diaphragm withcross-lines), and (eye-piece).11、A level fitted with (horizontal circle) and (stadia lines) can be used to make acomplete (three-dimensional) survey of a limited area round the instrument.12、Levels are used to obtain the direct measurement of （height differences）between two points.13、Which transmit either (modulated laser) or (infrared light) having wavelengths within or slightly beyondthe ......14、Which transmits (microwaves) with (frequencies) in the range of 3 to 35GHZcorresponding to wavelength of about 1.0 to 8.6 mm.15、The methods used in measuring angles or directionsof traverse lines vary,and include (compass bearings），（interior angles),(deflection angles),(angles to the right),(azimuths).16、The instrument is oriented at each station by (backsighting) on the previous point with （the back bearingset) on the plates.17、(Electronic devices) and (taping) are used most often and provide the highestorder of accuracy.18、On construction work,(allowable limits of closure)depend on the use and extent of the traverse and typeof project.Bright location, for example ,demands a highdegree of precision.19、Vertical control is provided by bench marks in or near the tract to be surveyed.It becomes the foundation for correctly portraying reliefon a map,A （vertical control net)is established by (lines of levels）starting fromand closing on bench marks.三、翻译：1、It is convenient to considerthat a bubble tube has anaxis,which may be taken as astraight line parallel to the freesurface of the liquid when thebubble is in the centralposition determined by thegraduation marks.当气泡处于分划线所确定的中心位置时，我们可以很容易想像水准管有一个轴，这个轴可以看作是一条与液体的自由表面平行的直线。