英语国家概况Chapter5
英语国家概况-5
LOGO
• •
大前提 - 小前提 - 结论 演绎推理
LOGO
• 辩证逻辑注重人的主体能动性，始终让人参与其中，在正 反两个方面，或者若干不同的类别中间进行反复比较、鉴 别、综合，从而得出结论。
– 归纳推理 – 辩证逻辑的另一特点是重视检验的价值，但中国传统文化又将经验神秘化的倾向。 西方自古就有“知识都能用语言表达” 的信条；但中国上古思想界普遍有“书不 尽言，言不尽意” 和 “道可道，非常道”。
BrotherBrother-Brother
Man---Ethics The Core Values in Confucianism Zhong (Loyalty) Jie (Chastity)
Xiao (Filial Piety) Li (Rites)
Xin (Faithfulness)
二元对立 • {1:26} And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle,and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
Basic Views of Confucianism
LOGO
• Emphasis on the formation of the proper society and the establishment of ethical standards. • Emphasis on self-cultivation (gentlmen; man with good tatste)
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 5
state system—11-year compulsory education 5-11: primary schools (co-educational/ mixed schools)
11-16: secondary schools
(most are comprehensive schools) GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)
Comprehensive schools
• introduced in the 1960s. • The purpose of the comprehensive school is to democratize education and provide equal opportunity for all children.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Primary and Secondary Education State System (Cont.)
“sixth form” (2 years)
Primary and Secondary Education
A-levels
The A-level, or “Advanced Level” is a grade of education that is offered by educational institutions such as schools and colleges and is an accepted form of qualification. A-levels are generally a two-year course, with AS levels being obtained within the first year. A-levels are usually taken after successful completion of a previous level of course, such as GCSEs.
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第五章
第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire （1688-1990）⼤英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党⼈和托利党⼈These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution （1688）。
这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣⾰命。
The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党⼈是指那些反对绝对王权，⽀持新教徒宗教⾃由权利的⼈。
辉格党⼈在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党⼈组盟组成⾃由党。
The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党⼈是指那些⽀持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的⼈。
托利党是保守党的前⾝。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业⾰命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results：18世纪末、19世纪初的农业⾰命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放⽥地”制结束。
英语国家概况-英国Unit 5 Judiciary
2. Source of Law
Common law Statute law European Union Law
2.1 Common law 习惯法
Developed over the centuries through court decisions but unmodified in previous legal cases, called precedents 判例 Different from written codes derived from Roman law
3.1 Criminal courts
Minor criminal offenses: summary offences （轻罪/违纪） simple theft or vandalism(故意损害） heard in local magistrates‘ courts either by 3 lay magistrates (Justics of the Peace, JPs) or a professional stipendiary magistrate（治安 官）
England, Wales and Northern Ireland: common law system Scotland: a hybrid system—the common law and the civil law system England and Wales: one court system—the principal one in the UK The immigration, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal‘s jurisdiction ---to the whole of the UK
英语国家概况BritishChapter5Edu
Stanford University
A top ranked research university in the United States, known for its strength in engineering, computer science, and the sciences
Education Reform and Development Trends
• Interdisciplinary approach: There is a growing recognition of the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to education, with schools and universities sourcing students to study a broad range of subjects to develop a more theoretical understanding of the world
The UK is popular for its royal family and has a royal palace, Buckingham Palace, which is a symbol of the country's history and culture
The UK is also known for its museums, galleries, and teachers, such as the British Museum, the National Gallery, and the Royal Shakespeare Company
• Higher Education: Competitions of universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as professional qualifications
英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案(全部)
判断题Chapter 11.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(F)2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flowsthrough western England.(T)3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F)5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotlandoften falls below -10℃ in January . (F)6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T)7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16thcentury.(F)Chapter 21.British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T)3.The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F)4.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)5.HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)6.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and thetownspeople.(F)7.The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British andthe Vikings for trade and territory.(F)8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, QueenElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T)Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of theBritish government.(T)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties inParliament.(F)8.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar interms of law, organization and practice.(T)Chapter 41.British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems thatprevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)4.Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the Britisheconomic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old LaborParty and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics from economicpolicy.(T)7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain.(T)Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independentsystem.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSEexamination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famousuniversities than those from independent schools.(T)6.The Times is the wo rld’s oldest Sunday newspapers.(F)7.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)8.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christian calendar,and some others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory.(F)2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.(T)3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line.(T)4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywoodand Disneyland are located here.(F)6.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.(T)7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.(T)8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.(T)Chapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation DesertStorm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)6.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)7.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)8.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)Chapter 101.The Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the SupremeCourt, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)6.The American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)7.The American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)4.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in theearly 1930s.(F)5.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)6.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)7.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)8.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreigntrade.(F)Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3. After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)4.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern forits size, location and academic quality.(T)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)6.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)7.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through theefforts of two reporters.(F)8.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)选择题Chapter 1 ABDC DACC1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2.is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 DDCC ABAC1. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 3 CDBA BBDC1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the followingbranches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 4 ACDC DBAC1. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%5.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland6.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned8.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end ofWord War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry Chapter 5 DCBB CCDA1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by theintroduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About of British children receive primary and secondary education through theindependent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining fundsfrom all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with theexception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 millionviewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7.is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 8 BCAB CDAD1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlanticto its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in .A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6.San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to .A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularlyfrom .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8.The characteristic of the dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 9 CCDB CACD1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a nationalgovernment.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms ofPresidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 10 BCBD CCDC1. The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 11 BCBD CCDC1. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually, to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5.The following in ventions took place during the “second industrial revolution” except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like the followingexcept .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 12 CBBB CBBB1. Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the followingexcept .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6.is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its seriousattitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th第三大题Chapter 11.Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?√They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?√√----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.3. Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.Chapter 21.What were Queen Victoria’s major achievements?Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce. During her reign, Britain developed into an empire including about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’s landmass.2.What were the two camps in World WarⅠ?√In WorldⅠthe two camps were the Central Powers-mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Allies-mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and from 1917,the United States.3.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ?Britain cooperated closely with the United States after World WarⅡsince they were allied during World WarⅡand shared the same concerns about the Soviet Union.Chapter 51.What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools inBritain?Grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas vocational schools were to help the less successful students to learn a trade.2.What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and more practical subjects like cooking andcarpentry.3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4.What role does the media play in British leisure culture?The media plays an essential role in Britain leisure culture since it helps to shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.Chapter 81.How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the so uth also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to w ork for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs aw ay from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.Chapter 91.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II? √√Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equip ment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3.What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to e ncourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as t o reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.Chapter 101.What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the federal government and of the state governments are specified in the Constitution.2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old,a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . A representative should be at least 25 years old anda U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3.What are the major powers of the Supreme Court in the USA？√√a)to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national lawsd)may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.4.What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of politicalopinions?Generally speaking, the Democrats Party has a liberal ideology, while the Republicans Party is more conservative.The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emp hasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a str ong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that t he government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose co mplete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.Chapter 111.What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew .a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyardsto build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2.How did the civil war affect the American economy? √√After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,s urged ahead.3.Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not onl y advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.Chapter 121.How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2.What functions do American higher education institutions perform?。
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
第五章英帝国的兴衰Ⅰ.辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。
(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。
他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。
他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。
他们想严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。
他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。
议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。
他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。
议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。
他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。
激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。
本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。
他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。
任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。
激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)教材的配套题库(第五章 英帝国的兴衰The Rise and
第五章英帝国的兴衰The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-Present)Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.After World WarⅡ,the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were______and______.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan;India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。
2.British political parties date from the_____century,when the_____and the_____ parties appeared during the time of the Revolution of1688.【答案】17th;Whig;Tory【解析】英国政党始于17世纪，在1688年革命时期出现了辉格党和托利党。
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
3.The Whigs and the Tories originated from the Glorious Revolution became_____ in the mid-19th century.【答案】the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party【解析】辉格党（Whigs）和托利党（Tories）源于光荣革命。
辉格党后来发展成为自由党，托利党后来发展成为保守党。
Ⅱ.Answer the following questions.1.Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain?【答案】Because Britain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are:the accumulation of capital;the development of capitalistic farming;the appearance of a labor reserve;and the expansion of markets,domestic and foreign.2.How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?【答案】The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval.It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.New cities came into being;population increased;the home market was enlarged.The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market.A factory system was established.Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.Two conflicting classes were born.3.How would you contrast the British Liberal and Conservative parties between 1860and1890?（对外经贸大学2001研）【答案】In Britain,two-party system has been practiced over a long period of time.In the 17th century,there emerged the Whig Party and the Tory Party.These two parties developed into the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party respectively in the mid-19th century.Then the two new parties took turns in office until the early20th century.Both of them stood for the interests of the capitalist class.However,the Liberal Party abided by liberalism and asked for free trade as well as free government,while the Conservative Party stuck to conservatism in order to meet the needs of political and economic development.4.Explain and analyze Britain’s foreign policy principles after World WarⅡ.（北外2009研）【答案】Its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.More important to Britain in the day to day running of its affairs is its membership in the EU.Britain joined the European Economic Community in1973,which is now called the EU.Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become.The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its nationalsovereignty to a European government.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States.During World War Two,the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years,because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation.Even today,British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects.However,Britain’s special relationship with the United States has gone through many ups and downs.The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States.What’s more,the contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy makers is its history.Because British lost its empire so recently,British policy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.They tend to retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power.The Britain is still tightly tied with the Commonwealth,which was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Most of Britain’s foreign aid goes to the Commonwealth members.Another influence upon the British foreign policy is geopolitical factor.Britain is an island state,and this is considered an important psychological factor which has influenced Britain’s economic and military development.It also created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants.。
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Higher Education (Cont.)
Q. What’s the difference between time range required for degrees in British higher education system and the time range in Chinese higher education system?
• It is also known as the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.
Chapter 5 Education, Media and
Holidays
英 语 国 家 概 况
CONTENT
I
Education
II
Media
III Holidays and Festivals
I
Education
Educational Policy Educational System
Educational Policy
3 to 5 years
Famous Universities (Cont.)
• Oxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge.
Oxford Crest
Cambridge Crest
• Late 18th and early 19th century
Reasons: 1. The British economy began to industrialize; 2. The democratic franchise民主选举权 was
extended; (politics) 3. Literacy levels rose because of mass education.
▪primary ▪secondary ▪further education ▪higher education
Elementary and Secondary Education
• Two parallel school systems:
▪State system—local authority maintained 93%
The Guardian
• Known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper
• Founded in 1821, it is known for its left-ofcentre political stance
❖ “sixth form” (2 years)
▪ A-levels (General Certificate of Education—Advanced)
—for universities admittances
▪ GNVQs (General National Vocational Qualifications)
▪ Better funded ▪ Better teachers ▪ Better facilities ▪ Better chance to enter famous universities
Eton
• The royal family thinks the school is just the place for Wills. In this selfcontained world, titles confer no privileges, and the prince is probably not the only boy with a bodyguard. Foreign leaders’ children and scions (子孙) of Greek shipping magnates bring them along too. "William is as near to normal at Eton as someone in his position won't to be. Many people there are richer than he is. There are many people whose family relationships are even more complex than his."
Prince William Eton
Higher Education
• Recruitment base on:
– Grades of A-levels – School references – Interview
• Mostly funded by central government grants ▪ Except Buckingham University BPP University College
Newspapers (Cont.)
Two categories
• The “quality press” or “broadsheets”
– “Big Three”
• The Times—in-depth article, well-educated audience
• The Guardian—left wing • The Daily Telegraph
▪Compulsory in state school ▪Optional in independent school
Elementary and Secondary Education
State System
• state system—11-year compulsory education
– 5-11: primary schools (co-educational/ mixed schools)
Higher Education (Cont.)
❖ Buckingham University is the privately-financed university in UK, where students can finish 3 years’ courses in two years, and its curriculum changes flexibly according to market demands
Turing The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and James D. Watson
II
Media
Newspapers Television and Broadcast
Functions of the Media
• information about political and social issues;
Many of the most important scientific discoveries and revolutions were made by Cambridge alumni [校友]. These include:
The laws of motion, by Sir Isaac Newton The discovery of the electron, by J. J. Thomson The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish Evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin The Turing machine, the basis of modern computers, by Alan
• Compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16
• Comprehensive schools introduced in the 1960s
• National Curriculum introduced in 1988 • Four stages:
The Daily Telegraph
• Founded in 1855 • it is a daily morning
broadsheet newspaper distributed throughout the UK and internationally • center-right and conservative stance
The Observer
• published every Sunday
• first appeared in 1791
• the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper
The Times
• began publishing in 1785, the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper
•(Free to all children between the ages of 5—16)
▪Independent system—Public schools 7%
•(Parents pay for their children's education)
• National curriculum:
King’s College
Famous Universities (Cont.)
The Mathematical Bridge (at Queens’ College, Cambridge University )