浙科版选修3教材精读
大学英语精读(第三版)课文原文
Unit 1 Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, “I am interested in English”, but “I am good at French”? And have you ever asked yourself why nati ve English speakers say, “learn the news or secret”, but “learn of someone’s success or arrival”? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives.3. Listen to English every day. Listening to English on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. In addition to language tapes especially prepared for your course, you can also listen to English radio broadcasts, watch English TV, and see English movies. The first time you listen to a taped conversation or passage in English, you may not be able to catch a great deal. Try to get its general meaning first and listen to it over and over again. You will find that with each repetition you will get something more.4. Seize opportunities to speak.It is true that there are few situations at school where you have to communicate in English, but you can seek out opportunities to practice speaking the language. Talking with your classmates, for example, can be an easy and enjoyable way to get some practice. Also try to find native speakers on your campus and feel free to talk with them. Perhaps the easiest way to practice speaking is to rehearse aloud, since this can be done at any time, in any place, and without a partner. For instance, you can look at pictures or objects around you and try to describe them in detail. You can also rehearse everyday situations. After you have made a purchase in a shop or finished a meal in a restaurant and paid the check, pretend that all this happened in an English-speaking country and try to act it out in English.5. Read widely.It is important to read widely because in our learning environment, reading is the main and most reliable source of language input. When you choose reading materials, look for things that you find interesting, that you can understand without relying too much on a dictionary. A page a day is a good way to start. As you go on, you will find that you can do more pages a day and handle materials at a higher level of difficulty.6. Write regularly. Writing is a good way to practice what you already know. Apart from compositions assigned by your teacher, you may find your own reasons for writing. A pen pal provides good motivation; you will learn a lot by trying to communicate with someone who shares your interests, but comes from a different culture. Other ways to write regularly include keeping a diary, writing a short story and summarizing the daily news.Language learning is a process of accumulation. It pays to absorb as much as you can from reading and listening and then try to put what you have learned into practice through speaking and writing.Unit 2 Sailing Round the WorldBefore he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone hadpreviously sailed alone.He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen.After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends' attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.On 29 January he left Australia. The next night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London:" I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again."Just before 9 o'clock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he arrived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queen Elizabeth II knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.Like many other adventurers, Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.Unit 3 The PresentIt was the old lady's birthday.She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.Today she was sure the would be something. Myra wouldn't forget her mother's birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work the aged.The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.One evening, however, Enid said, "I've arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, Mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital--just a minor operation, I'll soon be home."In the morning she went, but never came back--she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.The old lady was eight today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps--perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lined or endured just as you chose to look at it.Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of colour brightened her cheeks. She was excited--like a child. She would enjoy her day.Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn't go out to play until the post had come."I guess you'll get lots and lots of presents," he said, "I did last were when I was six."What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue's such a pretty colour. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door."Granny, granny," he shouted, "I've got your post."He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra's writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment."No parcel, Johnnie?""No, granny."Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday -- Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.Unit 4 Turning off TV: a Quiet HourI would like to propose that for sixty to ninety minutes each evening, right after the early evening news, all television broadcasting in the United States be prohibited by law.Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results be if such a proposal were accepted. Families might use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another. It is well known that many of our problems -- everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness -- are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. By using the quiet family hour to discuss our problems, we might get to know each other better, and to like each other better.On evenings when such talk is unnecessary, families could rediscover more active pastimes. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset. Or they might take a walk together (remember feet?) and see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes.With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a month of typical TV programming. Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. Writing is often learned from reading. A more literate new generation could be a product of the quiet hour.A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story. The quiet hour could become the story hour. When the quiet hour ends, the TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activities.At first glance, the idea of an hour without TV seems radical. What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? How will we spend the time? But it is not radical at all. It has been only twenty-five years since television came to control American free time. Those of us thirty-five and older can remember childhoods without television, spent partly with radio -- which at least involved the listener's imagination -- but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities. It wasn't that difficult. Honest. The truth is we had a ball.Unit 5 I never write rightWhen I was 15, I announced to my English class that I was going to write and illustrate my own books. Half the students sneered; the rest nearly fell out of their chairs laughing."Don't be silly. Only geniuses can become writers," the English teacher saidsmugly. "And you are getting a D this semester."I was so humiliated I burst into tears. That night I wrote a short, sad poem about broken dreams and mailed it to the Capper's Weekly newspaper. To my astonishment they published it, and sent me two dollars. I was a published and paid writer! I showed my teacher and fellow students. They laughed."Just plain dumb luck," the teacher said.I'd tasted success. I'd sold the first thing I'd ever written. That was more than any of them had done, and if it was "just dumb luck," that was fine with me.During the next two years I sold dozens of poems, letters, jokes and recipes. By the time I graduated from high school (with a C-minus average), I had scrapbooks filled with my published work. I never mentioned my writing to my teachers, friends or my family again. They were dream killers, and if people must choose between their friends and their dreams, they must always choose their dreams.But sometimes you do find a friend who supports your dreams. "It's easy to write a book," that new friend told me. "You can do it.""I don't know if I'm smart enough," I said, suddenly feeling 15 again and hearing echoes of laughter."Nonsense!" she said. "Anyone can write a book if they want to."I had four children at the time, and the oldest was only four. We lived on a goat farm in Oklahoma, miles from anyone. All I had to do each day was take care of four kids, milk goats, and do the cooking, laundry and gardening. No problem.While the children napped, I typed on my ancient typewriter. I wrote what I felt. It took nine months, just like a baby.I chose a publisher at random and put the manuscript in an empty Pampers diapers package, the only box I could find (I'd never heard of manuscript boxes). The letter Ienclosed read: "I wrote this book myself, I hope you like it. I also drew the illustrations. Chapters 6 and 12 are my favorites. Thank you."I tied a string around the diaper box and mailed it without a self-addressed stamped envelope, and without making a copy of the manuscript. A month later I received a contract, an advance on royalties and a request to start working on another book.Crying Wind became a bestseller, was translated into 15 languages and Braille, and sold worldwide. I appeared on TV talk shows during the day and changed diapers at night. I traveled from New York to California and Canada on promotional tours. My first book also became required reading in Native American schools in Canada.It took six months to write my next book. I mailed it in an empty Uncle Wiggley game box (I still hadn't heard of manuscript boxes). My Searching Heart also became a bestseller. I wrote my next novel, When I Give My Heart, in only three weeks.The worst year I ever had as a writer, I earned two dollars (I was 15, remember?). In my best year, I earned $36,000. Most years I earn between $5,000 and $10,000. No, it isn't enough to live on, but it's still more than I'd make working part-time, and it's $5,000 to $10,000 more than I'd make if I didn't write at all.People ask what college I attended, what degrees I have, and what qualifications I have to be a writer. The answer is none. I just write. I'm not a genius, I'm not gifted and I don't write right. I'm lazy, undisciplined, and spend more time with my children and friends than I do writing.I didn't own a thesaurus until four years ago and I use a small Webster's dictionary that I bought at Kmart for 89 cents. I use an electric typewriter that I paid $129 for six years ago. I've never used a word processor. I do all the cooking, cleaning andlaundry for a family of six and fit my writing in a few minutes here and there. I write everything in longhand on yellow tablets while sitting on the sofa with my four kids, eating pizza and watching TV. When the book is finished, I type it and mail it to the publisher.I've written eight books. Four have been published, and three are still out with the publishers. One stinks.To all those who dream of writing, I'm shouting at you, "Yes, you can! Yes, you can! Don't listen to them!" I don't write right, but I've beaten the odds. Writing is easy, it's fun, and anyone can do it. Of course, a little dumb luck doesn't hurt.Unit 6 Sam Adams, Industrial EngineerIf you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer, she'll tell you that I have always been one.She means that I have always wanted everything to be well organized and neat. When I was still in elementary school, I liked to keep my socks in the upper left-hand drawer of my bureau, my underwear in the upper right drawer, shirts in the middle drawer, and pants, neatly folded, in the bottom drawer.In fact, I was the efficiency expert for the whole family. I used to organize my father's tools, my mother's kitchen utensils, my sister's boyfriends.I needed to be efficient. I wanted to be well organized. For me, there was a place for everything and everything was always in its place. These qualities gave me a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering.Unfortunately, I was also a bit bossy and I wasn't a very good listener. You'll see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelor's degree at the university.After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana. I didn't have a job yet. Mr. Hobbs, a friend of my father's, owned a small shirt factory in town. Withinthe past five years it had grown from twenty to eighty workers. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plant was getting too big and inefficient, so he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.I went to the plant and spent about a week looking around and making notes. I was really amazed at what I saw.Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever. No one inspected the final product of the factory. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, even a sleeve sometimes!The working conditions were poor. The tables where the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work. There was no music. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. I was amazed that the workers hadn't gone on strike.Furthermore, the work flow was irregular. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," who used to sit behind me in math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shifts were held up at his position. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do; therefore, a great deal of time and efficiency were lost as Big Jim daydreamed while he worked. All week I wondered why he wasn't fired.After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. I covered my major points by telling him the following: "If you have a quality control inspection, you will greatly improve your finished product.""If the assembly line is redesigned, a smooth work flow can be achieved and time and energy can be saved.""If you decrease the height of the worktables, the machine operators will work more comfortably.""If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much more productive.""If the workers have a fifteen-minute coffee break in the morning and afternoon,they will be more efficient.""If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater incentive to produce."Mr. Hobbs thanked me for this report and told me he would talk over my suggestions with his brother, the co-owner and manager of the factory. "We're interested in progress here," he said. "We want to keep up with the times."He also gave me a check for $ 100 and a box of shirts with his compliments.Unit 7 The SamplerIn a certain store where they sell puddings, a number of these delicious things are laid out in a row during the Christmas season. Here you may select the one which is most to your taste, and you are even allowed to sample them before coming to a decision.I have often wondered whether some people, who had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege. One day I asked this question of the shop girl, and I learned it was indeed the case."Now there's one old gentleman, for instance," she told me, "he comes here almost every week and samples each one of the puddings, though he never buys anything, and I suspect he never will. I remember him from last year before that, too. Well, let him come if he wants it, and welcome to it. And what's more, I hope there are a lot more stores where he can go and get his share. He looks as if he needed it all right, and I suppose they can afford it."She was still speaking when an elderly gentleman limped up to the counter and began looking closely at the row of puddings with great interest."Why, that's the very gentleman I've been telling you about," whispered the shop girl." Just watch him now." And then turning to him:" Would you like to sample them, sir? Here's spoon for you to use."The elderly gentleman, who was poorly but neatly dressed, accepted the spoon and began eagerly to sample one after another of the puddings, only braking off occasionally to wipe his red eyes with a large torn handkerchief."This is quite good.""This is not bad either, but a little too heavy."All the time it was quite evident that he sincerely believed that he might eventually buy one of these puddings, and I am positive that he did not for a moment feel that he was in any way cheating the store. Poor old chap! Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all that was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.Amidst the crowd of happy, prosperous looking Christmas shoppers, the little black figure of the old man seemed pitiful and out of place, and in a burst of benevolence, I went up to him and said:"Pardon me, sir, will you do me a favor? Let me purchase you one of these puddings. It would give me such pleasure."He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face."Excuse me," he said, with more dignity than I would have thought possible considering his appearance, "I do not believe I have the pleasure of knowing you. Undoubtedly you have mistaken me for someone else." And with a quick decision he turned to the shop girl and said in a loud voice, "Kindly pack me up this one here. Iwill take it with me." He pointed at one of the largest and most expensive of the puddings.The girl took down the pudding from its stand and started to make a parcel of it, while he pulled out a worn little black pocketbook and began counting out shillings and pennies on to the counter. To save his "honour" he had been forced into a purchase which he could not possibly afford. How I longed for the power to unsay my tactless words! It was too late though, and I felt that the kindest thing I could do now would be walk away."You pay at the desk," the shop girl was telling him, but he did not seem to understand and kept trying to put the coins into her hand. And that was the last I saw or the old man. Now he can never go there to sample pudding any more.Unit 8 A Magician at Stretching a Dollar1.That December, with Christmas approaching, she was out at workand Doris was in the kitchen when I let myself into her bedroom one afternoon in search of a safety pin. Since her bedroom opened onto a community hallway, she kept the door locked, but needing the pin, I took the key from its hiking place, unlocked the door and stepped in.Standing against the wall was a big, black bicycle with balloon tires. I recognized it instantly. It was the same second-hand bike I'd beenadmiring in a Baltimore Street shop window. I'd even asked about the price. It was a shock. Something like $15. Somehow my mother had scraped together enough for a down payment and meant to surprise me with the bicycle on Christmas morning.2.I was deeply moved by the discovery and yet sickened by theknowledge that, bursting into her room like this, I had robbed her of the pleasure of seeing me astonished and delighted on Christmas day. I hadn't wanted to know her lovely secret; still coming upon it like this made me feel as though I'd struck a blow against her happiness. Ibacked out, put the key back in its hiding place, and thought over whatto do.3.I decided that between now and Christmas I must do nothing,absolutely nothing, to reveal the slightest hint of my terribleknowledge. I must avoid the least word that night reveal mypossession of her secret. Nothing must deny her the happiness ofseeing me completely amazed on Christmas day.4.In the privacy of my bedroom I began composing and testingexclamations of delight: “Wow!” “A bike with ballo on tires! I don't believe it!” “I'm the luckiest boy alive!” And so on. They all owed a lot to movies in which boys like Mickey Rooney had seen their wildest dreams come true. I soon realized that, with my lack of acting talent, all of them were going to sound false at the critical moment when I wanted to cry out my love spontaneously from the heart. Maybe it would be better to say nothing but appear to be shocked into such deep pleasure that speech had escaped me/ I wasn't sure, though. I'd seen speechless gratitude in the movies too, and it never really worked until the actors managed to cry a few quiet tears. I doubted I could cry on cue, so I began thinking about other expressions of speechlessamazement. In front of a hand-held mirror in my bedroom I tried the whole range of expressions; mouth open and eyes wide; hands slapped firmly against both cheeks to keep the jaw from falling off; ear-to-ear grin with all teeth fully exposed while hugging myself with both arms.These and more I practiced for several days without acquiringconfidence in any of them. I decided to wait until Christmas morning and see if anything came naturally...5.That Christmas morning she woke up early, “to see what SantaClaus brought,” she said with just the right tone of voice to indicate we were all old enough to know who Santa Claus was. I came out of my bedroom with my present for her and Doris, and Doris came with hers. My mother's has been placed under the tree during the night.There were a few small brightly wrapped packages, a big doll forDoris, but no bicycle. I must have looked disappointed.6.“It looks like Santa Claus didn't do too well by you this year,Buddy,” she said, as I opened packages. A shirt. A necktie. I said。
浙科版高中生物选修三3.2《胚胎工程》 课件 (共52张PPT)
C.胚胎
D.桑椹胚或囊胚
5、供、受体母牛选择好后，要用激素进行同期发
情处理的原因是（ B ）
A.防止受体牛不愿意接受胚胎
B.只有受体与供体的生理状态相同，被移植的
胚胎才能继续正常发育
C.只要发情排卵后，各阶段时间内的变化，供、
受体生理状态完全相同
D.同期发情处理后卵细胞和精子受精结合能力强
6、下列有关动物胚胎移植的叙述中，错误
•
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡 。2021/8/52021/8/52021/8/5Aug-215-Aug-21
•
12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人 的错儿 。2021/8/52021/8/52021/8/5T hursday, August 05, 2021
•
13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有 力，自 胜者强 。2021/8/52021/8/52021/8/52021/8/58/5/2021
供体和受体的选择 供体:提供胚胎的个体，具有人类所需的优良遗传性状的个体 受体:接受胚胎的个体，具有正常的孕育、生殖后代的能力
二
选择 供体母牛
受体母牛
.
胚
……同期发情处理……
胎Hale Waihona Puke 相应激素处理移超数排卵
植
的
供体公牛 配种
基 本
冲卵
位 胚胎移植 置？
程 序
质量检查、培养
妊娠检查
分娩（胚胎移植的犊牛） 数量？基因型？表现型？
胚胎工程：泛指在动物 胚胎发育过程中所进行 的各种技术操作。
体外受精
• 1、概念： 采用雌性动物的卵细胞和雄性动物的精
子，使其在试管中受精。 • 2、过程：
（1）精子(成熟)的获得和获能； （2）卵母细胞的收集和培养（成熟）； （3）获能精子和卵细胞的受精；
2018高中生物浙江专用浙科版选修三 课件 第一章 基因工程1-3
考情解读
基因工程的应用
活动：提出生活中 的疑难问题，设 计用基因工程技 术解决的方案
加试(a) 加试(c)
1.举例说出基因工程在遗传育 种、疾病治疗和生态环境保 护方面的应用。
2.举例说出基因治疗的基本原 理(含义、概念)。
3.活动：提出生活中的疑难问 题，设计用基因工程技术解 决的方案。
• 2．转基因动物
• (1) 传 统 动 物 杂 交 育 种 方费法时 不费足力 之 处 是
、
。
• (2)基因工程育种鸡培、养牛出生长速度加快的转 基因鼠、鱼、猪以
• 及具有抗病能力的转基因
等。
• 【典例剖析】 转基因食品已大量进入我们的 日常生活，如转基因西红柿、转基因草莓等 ，涉及的问题甚至关系到国家之间的贸易竞 争，如图为“霸占中国市场的转基因大豆油 ”的部分图示。下列关于转基因大豆的叙述 ，不正确的是
• 答案 B
• 基因工程中受体细胞的选择
• (1)培育转基因动物，受体细胞一般选用受精 卵。
• (2)培育转基因植物，受体细胞可选用受精卵 或体细胞，若选用体细胞，还需通过植物组 织培养，才可获得转基因植株。
• (3)若生产基因工程药品：①受体细胞可选用 细菌，利用细菌繁殖速度快的特点，可在短 期内获得大量产品。②选用动植物细胞，利 用动植物作为生物反应器能够生产价格低廉
• 处理工业废水。
• 【典例剖析】 聚羟基烷酯(PHA)是一类在众 多微生物细胞内可合成的聚酯，由于其可完 全生物降解，是一种可替代传统塑料的新型 生物材料。但利用微生物发酵的方法生产成 本很高，目前科学家正尝试用转基因植物的 方法来生产PHA。下列相关叙述正确的是 ()
• A．PHA是目的基因表达的直接产物
大学英语精读3课文(第三版)_中英文对照
课文翻译Unit 1TextA young man finds that strolling along the streets without an obvious purpose can lead to trouble with the law. One misunderstanding leads to another until eventually he must appear in court for trial……一个青年发现，在大街上毫无明显目的地游逛会招致警方的责罚。
误会一个接一个发生，最终他只得出庭受审……A Brush with the Law与警察的一场小冲突I have only once been in trouble with the law. 我平生只有一次跟警方发生纠葛。
The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time, but it makes a good story now. 被捕和出庭的整个过程在当时是一件非常不愉快的事，但现在倒成了一篇很好的故事。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。
It happened in February about twelve years ago. 事情发生在大约12年前，其时正是2月。
I had left school a couple of months before that and was not due to go touniversity until the following October. 几个月前我中学毕业了，但上大学要等到10月。
最新-2021高中生物浙江专用浙科版选修三 课件 第一章 基因工程12 精品
• A．基因突变 • C．基因互换
•( ) B．基因重组 D．染色体变异
• 解析 基因突变是基因内部结构的改变；染 色体变异是以染色体作为研究对象，探讨染 色体结构和数目变化；基因工程是将外源基 因导入受体细胞，得到人们所需要的产物， 属于基因重组。
• 答案 B
• (1)在基因工程中，不同DNA链的断裂和连接 产生DNA片段的交换和重新组合，形成了新 的DNA分子，在这个操作中交换了DNA片段 ，故属于基因重组。
• 解析 (1)基因工程的变异来源是基因重组。 (2)本操作中目的基因是LTP1基因，获得目的 基因的途成或PCR扩增该目的基因。(3) 本操作中所用的载体是来自大肠杆菌细胞的 质粒(B)；构建重组DNA分子C时，需要限制 性核酸内切酶和DNA连接酶。(4)质粒中含有 青霉素抗性基因和四环素抗性基因，但是目
• (2)获取方法
• ① 如 果 目 的 基 因 的 序 列 是化已学知方法的 ， 可 用
合 成 聚目合酶的链式反基应 因 ， 或 者 用
(PCR)扩增目的基因。基因• ②如果目的基因的核苷酸序列是未知的，
可以从
中获取。
• 小贴士 PCR技术
• PCR是多聚酶链式反应的缩写，它是一项在 生物体外复制特定DNA片段的核酸合成技术 。通过这一技术，可以获取大量的目的基因 。
• 答案 (1)基因重组 • (2)LTP1基因 化学合成或PCR扩增 • (3)质粒 C 限制性核酸内切酶和DNA连接
酶
• (4)在含有青霉素的培养基上能存活，但不能 在含有四环素的培养基上存活
• (5)检验转基因啤酒酵母菌能否产生LTP1蛋白
• 1．获取目的基因方法的比较
前提 获得 条方 件法
• 扩增的过程：目的基因DNA受热变性后解旋 为单链，引物与单链相应互补序列结合，然 后在DNA聚合酶作用下进行延伸，如此重复 循环多次。由于延伸后得到的产物同样可以 和引物结合，因而每一次循环后目的基因的 量可以增加一倍，即呈指数形式扩增(约为2n ，其中，n为扩增循环的次数)。
2018高中生物浙江专用浙科版选修三 课件 第五章 生态工程5-8
• 2．生态农业专家建议夏季作物要多种小麦， 少种油菜；秋季作物以花生和玉米为主，从 生态系统内部物质循环利用的角度来看，小 麦不仅经济效益高，而且可提供较多饲料， 这一优化结构符合当地实际；对秋季作物来 说，花生和玉米不仅产量高，经济效益好， 而且可以提供较多的畜禽饲料，尤其花生能 提供较多的蛋白质饲料，有利于种植业和禽 畜业的协调发展。
360. 0
67.5 0
104. 6 4
25.7 4
450. 9 6
115. 6 6
2 404 .00
• 根据每公顷投入成本由大到小排序依次为棉 花>小麦>番薯>玉米>花生>油菜>大豆。
• 2．计算出种植单位面积作物的纯收入 • 计算结果如下：
作物
成本 元·hm－2
产量 kg·hm－2
单价 毛收入 纯收入 元·kg－1 元·hm－2 元·hm－2
• (1)桑基鱼塘模式
• 人工建立的高产稳产的农业生态系统，属于 水陆交换的物质循环系统。做到蚕粪养鱼， 鱼粪肥塘，塘泥肥田、肥桑，从而获得稻、 鱼、蚕茧三丰收，如图所示。
• (2)沼气农田立体养殖模式
• 属于物质、能量的多层分级利用系统。通过 控制温室内的温度、光照、气体和水肥等因 素，缩短生产周期，大幅度提高粮食、蔬菜 和水果的产量和质量。
生物多样性
得到保护
减少
• 【典例剖析】 一青年农民利用自己学习的生 态学知识在自家庭院里搞了一个小型生态农 业，使0.25亩(1亩＝0.067公顷)的庭院创收达 几万元。其物质循环和能量流动如图所示， 请找出下列对该系统叙述错误的一项是
•( )
• A．该系统中，人的因素非常关键，其中生产 者是葡萄
浙科版选修3问题释疑课件
《现代生物科技专题》 现代生物科技专题》 问题释疑
宁波效实中学 邵江樵
2008－10
1．限制酶和质粒都是只存在与细菌中吗？ 限制酶和质粒都是只存在与细菌中吗？
不是。 不是。 不但细菌中存在限制酶和质粒， 不但细菌中存在限制酶和质粒，在酵母菌 中也有限制酶和质粒。 中也有限制酶和质粒。
6.双标记基因问题 6.双标记基因问题
下图a示基因工程中经常选用的载体 pBR322质粒 下图a示基因工程中经常选用的载体——pBR322质粒，Ampr表示氨 pBR322质粒， 苄青霉素抗性基因， 表示四环素抗性基因。 苄青霉素抗性基因，Tetr表示四环素抗性基因。目的基因如果插 入某抗性基因中，将使该基因失活，而不再具有相应的抗性。 入某抗性基因中，将使该基因失活，而不再具有相应的抗性。为 了检查载体是否导入原本没有Amp 的大肠杆菌， 了检查载体是否导入原本没有Ampr 和Tetr的大肠杆菌，将大肠杆 菌培养在含氨苄青霉素的培养基上，得到如图b的结果（ 菌培养在含氨苄青霉素的培养基上，得到如图b的结果（黑点表示 菌落）。再将灭菌绒布按到图b的培养基上，使绒布面沾上菌落， 菌落）。再将灭菌绒布按到图b的培养基上，使绒布面沾上菌落， ）。再将灭菌绒布按到图 然后将绒布平移按到含四环素的培养基上培养，得到如图c 然后将绒布平移按到含四环素的培养基上培养，得到如图c的结果 空圈表示与b对照无菌落的位置）。 （空圈表示与b对照无菌落的位置）。
3．限制酶所识别的序列有什么特点？ 限制酶所识别的序列有什么特点？
限制酶所识别的序列，无论是6个碱基还是4个碱基， 限制酶所识别的序列，无论是6个碱基还是4个碱基， 都可以找到一条中心轴线，中轴线两侧的双链DNA 都可以找到一条中心轴线，中轴线两侧的双链DNA 上的碱基是反向对称重复排列 回文结构) 反向对称重复排列( 上的碱基是反向对称重复排列(回文结构)的。
2018版物理浙江版选修3-1课件：第三章 磁场 5 精品
即学即用 如图4所示是电视机中偏转线圈的示意图，圆心O处的黑点表示电子束； 由纸内向纸外而来，当线圈中通以图示方向的电流时(两线圈通过的电 流都相同)，则电子束将__向__上____偏转.
图4
2
题型探究
一、对洛伦兹力方向的判定
例1 下列关于图中各带电粒子所受洛伦兹力的方向或带电粒子的带电性 的判断不正确的是 答案 解析
A.洛伦兹力方向竖直向上 B.洛伦兹力方向垂直纸面向里
√C.粒子带负电
D.洛伦兹力方向垂直纸面向外
二、对洛伦兹力公式的理解
例2 如图5所示，各图中的匀强磁场的磁感应强度均为B，带电粒子的 速率均为v，带电荷量均为q.试求出图中带电粒子所受洛伦兹力的大小， 并指出洛伦兹力的方向.
答案 qvB 垂直v指向左上方 解析 因v⊥B，所以F＝qvB，方向垂直v指向左上方.
即学即用
判断下列说法的正误. (1)运动电荷在磁场中一定受洛伦兹力.( × ) (2)正电荷所受的洛伦兹力的方向与磁场方向相同，负电荷所受的洛伦兹 力的方向与磁场方向相反.( × ) (3)判断负电荷所受洛伦兹力方向时，让磁感线从掌心穿入，四指指向负 电荷运动的反方向，则大拇指所指方向即为负电荷所受洛伦兹力的方 向.( √ )
知识梳理
1.洛伦兹力： 运动电荷 在磁场中受到的力. 2.洛伦兹力的方向 (1)左手定则： 伸开左手，使拇指与其余四个手指垂直，并且都与手掌在同一个平面内； 让 磁感线 从掌心进入，并使四指指向 正电荷运动的方向 ， 这 时 拇 指所指的方向就是正电荷所受 洛伦兹力 的方向.负电荷受力的方向与正 电荷受力的方向 相反 . (2)特点：F⊥B，F⊥v，即F垂直于 B和v 决定的平面.
图9
1234
3.如图10所示为速度选择器装置，场强为E的匀强电场与
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第1课时工具酶的发现和基因工程的诞生1.基因工程的概念基因工程是狭义的遗传工程。
广义的遗传工程泛指把一种生物的遗传物质(细胞核、染色体脱氧核糖核酸等)移到另一种生物的细胞中去，并使这种遗传物质所带的遗传信息在受体细胞中表达。
其核心是构建重组DNA分子。
2.基因工程的技术保障限制性核酸内切酶、DNA连接酶和质粒载体的发现与应用，为基因工程的创建提供了技术上的保障。
3.限制性核酸内切酶是能够识别和切割DNA分子内一小段特殊核苷酸序列的酶。
来源：主要从原核生物中分离，如细菌。
作用：能够识别双链DNA分子的某种特定核苷酸序列，并使每一条链中特定部位的两个核苷酸之间的磷酸二酯键断开。
作用特点：具有专一性，一般每种限制性核酸内切酶只识别一种特定的核苷酸序列。
结果：形成粘性末端。
4.DNA连接酶是将具有末端碱基互补的2个DNA片段连接在一起，形成重组DNA 分子的酶。
功能是缝合DNA 片段。
在基因工程中，可以将外源基因和载体D NA 连接在一起。
作用特点：两种来源不同的DNA用相同的限制性核酸内切酶切割，形成相同的粘性末端。
DNA连接酶能催化磷酸与脱氧核糖之间磷酸二酯键的形成，将两DNA末端的缝隙“缝合”起来。
5.质粒是能够自主复制的双链环状DNA分子，它在细菌中以独立于拟核之外的方式存在，是一种特殊的遗传物质。
(2)作用：质粒是基因工程中最常用的载体，可将外源基因基因送入宿主细胞。
第2课时基因工程的原理和技术1．基本原理让人们感兴趣的基因(即目的基因)在宿主细胞中稳定和高效地表达。
2．变异类型基因重组。
3．基因工程的步骤1)获得目的基因①如果目的基因的序列是已知的，可用化学方法合成目的基因，或者用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增目的基因。
②如果目的基因的核苷酸序列是未知的，可以从基因文库中获取。
2)形成重组DNA分子a.一般用同一种限制性核酸内切酶分别切割目的基因和载体DNA(如质粒)，形成相同的粘性末端。
b.用DNA连接酶将目的基因和载体DNA连接在一起，形成重组DNA分子3)将重组DNA分子导入受体细胞a.常用受体细胞：大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、酵母菌和动植物细胞等。
b.导入方法举例：用质粒作为载体，宿主细胞应该选择大肠杆菌，用氯化钙处理大肠杆菌，增加其细胞壁的通透性，使含有目的基因的重组质粒进入大肠杆菌宿主细胞。
4)筛选含有目的基因的受体细胞a.选原因：不是所有细胞都接纳了重组DNA。
b.筛选方法举例：若质粒上有四环素的抗性基因，含有这种重组质粒的受体细胞就能够在有四环素的培养基中生长，否则不能生长，这样就筛选到含有重组DN A分子的受体细胞。
具体如下图：5)目的基因的表达目的基因在宿主细胞细胞中表达，产生人们需要的功能物质。
第三节基因工程的应用1.转基因植物1)传统育种方法的不足：培育新品种所需时间较长，而且远缘亲本难以杂交。
2)转基因植物的方法：农杆菌转化法。
将目的基因与农杆菌中的Ti 质粒构建成重组质粒。
先导入农杆菌细胞，再用这种含有重组质粒的细菌将目的基因转入植物细胞3)培育成功的转基因农作物：抗除草剂的转基因烟草，抗植物病毒的转基因番茄，抗害虫的转基因棉，耐贮存的转基因番茄等。
2.基因治疗概念：基因治疗是向目标细胞中引入正常功能的基因，以纠正或补偿基因的缺陷，达到治疗的目的。
3.基因工程与生态环境保护1)利用基因工程技术开发具有生物可降解的新型塑料，以替代不可降解的化学合成塑料。
2)利用基因工程技术，对能够分解石油的细菌进行了改造，大大提高了其分解石油的能力。
3)利用转基因微生物吸收环境中的重金属、降解有毒化合物和处理工业废水。
第4课时植物的克隆1．植物细胞的全能性(2)原理：生物体的每一个细胞都包含有该物种所特有的全套遗传物质，都有发育成为完整个体所需的全部基因。
(3)在生物体内细胞没有表现出全能性，而是分化为不同的组织或器官，这是基因在特定的时间和空间条件下选择性表达的结果。
2．植物组织培养(1)一般程序：配制半固体培养基→获取消毒的植物组织→组织培养，获得愈伤组织→诱导新植株形成。
(2)过程：离体的植物器官、组织或细胞――→脱分化愈伤组织――→再分化胚状体(或根、芽)→幼苗――→移入大田成熟植株。
二、植物克隆的成就1．细胞培养(1)过程：单个植物细胞经过培养基中成分的诱导，依次发育成细胞团、球形胚、心形胚和胚状体，最后再生出完整的植株。
(2)细胞培养的诱导方法：主要通过平衡的植物激素配比进行调控。
例如，适量的激动素和细胞分裂素配比可以诱导芽的分化；适量的吲哚乙酸(IAA)及适当减除其他植物激素，则可以诱导生根。
2．器官培养在植物器官培养方面，雌性花器官的培养成果显著，例如子房的培养、胚囊的培养均已取得进展。
3．原生质体培养和植物细胞工程(1)植物原生质体的获得方法：在0.5～0.6 mol/L的甘露醇溶液环境(较高渗透压)下用纤维素酶和果胶酶混合液处理根尖、叶片愈伤组织或悬浮培养细胞，将细胞壁消化除去。
获得球形的原生质体。
(2)植物细胞工程的概念和操作过程：培养植物细胞(包括原生质体)，借助基因工程方法，将外源遗传物质(DNA)导入受体细胞(包括原生质体)中，或通过细胞融合、显微注射等将不同来源的遗传物质重新组合，再通过对这些转基因细胞或重组细胞进行培养，获得具有特定性状的新植株。
第5课时 动物的克隆动物克隆的技术基础是 动物的细胞和组织培养 。
2．动物细胞培养(2)原代培养和传代培养将动物组织通过 酶 或 机械 方法分散成 单个 细胞后进行的初次培养，称为原代培养。
初次培养的细胞生长、繁殖一定时间后，由于空间不足或细胞密度过大导致营养枯竭，影响细胞的生长，因此需要重新用 胰蛋白酶 等处理，进行分瓶扩大培养，称为传代培养。
3．动物组织培养(1)概念：动物组织在体外及人工条件下维持生活状态或 生长 特性。
(2)结果：由于细胞的运动、变化和培养物的组织成分发生变化，长期的培养结果最终成了简单的 细胞培养 。
(3)在广义的组培中还包括器官培养，即器官的原基 、器官的一部分或整 个器官在体外和人工控制的条件下得以保存、生长，在此过程中保持器官的结构、功能及 分化 能力。
4．细胞系和细胞株(1)细胞系：可 连续传代 的细胞。
原代培养物在首次传代时就成为细胞系，能连续培养下去的细胞系称为 连续 细不能连续培养下去的细胞系称为 有限 细胞系。
二倍体细胞通常为有限细胞系。
连续细胞系被认为是发生转化了的细胞系，大多数具有 异倍体核型 。
有的连续细胞系是 恶性细胞系 ，具有异体致瘤性；有的连续细胞系获得了不死性，但保留 接触抑制 现象，不致癌。
(2)细胞株：通过一定的选择或纯化方法，从原代培养物或细胞系中获得的具有特殊性质 的细胞称为细胞株。
细胞株一般具有恒定的 染色体组型 、同功酶类型、病毒敏感性和生化特性等。
可以连续多次传代的细胞株称为连续细胞株，可传代次数有限的细胞株称为 有限 细胞株。
5．克隆培养法(或细胞克隆)(1)概念：把一个 单细胞 从群体中分离出来单独培养，使之繁衍成一个新的细胞群体的技术。
(2)结果：由于来源于一个共同的祖细胞，所以称为 纯系 ，也就是克隆。
(3)提高细胞克隆形成率的措施：选择适宜的培养基、添加 血清 (胎牛血清最好)、以 滋养细胞 细胞支持生长、 激素 (胰岛素等)刺激、使用CO 2培养箱、调节p H 等。
二、动物的细胞融合技术及其应用1．细胞融合与细胞杂交②原理：细胞膜的流动性。
③诱导融合的方法a．物理方法和化学方法：电激法、聚乙二醇等。
b．生物方法：灭活的病毒(如仙台病毒)。
(2)细胞杂交①概念：基因型不同的细胞间的融合就是细胞杂交。
②过程③应用：由于细胞杂交中染色体容易丢失，利用杂交细胞检测特定染色体丢失与特定基因产物(蛋白质)减少的对应关系可以进行基因定位。
2．杂交瘤技术和单克隆抗体的制备①用外界抗原刺激动物，使其发生免疫反应，使B淋巴细胞产生抗体。
②利用仙台病毒或聚乙二醇等作介导，使经免疫的动物的脾细胞与可以无限传代的骨髓瘤细胞融合。
③经过筛选、克隆培养，获得来自单一细胞的既能产生特异抗体、又能无限增殖增殖的杂交瘤细胞克隆。
(2)杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体的最大优点：可以从特异抗原成分比例极少的抗原混合物中提取单抗。
(3)单抗的运用：可作为特异探针，研究相应抗原蛋白的结构、细胞学分布及其功能。
三、动物的克隆繁殖1．动物细胞全能性的表现程度(1)在动物发育过程中，细胞的发育潜能逐渐变窄。
3．动物体细胞克隆原理和主要技术：利用细胞核的全能性进行核移植，将动物的一个细胞核移入一个已经去掉细胞核的卵母细胞中，使其重组并发育成为一个新的胚胎，这个新的胚胎最终发育为动物个体(克隆动物)。
第6课时从受精卵谈起1．含义：成熟的精卵融合成为受精卵的过程。
2．过程：精卵识别→精子附着于卵膜→精卵质膜融合。
3．同种动物精卵结合的原因之一：同种动物精子、卵细胞表面有特异性相互识别的蛋白。
二、胚胎发育的过程1．胚胎发育的概念受精卵发育为幼体的过程。
2．胚胎发育的过程→囊胚期→原肠胚期→组织、器官的形成→幼体。
(1)卵裂期：受精卵不断进行有丝分裂即卵裂，卵裂产生的细胞团叫卵裂球，随着卵裂球数目的增多，细胞逐渐变小。
当卵裂球含有2～8个细胞时，其中的每一个细胞都具有全能性。
(2)囊胚期：具有囊胚腔、滋养层、内细胞团(如图)。
①囊胚腔：囊胚中间的空腔，是由于卵裂球的细胞继续分裂，细胞间出现的间隙。
②滋养层a．存在部位：囊胚外表的一层扁平细胞。
b．作用：进一步发育为胚胎的附属结构或胚外结构，如胚盘。
③内细胞团a．存在部位：囊胚内部的细胞团。
b．作用：不断增殖分化，将发育成完整的胚胎。
c．特点：是胚胎干细胞，是一种未分化的细胞，具有发育全能性，能分化出成体动物的所有组织和器官。
(3)原肠胚期原肠胚期是囊胚进一步发育形成的具有原肠腔、三胚层、胚孔的胚胎时期。
第7课时胚胎工程1．胚胎工程(1)含义：通常指各种胚胎操作技术。
(2)研究对象：主要限定于高等脊椎动物，特别是哺乳动物。
(3)研究的重点内容：体外受精、胚胎体外培养、胚胎移植、胚胎分割、胚胎干细胞培养等。
2．体外受精(1)含义：采集雌性动物的卵细胞和雄性动物的精子，使其在试管中受精。
(2)过程①精子的采集及获能：从附睾中取出成熟的精子，放入培养液中培养，使其达到获能状态。
②卵细胞的采集：最常用的方法是卵巢经超数排卵处理后，用穿刺针吸取卵泡液(连同卵母细胞)取出，然后在体外进行人工培养，促其成熟。
③受精：获能的精子和成熟后的卵细胞在体外合适的环境下共同培养一段时间，便可受精。
3．胚胎体外培养(1)含义：指应用人工创造的环境，对获取的早期胚胎进行体外培养。
(2)条件：必须配制一系列含有不同成分的培养液，用于培养不同发育时期的胚胎。