中考英语专题-词汇运用

中考英语专题-词汇运用

易错清单

一、考点分析

词汇运用试题主要是考查学生对单词的拼写能力、词形变化和语法知识运用以及词组辨别能力等。试题通常以语篇、对话或句子的形式出现,测试内容以实词为主,虚词很少。这一题型中所给的词几乎覆盖了所有的词性,比如名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词等。填空时要考虑名词的单复数、动词的第三人称单数、现在分词、过去分词;形容词、副词的比较等级;数词的基数词、序数词等。

测试题型可以归为两大类:单词拼写和词形填空。其中单词拼写一般有两种题型:①根据句意及首字母提示填写所缺单词;②根据句意及汉语提示填写所缺单词。词形填空也包括两种题型:①用所给词的适当形式填空;②选词并用其适当形式填空。

二、构词法

英语构词方法主要有三种:即合成、派生和转化。

(一)转化

英语单词的词性非常活跃,名词用作动词,动词转化为名词,形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词,只要抓住单词的原始意思,结合句子成分,就容易弄清它们的引申义。

1. 动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大,有时有一定的变化。

1)动词转化为名词。如:

Shall we go out for a drive next Sunday? 下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行,好吗?

句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。如:

I often go there for a walk. 我经常去那里散步。(句中walk由动词转化为名词)

2)名词转化为动词。如:

Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗?(句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)

Hand me your knife, please. 请把你的刀子递给我。(句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)

2. 少部分形容词转化为动词。如:

The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。(句中slow由形

容词转化为动词,词意引申为“减速”)

Don't dirty your clothes. 别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中dirty由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“弄脏”)

3. 形容词和名词之间的相互转化。如:

The poor were not allowed to go into this park those days. 那个时候,穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。

(句中poor由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“穷人”)

They took the sick to hospital yesterday. 昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。(句中sick由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“病人”)

4. 有些词可以词形不变,只因重音变化而发生词类转化,有时词义也可能变化。如:

record [re?k??d] v.记录record [r??k??d] n.记录

5. 有些词词形不变,只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化,有时词形也可以变化。如:

excuse [?ks?kju?z] v.原谅excuse [?ks?kju?s] n.原谅

use [ju?z] v.用use [ju?s] n.用

(二)派生

派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如:

happy—unhappy (加前缀un-)

happy—happily (加后缀-ly)

1. 通过加前缀构成另一个词。前缀一般不造成词类的转换,但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有:

前缀意义例词

dis- 不,相反的dislike, disappear, dishonest

im- 不impossible, impolite

mis- 错误的misuse, misunderstand, mistrust

re- 重新,再次rewrite, retell

super- 超级,上层supermarket, superman

tele- 远telephone, telegram, television

un- 不unfair, unusual, unable, unlike

under- 下面的underground, undergraduate

个别前缀也可以引起词类的变化,如:en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词:enlarge,

enable, encourage; a-可以和名词构成形容词:asleep, aboard, aside; out-可以和一些动词构成名词:outcome, outlet, outlook。

2. 通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。

1)常用的构成名词的后缀:

后缀意义例词

-er 人,动作者worker, singer, recorder, teacher

-or 人,动作者actor, visitor, editor

-ist 人,主义者chemist, dentist, scientist,

-ess 女性actress, waitress

-hood 身份,状态childhood, boyhood

行为,动作,结

-ment

government, movement, development

果

-ness 状态,性质illness, happiness

-ion 动作,状态discussion, decision, organization

-th 状态length, wealth, truth

-ese 人Japanese, Chinese

-ian 人American, musician, historian

-ship 状态friendship, membership

2)常用的构成动词的后缀:

后缀意义例词

-en 动词词尾widen, strengthen, darken,

-fy 动词词尾beautify

3)常用的构成副词的后缀:

后缀意义例词

-ly 副词词尾slowly, happily, simply

-ward(s) 副词词尾eastward(s), backward(s)

4)常用的构成形容词的后缀:

后缀意义例词

-able ……的agreeable, payable, readable

-an ……的European, American, Canadian

-al ……的political, musical

-en 由……制成woolen, golden

-ed ……的blue-eyed

-ful 充满的careful, painful, hopeful

-ish ……的foolish, Swedish

-less 没有的careless, homeless, endless

-ly 充满,性质friendly, lovely, motherly

-ous 有……的famous, dangerous

-y 充满,性质rainy, dirty, sunny, cloudy, sleepy

3. 数词后缀

后缀意义例词

-teen 十几thirteen; fifteen; eighteen

-ty 几十forty; fifty; ninety

-th 第……fifth; sixth; eighth

(三)合成

将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词,叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃,广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下:

1. 合成形容词常见的构成方法

构成方法例词

形容词 + 名词 + -ed white-haired, warm-hearted, kind-hearted

形容词 + 现在分词good-looking, easy-going

形容词 + 过去分词ready-made, new-born

副词 + 现在分词hard-working, well-meaning

副词 + 过去分词well-known, newly-built

名词 + 现在分词English-speaking, south-facing

名词 + 过去分词man-made, water-covered

名词 + 形容词snow-white, homesick

副词/形容词 + 名词right-hand, full-time

数词 + 名词100-meter, million-pound

数词 + 名词 + 形容词180-foot-high, 10-year-old

数词 + 名词 + -ed four-legged, one-eyed

2. 合成动词常见的构成方法

构成方法例词

副词 + 动词overcome, understand

形容词 + 动词dry-clean, white-wash

名词 + 动词typewrite, sleepwalk

3. 合成名词常见的构成方法

构成方法例词

名词 + 名词classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop

形容词 + 名词highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse

动词 + 副词get-together, break-down

名词 + 动名词handwriting, storytelling

副词 + 名词outbreak, overcoat

动名词 + 名词dining room, sleeping car, reading-room

4. 合成副词或代词。如:

maybe, forever, myself, whole-heartedly, however, everyone, something

5. 有时一个名词可以构成许多合成词。如:handbag, handball, handwriting, hand-made

提分策略

这种题型是融词法、句法、语意、词形于一体的综合运用语言知识的主观性测试题,突出考查学生对词汇的运用能力。同学们除熟记单词、强化对单词拼写题的训练外,掌握应试的解题方法和技巧也是很重要的。

首先,认真阅读全句(篇),正确理解句意,虽然题中已给出应填词的汉语意思,但英语与汉语并不是永远能一一对应的,因此正确理解全句利于准确判断应填或所选的单词。

其次,分析应填词充当的句子成分,正确判断应填词的词性。

最后,判断所填词应采用的正确词形。若为名词,应注意其单词复数、可数还是不可数及其所有格形式;若为动词,应注意人称、数、时态、语态及非谓语动词形式;若为修饰语,应注意修饰名词或代词时用形容词,而修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句时要用副词;若为代词,注意代词的各种形式;若为形容词、副词,应注意等级变化。

【例1】(2014·浙江湖州)选择方框内的单词完成下列句子,使句子通顺、正确。每词限用一次。

1. We've received 100 e-mails from our young leaders about their summer vacation plans.

2. Don't forget to go over your test paper before you hand it in.

3. Linda has many such as singing,dancing and drawing.

4. Zongzi is a kind of Chinese food on Dragon Boat Festival.

5. Please if We've got what we need to make fruit salad.

6. It will always give you a big surprise you visit the Mogan Mountain.

【答案】

1. F 解析:和数词100连用,表示“多于”,故用over。句意:我们已经收到年轻读者有关暑假计划的电子邮件100多封。

2. C 解析:句意:在交卷前不要忘记检查你的试卷。修饰动词短语go over,用副词carefully,要仔细检查你的试卷。

3. E 解析:句意:琳达有很多,例如唱歌、跳舞和画画。分析句意可知:这些都是她的爱好,故选E。

4. D 解析:句意:在端午节,粽子是一种中国食品。分析所给选项可知:粽子应该是一种传统食品,故选D。

5. B 解析:句意:请我们是否有了制作水果沙拉的东西。分析句意可知:只能是检查一下我们是否有了制作水果沙拉的东西,故选B。

6. A 解析: 你参观莫干山会给你一个大大的惊喜。分析句意可知:“无论什么时候去参观莫干山都会给你一个大大的惊喜”,故选A。

【例2】(2014·江苏镇江)根据句意,用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空,每空一词。

1. The singers in the CCTV talent show Sing My Song have (able) to write songs.

2. —Did you eat rice dumplings at Dragon Boat Festival?

—Of course. I love the ones made in Jiaxing. They seem even (taste) to me after watching the TV programme A Bite of China.

3. Li Jian rou was (interview) shortly after she won the first gold medal for China in the 22nd Winter Olympic Games.

4. She looked (hope) at her husband for a football ticket to get closer to her favourite player.

5. The old man was looking through the list of the (soldier) names in order to remember the old days.

【答案】

1. ability/abilities 解析:根据句意:那些在中央电视台才艺节目《中国好歌曲》的歌手有能力写歌。根据句子结构此处应该用名词形式,ability既可以作不可数名词也可以用作可数名词,因此该空填ability或abilities。

2. tastier 解析:根据句意:“在端午节你吃粽子了吗?”“当然了。我喜欢嘉兴制作的粽子。当我看了电视节目《舌尖上的中国》后,它们甚至更可口了”。seem后面加形容词,根据句意该句用比较级更符合语境。所以填tasty的比较级形式tastier。

3. interviewed 解析:根据句意:李坚柔在22届冬奥会上为中国队赢得第一枚金牌,很快接受了记者的采访。根据句意此处指李坚柔被采访,所以句子应该用被动语态,故填过去分词。

4. hopefully 解析:根据句意:她满怀希望地看着丈夫,因为丈夫得到了一张足球票,这离她最喜爱的球员更进一步了。此处应该用副词来修饰动词短语look at,根据句意应该用希望地,故填hopefully。

5. soldiers 解析:根据句意:为了记住过去的日子,老人正在浏览士兵的名字。根据句意可知此处要用名词所有格形式,同时因为names为复数,所以填solders 。

【例3】单词拼写

(2013·浙江温州)用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,每词限用一次。

1. Jim is a clever boy. He is very in class.

2. It is important to make a for your future.

3. You will never know what you can do you try.

4. Sun Yang usually more than 15 kilometers every day.

5. At the end of the party all the students sang the song Auld Lang Syne.

【答案】

1. active 解析:be active in class意为“课上很积极”。very后面跟形容词原级。

2. plan 解析:make a plan for为固定词组,意为“为……制定计划”。

3. unless 解析:结合句意“除非你尝试,否则你将永远不会知道你能做什么”可知选unless,意为“除非;如果不”。

4. swims 解析:根据时间状语标志every day可知时态应用一般现在时。又因为Sun Yang 为第三人称单数,故应该填swims。

5. together 解析:结合句意“在聚会的最后,所有的学生一起唱《Auld Lang Syne》。”故空白处应填together。

专项训练

一、(2014·江苏苏州)

根据下列句子及所给汉语注释或通过上下文,写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。每空写一词。

1. All of us have voted (反对) smoking in public places.

2. Mr Brown,I Don't think your plan is worth (考虑).

3. Red represents power and is the colour of (热).

4. Jane's silk blouse feels far (光滑) than the cotton one.

5. Whether to build another highway across the part of the city is still under (讨论).

6. Jack is my best friend. I know him (大概;或许) better than anybody else.

7. The air in the area has been (污染) because of the wasted smoke from that

factory.

8. —Help to some bread, Lily and Kate.

—Thank you, but we are full.

9. —My house is much from the office than yours. So I'm always late for work.

—You'd better buy a car. Then you can save a lot of time.

10. —Miss Li, I'm afraid of speaking in front of so many people.

—Tom,calm down,then take a deep . It`s your turn.

二、(2014·湖北鄂州)

1. Last night,when I was watching TV I heard someone (敲门) at the door.

2. The experts (预言) that no one would want to see doctors in the hospital in the future.

3. I find it (令人沮丧的) that I didn`t go to visit Shanghai Expo.

4. They are trying to find a (解决) to the crisis.

5. The teacher was not satisfied. She left the classroom (silence).

6. I have many good habits, (include) getting up early and going to bed early.

7. The old man (die) for five years.

8. I think the car is one of the most helpful (invent) in people's lives.

9. My answer is (complete) different from yours.

三、(2014·江苏江阴)

A. 根据括号中所给的汉语写出单词,使句子意思完整正确。

1. Sorry,sir! Those boots aren't (可找到的) in your size.

2. Spacemen have to (使固定) sleeping bags to the walls to prevent floating.

3. All the boys can't wait to play basketball. They wish to begin (立即) after class.

4. We can use many (交通工具) such as buses,cars and so on to go to or from work.

B. 用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子。每空限填一词。

5. Little Tom is often very clever,but he makes an (correct) answer this time.

6. When we got to the top of the mountain,we were tired and breathed (heavy).

7. Minnie is (pretty) than any other mouse I've ever seen.

8. A hot topic that people are now talking about is the (safe) of school bus these days.

四、(2014·江苏盐城)

A. 根据句意和汉语提示写出单词,完成句子。

1. (提醒) me to post the children's letters please.

2. The Sydney Opera House is only an usual theatre but also the (标志) of Australia.

3. Mum made a (允诺) to buy a mobile phone for me as a birthday present.

4. Now there's fewer traffic accidents because of the law (反对) driving after drinking.

5. We are (真的) proud of our woman astronaut,Wang Yaping.

B. 根据句意,用所给单词的适当形式填空。

6. His father used to smoke very (heavy).

7. When they saw their favourite film stars,they shout with (excited).

8. Though the old man is in his (nine),he is still very healthy.

9. The house is on fire,we have to run out for (safe).

10. Though he was born in France,he can't speak (France).

五、(2013·广西梧州)

用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。

1. (close) your eyes and do eye exercises,kids.

2. I have tried three times,and the teacher asks me to have a (four) try.

3. Mr Wang is like a bee. He is one of (busy) teachers in our school.

4. When I got home,my pet dog was (lie) on the sofa.

5. The more (active) you take part in,the more outgoing you will be.

6. My parents expect me to pass the examination (success).

7. Shenzhen is in the (south) part of China.

8. Many people will go to the concert, (include) teachers,students and parents.

9. China has become much (strong) than before. We're all proud of her.

10. At the exhibition,the little boy's (invent) attracted many IT engineers.

六、(2013·广东清远)

用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。

big; change; over; safe; clean; story; progress; improve; age; plant

Forty years ago, Earth Day began in the United States. From then on, people start caring about the environment in the daily life. Today, we know more than ever about the environment problems—from clean water to 1 climate(气候). Some activities about protecting the earth environment are on the rise across the world. Now Earth Day is calling all action all 2 the world.

Today, we have to face some serious facts, our air and water have not been 3 as before,pollution has been increasing. It's every person who demands cleaner air,healthier drinking water and 4 food. We really need healthier environment to live in.

Please take action to 5 our environment in your home or your company,at your school or your business. It can be as simple as taking a bus or the subway to work,cleaning up a nearby park with your neighbors. So let's get to work together. We can continue to make 6 towards a healthier planet. Just go out to learn how you can help our planet. And then tell us your 7 about what you're doing to make some differences.

Please plant trees where they are most needed. People of all 8 can take part in the activities. The programs can help reduce greenhouse gas and support development. 15 countries joined 9 one million trees in 2010. Please help us plant another one million trees in 2011.

We have so much more to do. And we need your help to do it. I want to leave you with a challenge.

In the end,I love you—the small business owners and factory leaders,the teachers and the students,the young people and the grandparents—who have made Earth Day so successful. And It`s going to be up to you to make some even 10 differences year by year. Let's make our country and our world as green as possible in the following years!

参考答案与解析

一、 1. against 2. considering 3. heat 4. smoother 5. discussion 6. probably

7. polluted 8. yourselves 9. farther 10. breath

二、 1. knocking 2. predicted 3. frustrating 4. solution

5. silently

6. including

7. has been dead

8. inventions

9. completely

三、 1. available 2. fix 3. immediately 4. vehicles

5. incorrect

6. heavily

7. prettier

8. safety

四、 1. Remind 2. symbol 3. promise 4. against 5. truly/really 6. heavily

7. excitement 8. nineties 9. safety

10. French

五、 1. Close 2. fourth 3. the busiest 4. lying 5. activities

6. successfully

7. southern

8. including

9. stronger

10. invention(s)

六、 1. changing 2. over 3. clean 4. safer 5. improve 6. progress 7. story

8. ages 9. planting 10. bigger