(优选)英语语用学详解.
语用学

语用学语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义为研究对象的新兴学科领域,在众多的语用学定义中,有两个概念是十分基本的,一个是意义,另一个是语境,是专门研究语言的理解和使用的学问,它研究在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
名词定义语用学(pragmatics) 语言学、哲学和心理学的一个分支学科,研究脉络如何影响人运用和理解语言。
语用学分析研究影响语言行为(如招呼、回答、应酬、劝说)的标准和支配轮流发言的规则。
语用学还研究语言用於成事的方式。
例如,「我允诺」用於特定语境中就是允诺。
语用学yǔyòngxué [pragmatics] 符号学的一个分支,研究符号或语言词句与其使用之间的关系。
语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义为研究对象的新兴学科领域,是专门研究语言的理解和使用的学问,它研究在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
语用学因其本身的目的性和价值性而不同于语法研究,它是关于人类语言本身的研究。
在语言的使用中,说话人往往并不是单纯地要表达语言成分和符号单位的静态意义,听话人通常要通过一系列心理推断,去理解说话人的实际意图。
要做到真正理解和恰当使用一门语言,仅仅懂得构成这门语言的发音、词汇和语法是远远不够的。
语用学的另一核心概念就是意义。
何兆熊先生(1987)在他的语用学概要一书中指出:“在众多的语用学定义中,有两个概念是十分基本的,一个是意义,另一个是语境。
”从发展的观点看,语用学的崛起是语义研究的发展和延伸的结果,因此可以说语用学是一种对意义的研究。
但语用学所研究的意义不同于形式语义学所研究的意义,它所研究的是语言在一定的语境中使用时体现出来的具体意义。
由此可知,语境对意义的作用在语用学研究中十分重要。
研究在一定的上下文里语言的使用,包括所产生的字面意义和蕴涵意义,以及可能产生的效果的学科。
语用学的概念首先是美国哲学家C.W.莫里斯 (1901~1979)和R.卡纳普(1891~1970)在20世纪30年代前后提出的。
语用学(英语ppt)

• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
语用学——精选推荐

语⽤学⽐喻metaphor表达类expressives表述句constatives不可分离性non-detachability不可取消性non-cancellability不确定性indeterminacy承诺类commissives代码模式code model等级含意scalar implicatures地点指⽰space deixis调节性规则regulative rules动态语⽤学dynamic pragmatics断⾔类assertives对⽅修正other-repair⼆元关系dyadic relation发展语⽤学developmental pragmatics反讽/反语irony⽅式准则manner maxim⾮规约性non-conventionality讽刺sarcasm符号sign符号关系学syntactics符号学semiotics负⾯礼貌策略negative politeness strategy 负⾯⾯⼦negative face 负向转移negative transfer概念意义conceptual meaning功能语⾔学functional linguistics共知common knowledge构成性规则constitutive rules 关联/关联性relevance关联理论relevance theory关系准则relevant maxim规定语法prescriptive grammar规约含意conventional implicature规约性conventionality规则rule含混ambivalence含意implicature合适条件felicity condition后指⽤法cataphoric use互补性complementarity互动语⽤学interactive pragmatics互明mutual manifestness互知mutual knowledge互指co-referential话轮turn-taking话语utterance话语分析discourse analysis话语意义utterance meaning话语指⽰discourse deixis缓叙meiosis会话分析conversation analysis会话含意conversational implicature 会话结构conversational structure会话修正conversational repair会话原则conversational principle或然性probability记号symbol间接⾔语⾏为indirect speech act交际⽬的communicative goal/purpose 交际能⼒communicative competence 交际意图communicative intention交际⽤意communicative force交际原则communicative principle近指proximal terms经济原则principle of economy旧信息old information句法学syntax句⼦意义sentence meaning可接收性acceptability可取消性cancellability可推导性calculability可⾏性feasibility客观环境physical situation夸张hyperbole跨⽂化语⽤学cross-cultural pragmatics离格deviance礼貌politeness礼貌策略politeness strategy礼貌原则politeness principle连贯coherence两可性ambiguity量准则quantity maxim临床语⽤学clinical pragmatics笼统性generality论⾔有所为How to do things with words逻辑语义学logical semantics蒙塔古语法Montague grammar⾯⼦face1明⽰-推理过程ostensive-inferential process 明说explicature 命题⾏为propositional act模糊限制语hedges模糊性fuzziness内嵌施为句embedded performatives恰当性appropriateness前提presupposition前提触发语presupposition triggers前指⽤法anaphoric use⼈称指⽰person deixis⼈类⽂化⽅法论ethnomethodology认知效果cognitive effect认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知原则cognitive principle弱陈meiosis三元关系triadic relation社会语⽤学societal pragmatics社交语⽤学social pragmatics社交-语⽤学socio-pragmatics社交指⽰social deixis施为动词performative verb施为假设performative hypothesis施为句performatives施为⽤意illocutionary force时间指⽰time deixis实⽤主义pragmatism顺应理论adaptation theory说话⼈意义speaker meaning 随意⾔谈loose talk 特殊含意particularized conversational implicature 同义反复句tautology投射规则projection rule推理努⼒processing effort威胁⾯⼦的⾏为face threatening acts委婉语understatement未知信息unknown information衔接机制cohesive device显性施为句explicit performatives新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature新格赖斯语⽤学neo-Gricean pragmatics新信息new information信息意图informative intention信息照应information bridging形式语⽤学formal pragmatics修辞学rhetoric宣告类declarations选择限制selectional restriction⾔语交际verbal communication⾔语情景speech situation⾔语⾏为speech act⾔语⾏为理论speech act theory⼀般会话含意generalized conversational implicature 已知信息known information以⾔成事perlocutionary act以⾔⾏事illocutionary act以⾔⾏事⽬的/施为⽬的illocutionary goal以⾔指事locutionary act意思sense意图intention意向性intentionality隐含结论implicated conclusion隐含前提implicated premise隐性施为句implicit performatives隐喻metaphor语法性grammaticality语际语interlanguage语际语⽤学interlanguage pragmatics语境暗含contextual implication语境化contextualization语境假设contextual assumptions语境效果contextual effect语境意义contextual meaning语境因素contextual factor语句sentence语句意义sentence meaning语⾔学转向linguistic turn语⾔语境linguistic context语⾔语⽤学linguistic pragmatics语义前提semantic presupposition语义学semantics语⽤代码pragmatic code语⽤含糊pragmatic vagueness语⽤含意pragmatic force语⽤类属pragmatic category语⽤能⼒pragmatic competence语⽤歧义pragmatic ambiguity语⽤迁移pragmatic transfer2语⽤前提pragmatic presupposition语⽤推理pragmatic inference语⽤⾏为pragmatic act语⽤学pragmatics语⽤移情pragmatic empathy语⽤语⾔学pragmalinguistics语⽤原则pragmatic principle寓意⾔谈metaphorical talk元交际⾏为metacommunicative behaviour 元指⽤法meta-phoric use原意或刻意⾔谈literal talk原则principle远指distal terms约略性approximation蕴涵entailment哲学语⽤学philosophical pragmatics正⾯礼貌positive politeness正⾯⾯⼦positive face正向转移positive transfer指称reference指令类directives指⽰词语deictic expressions指⽰语deixis, indexicals质准则quality maxim中介语/语际语interlanguage主题topic字⾯⽤意literal force⾃我修正self-repairadaptability顺应性(1.2.2)affective mutuality情感共享(4.5.3)agreement maxim⼀致准则(2.2.1)anaphora前照应(6.1.1)anaphoric use前照应⽤法(6.1.1)approbation maxim赞誉准则(3.2.4)appropriate conditions合适条件(3.2.4)assertives断⾔类(以⾔⾏事)(3.2.3)behabitives表态类以⾔⾏事(3.2.1)calculability(含意的)可推导性(4.4.2)calendric time units历法时间单位(6.1.3)cancellability(含意的)可取消性(4.4.2)change-of-state verbs状态变化动词(6.2.4)code model代码(交际)模式(2.1.1)cognitive environment认知环境(5.2)cognitive mutuality认知共享(4.5.3)cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学(1.5)collaborative performatives协作性施为句(3.2.1) commissives承诺类(以⾔⾏事)(3.2.1) common knowledge共知(5.2)communicative competence交际能⼒(7.1)communicative intention交际意图(1.3.2)communicative language ability语⾔交际能⼒(7.1)constatives表述句(3.2.1)context语境(1.1)context of situation情景语境(5)contextual assumptions语境假设(1.5.4)contextual correlates语境相关因素(5.1.1) contextual effects语境效果(1.5.4)contextual features语境特征(5.1.1)contextual implication语境暗含(1.5.4)contextual meaning语境意义(1.2.3)contrastive markers对⽐性标记语(6.4.1) contrastive pragmatics对⽐语⽤研究(1.5.2)conventional implicature常规含意(4.4.1)conventionalization规约化(1.3.2)conversation analysis/CA会话分析(1.2.2)conversational implicature会话含意(4.4.1)conversation structure会话结构(1.2.2)cooperative principle/CP合作原则(2.1.2)co-text上下⽂(5.1.1)cross-cultural communication跨⽂化交际(8.1)cross-cultural pragmatics跨⽂化语⽤学(1.2.2)culture-loaded words富含⽂化内涵词语(8.2.1)declarations宣告类(以⾔⾏事)(3.2.3)decoding解码(2.1.1)defeasibility(含意的)可废除性(6.2.5)deictic center指⽰中⼼(6.1.1)deictic expression指⽰语(1.1)deictic use指⽰⽤法(6.1.1)deictics指⽰语(1.1)deixis指⽰语(1.1)developmental pragmatics发展语⽤学(1.6)directives指令类(以⾔⾏事)(3.2.3)disambiguation消除歧义(5.4)discourse deixis话语指⽰(6.1.1)discourse markers话语标记语(1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义(1.2.4)discourse operator话语操作语(6.4)3discourse particles话语⼩品词(6.4)dynamic pragmatics动态语⽤学(4.6)elaborative markers阐发性标记语emphathetic deixis移情指⽰encoding编码encyclopaedic information百科信息entailment蕴涵equivalent effect等值效果/等效essential condition(实施⾔语⾏为的)基本条件ethnography(of communication)(交际中的)⼈类⽂化学exercitives⾏使类(以⾔⾏事)explicature明说explicit performatives显性施为句expositives阐述类(以⾔⾏事)expressives表情类(以⾔⾏事)extended speech act theory扩充的⾔语⾏为理论face⾯⼦face theory⾯⼦理论face threatening acts/FTA威胁⾯⼦的⾏为factive verbs叙实性动词felicity conditions合适条件filler填充语gambits话语策略语general pragmaticsgeneralized implicature⼀般会话含意generosity maxim慷慨准则gestural use⼿势⽤法grammatical competence语法能⼒group performatives群体性施为句guiding culture主⽂化hearing meaning听话⼈意义hedge模糊限制语illocutionary competence施为能⼒illocutionary force施为⽤意implicated conclusion暗含结论implicated premise暗含前提implicative verbs含蓄性动词implicature暗含/含意implicit performatives隐性施为句indeterminacy(含意的)不确定性indirect speech act间接⾔语⾏为inference推理inferential markers推导性标记语语⽤学重要术语英汉对照解释1、Adjacency pair: 相邻对 A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.2、Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.3、Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.4、Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.5、Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g.if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.6、Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by beinguttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-7、Deixis: 指⽰“Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression,e.g. “this”, “here”.8、Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something,e.g. an order.9、Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with referenceto the social and psychological factors that influence communication.10、Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as aresponse, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.411、Entailment: 蕴涵Something that logically follows from what is asserted.12、Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.13、Face: ⾯⼦A person’s public self-image.14、Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.15、Generalized conversational implicature: ⼀般性会话含义An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge. 16、Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.17、Illocutionary force: ⾔外之⼒The communicative force of an utterance.18、Insertion sequence: 插⼊系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.19、Manner Maxim: ⽅式准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.20、Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.21、Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.22、Performative verb: ⾏事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.23、Perlocutionary act: 以⾔成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.24、Person deixis: ⼈称指⽰Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.25、Pragmatics: 语⽤学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning. 26、Preferred: 期待的The structurally expected next utterance used ina response.27、Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.28、Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.29、Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.30、Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.31、Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.32、Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.33、R elation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.34、Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.35、Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count asa particular speech act.36、Social deixis: 社会指⽰Forms used to indicate relative social status.37、Speech act: ⾔语⾏为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.38、Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.39、Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation5。
英语课堂用语的语用学分析

英语课堂用语的语用学分析摘要:英语课堂用语在英语教学中扮演着非常重要的角色,科学得体的课堂用语可以极大提高学生的学习效率和课堂教学效率。
本文结合Brown和Levinson 以及Leech等学者提出的礼貌原则,从语用学的角度阐释怎样科学得体地使用英语课堂用语。
关键词:英语课堂用语语用学分析1 背景语言表达是教师最重要的,最基本的职业技能。
教师的教育、教学工作,无论是传授文化知识、培养能力技巧,还是启迪学生的心灵,陶冶学生的情操都离不开语言。
英语教学以语言学习为基本目的,教师课堂用语显得更为重要. 英语课堂用语不仅扮演着一般课堂用语的基本角色,而且还是英语学习者(学生)模仿和学习的基本素材,所以英语课堂用语的恰当和得体就显得尤为重要。
但是怎么才能科学得体的使用英语课堂用语,怎样才能找到先进的前沿理论来指导课堂用语的使用,一直困扰着广大英语教师. 从广义上看一切语言活动都围绕着语用实践而展开,作为当代语言学分支的语用学从一个全新的视角为广大英语教师和英语学习者重新认识英语语言提供了机会。
2 理论基础面子论。
礼貌的语用研究因为这样一个事实:言语交际中总要顾及礼貌,但在跨文化交际中,人们表达礼貌的方式又有很大的不同。
Brown和Levinson两位学者认为人们在言语交际过程中使用礼貌原则,从根本上讲就是为了维护彼此的面子。
据此,他们提出了面子论。
根据Goffman(1967)的解释,面子与“难为情”(embarrassed)“蒙羞”(humiliated)和“丢脸”(losing face)之类的感情概念有关。
人们在交际中会“给面子”,“留面子”,“丢面子”。
面子是人们相互交往中倍感珍贵的东西。
按照Brown 和Levinson的观点,人们在交际中的面子有正和负两个方面。
所谓正面面子(positive face),指希望得到别人的肯定和赞许。
这种愿望一旦获得满足,正面的面子就得以保存。
所谓负面面子(negative face),指有自主的自由,不因迁就别人或受到干扰、妨碍而使自己感到丢面子。
语用学 pragmatics

语用学pragmatics语用学:语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义),对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学:符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别:语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学,即逻辑语义学,它研究句子和词语本身的意义,研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义,研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning),解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning),解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context):最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识;语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解;语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识,背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则,情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程,在交际过程中,语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定,例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等,但有些因素却会变化,特别重要的是相互知识这一因素,它在交际过程中不断扩大,原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识,成为进一步交际的基础。
英语教育中的语言学理论

英语教育中的语言学理论在现代社会中,英语已成为一门不可或缺的工具性语言。
为了掌握这门语言,我们不仅需要学习其语法、词汇等基本知识,更需要了解其语言学理论。
本文将介绍英语教育中的语言学理论。
一、语言习得理论语言习得理论(Language acquisition theory)是研究语言习得的心理学分支学科,最早由美国心理学家斯金纳提出。
该理论认为,语言被视为是一个纯粹的行为,是通过语言训练和反复的口头练习获得的。
这种行为型学习被称为“习得论”,强调外部的因素对语言习得过程的影响。
在英语教育中,该理论支持通过语言训练和反复回忆来获得英语能力。
二、语用学理论语用学理论(Pragmatics theory)是研究语言运用规则的一门学科,与语法学(Syntax)和词汇学(Lexicon)并列成为语言学三大分支。
它强调语言应用在日常交际中的实际意义,并分析语言在不同背景下的意义和使用上的差异。
在英语教育中,语用学理论为学生了解英语在不同场合下的使用和语气、联想等方面提供了重要的指导。
三、认知语言学理论认知语言学理论(Cognitive Linguistics)是一种新兴的语言学派别,它探讨语言与思维之间的关系,研究语言知识的认知和构建方式。
该理论认为,语言的意义是由认知语言处理机制产生的,语言的规律来自于认知建构活动。
在英语教育中,认知语言学理论强调学习者将语言的概念与自己的认知结构进行联系,从而更好地理解和掌握语言。
四、社会语言学理论社会语言学理论(Sociolinguistics)分析语言在社会上的使用和使用者的社会环境的影响。
社会语言学理论强调文化和社会因素对语言使用的影响,并研究它们如何影响书面和口头语言的发展。
在英语教育中,社会语言学理论可以帮助学生了解不同文化背景和社会环境对语言的影响,更加深入地了解和运用语言。
总之,语言学理论可以为我们更好地理解和掌握英语提供帮助。
作为英语学习者,我们应该不断更新自己对语言学理论的知识,并将其运用到实际学习当中。
英语语用学

Quiz
Please explain the following key terms in your own words. 1. First language, mother tongue 2. Second language, foreign language interlanguage 3. negative transfer, positive transfer 4. contrastive analysis Please list at least five examples of L1 transfer in English learning as Chinese sponse
habit
Error
Interference Proactive inhibition
Proactive inhibition
is
negative transfer positive transfer
errors
Home work
Please answer the following questions. Your own views are more important and valuable than what is said to be correct answers. 1. What is your own definition of a ‘good language learner’? 2. What does Corder mean by saying that an ‘error’ is ‘systematic’ and a ‘mistake’ is ‘unsystematic’? Do you see any problems with this definition? 3. Later Corder recognizes that it may be difficult to distinguish ‘errors’ and ‘mistakes’. Can you suggest ways of doing this?
英语中的语法与语用分析

英语中的语法与语用分析语法和语用是语言学研究的两个重要分支,它们分别关注语言的结构和使用。
语法研究语言的形式和规则,而语用则研究语言的功能和意义。
在英语学习和教学中,了解语法和语用的关系对于提高语言运用能力至关重要。
本文将探讨英语中的语法与语用分析,并举例说明其在实际应用中的重要性。
一、语法与语用的定义和区别语法是一种描述语言结构和规则的学科,它研究词汇、句法、语义等方面的规则。
语法规则可以帮助我们理解和构建合乎语言规范的句子。
例如,在英语中,主语和谓语之间需要有一致性,即主语是单数时,谓语动词也要用单数形式。
这种规则属于语法范畴。
与语法不同,语用关注的是语言的使用和交际功能。
语用学研究如何根据特定的语境和交际目的来理解和使用语言。
在语用分析中,我们需要考虑说话者的意图、听话者的理解以及社会文化背景等因素。
例如,在英语中,当我们说“Could you pass me the salt?”时,实际上是在请求对方给我们盐。
这种用语的交际功能属于语用范畴。
二、语法与语用的关系语法和语用在语言学研究中相辅相成。
语法提供了语言的结构和规则,而语用则使语言具有交际功能和意义。
语法与语用的关系可以通过以下几个方面来理解。
1. 语法为语用提供基础语法规则是语言的基础,它们帮助我们理解和构建句子。
在学习英语时,我们需要掌握词汇、句法和语义等语法知识,才能正确地表达自己的意思。
例如,如果不了解英语中的时态和语态规则,我们就很难准确地表达过去、现在或将来的动作。
因此,语法为语用提供了基础。
2. 语用解释语法现象语用分析可以帮助我们理解和解释语法现象。
有时候,语法规则并不能完全解释某些句子的意义和用法。
在这种情况下,我们需要通过语用分析来理解其交际功能。
例如,在英语中,句子“Nice weather, isn't it?”并不是在询问天气是否好,而是在用来表达对天气的评价和交流情感。
这种情况下,语法规则不能完全解释其用法,需要借助语用分析。
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e. Mr. Webster, the amiable priest, is going to marry Jane at the church. take Jane as his wife / preside over Jane’s wedding
Part 2: A general
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important to take into account the contribution of context. In simple terms, then, we can think about pragmatics as the study of the contribution of context to meaning.
Epistemic context: the epistemic context refers to what speakers know about the world. For example, what background knowledge shared by the speakers is crucially part of our epistemic knowledge when we have a conversation with someone else.
"Excuse me, could you please speak up a bit more? I missed what you said."
What do we know pragmatically about your utterance? What contributes to our understanding of why its literal meaning (i.e. please speak up) departs so much from what its intended meaning is (i.e. shut up!)? Consider some of the contextual properties of the utterance.
Social context: the social context refers to the social relationship among speakers and hearers.
Example:
Think about the discussion of the library scene in Language Files. Two people come into a library and they are talking really loud. They sit at your table and continue their babbling. So, you look up at them and say:
5. Conclusion
Part 1: Warming up
Can you explain the meaning of the words in italics in each of the sentences below? Explain why and then make some alterations in the context so as to pin down the meaning. a. The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight. stop people drinking / stop drinking by themselves
Physical context: we can think of this in terms of where the conversation is taking place, what objects are present, what actions are occurring, and so forth.
Linguistic context: the linguistic context refers to what has been said already in the utterance. For example, if I begin a discussion by referring to Jane Smith and in the next sentence refer to "her" as being a top notch athlete, the linguistic context lets me know that the antecedent of "her" (the person "her" refers to) is Jane Smith.
b. There stood a big stone house at the foot of the hill. a stone house which is big / a house built of big stones
c. I have lost Betty’s picture. a picture possessed by Betty / a photograph of Betty
英语语用学
• An Introduction to
Pragmatics
• A Course for B.A. Students
• Instructor:
Prof. Tangtline
1. Warming up 2. A general description of Context 3. Theories of context 4. The role of context
• Here are four sub-areas involved in fleshing out (完 善)what we mean by context.
• physical context
Epistemic(关于认知的)
context
linguistic context social context