chapter 1 general principles 连淑能英译汉教程
汉英翻译(chapter one) 第一章 翻译的过程
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3、直译和意译并用
直译和意译是翻译中最基本的两种方法。在 翻译过程中，有时使用直译法，有时使用意 译法，有时则两者必须并用。
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示 例
① This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity. 我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻，我要在一个女人手下工 作，这对我简直是最大的侮辱。 ② My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting.. 亲爱的姑娘们，我对你们期望很高，可并不是叫你们在世上 出人头地——要你们去嫁给富人，仅仅因为他们有钱，有奢 华的住房，缺少爱情的话，豪华的住房算不得上家。
琼州学院外国语学院
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2）确认短语是否是一个语义整体。
—— “I don’t know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge. —— “I spend it on you,” she said. “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.” —— “不知道你掖着臭钱干什么用”，史卡力 先生问。 ——“供你吃喝呀！”她回答道。“你总是一 定要吃好喝好，缺一点儿也不行。”
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第10~12章【圣才出品】
第10章Division（拆译法）10.1 复习笔记In division, we have to determine where to divide, how to divide, what the subject or the predicate of the new clause or sentence should be, and how to rearrange various parts of the original sentence. These may involve such techniques as Conversion, Addition and Inversion.拆分时要注意以下问题：在哪里拆分，怎样拆分，新的从句或句子的主语、谓语分别是什么，以及如何重新组织这些部分。
这里涉及到的技巧有转换法、增补法和倒置法。
一、Picking Out of Words（拆译单词）It is advisable to pick out those words which are hard to reproduce in the original structure and expand them into Chinese word groups, clauses or sentences. There are usually three steps to deal with such words:翻译过程中，如果一个单词的意义很难用汉语在原有句法框架下表达出来，就可以把该单词抽取出来，并将其扩展为汉语词组、从句或句子。
具体操作步骤如下：1. Determine which word(s) to pick out;确定需要抽取出来的单词；2. Apply Conversion or Addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth and well-connected;必要时运用转换法或增补法，使译文流畅、通顺；3. Rearrange the word order according to the Chinese mode of expression.根据汉语表达习惯，重新组织语序。
英汉翻译技巧(12.09学生版)
英汉翻译技巧第一部分英译汉CHAPTER ONE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATIONTHE V ARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION1)ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1814)I WOULD THEREFORE DESCRIBE A GOOD TRANSLATION TO BE: THAT, IN WHICH THE MERIT OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS SO COMPLETELY TRANSFUSED INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE, AS TO BE DISTINCTLY APPREHENDED, AND AS STRONGLY FELT, BY A NATIVE OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THAT LANGUAGE BELONGS, AS IT IS BY THOSE WHO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
THE THREE GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATION:FIRST GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD GIVE A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF THE IDEAS OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.译文完全复写出原作的思想。
SECOND GENERAL RULE: THE STYLE AND MANNER OF WRITING IN A TRANSLATION SHOULD BE OF THE SAME CHARACTER WITH THAT OF THE ORIGINAL.译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
英译汉教程1_基础词汇
a consensus: to favor literal translation whenever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice.
（能够直译尽量直译，不能直译则意译）
英译汉教程
连淑能 编著
Chapter 1 General Principles
Self-introduction / Getting to know each other An introduction to the course 1.course description: a practical course; a proficiency course; the training of translating skills
Discussion:
What are the merits and demerits of literal translation and free translation respectively? What are the extremes of literal translation and free translation? please offer appropriate examples to illustrate them
General principles about translation
How do you perceive translation? The definition of translation:
translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
《英译汉教程》____练习参考答案
《英译汉教程》____练习参考答案普通⾼等教育“⼗⼀五”国家级规划教材英译汉教程练习参考答案连淑能厦门⼤学教授、博导Chapter 1 General PrinciplesDrills 1.3.1(1) 1. 这对克服困难很有帮助。
（go a long way towards something/doing something = helpgreatly in [achieving] something, OALD 2002: 525;《新英汉词典》2000: 1577）2. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努⼒。
（go it = act in a manner that is quicker,more lively, impatient, etc., than is usual. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms1979: 130;《英汉⼤词典》1993: 740）3. 我需要更多空闲的时间。
（could do with something = need or want something, LDCE1998: 435）4. 这次失败促使他成功。
（[the making of] = a means of gaining great improvement orsuccess, LDCE 1998: 918）5. 我盼望在最后⼀刻可以挽救和平。
（the eleventh hour = the very last moment, LDCE 1998:478）6.她对此事很了解。
（know a thing or two [about somebody/something] = know a lot [aboutsomebody/something], OALD 2002: 825）7. 她真是爱说话。
/她太喜欢说话了。
（ready = willing to do, LDCE 1998: 1249, 参见“学⽣⽤书”243页）8.⽆线电传来了该地区发现⼤油⽥的消息。
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】第13章Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）13.1 复习笔记Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧，还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进⾏细致的分析。
⼀、Features of Long English Sentences（英语长句的特点）English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的：主⼲是五种句⼦结构，即主＋谓，主＋系＋表，主＋谓＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋补；枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。
连淑能《英译汉教程》配套题库(含考研真题)-Chapter 3~Chapter 4【圣才出品】
Chapter 3 Translation of cultural factors（文化因素的翻译）3.1 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions（文化词语译法）Ⅰ. Domesticating Translation1. to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs【译文】杀鸡取卵2. kill two birds with one stone【译文】一箭双雕；一举两得3. carrot and stick【译文】软硬兼施；威逼利诱；奖惩并用4. a land of honey and milk【译文】鱼米之乡5. Jack of all trades and master of none【译文】杂而不精的人6. to separate the sheep from the goats【译文】分辨良莠7. to take French leave【译文】不告而别8. to carry coals to Newcastle【译文】多此一举【解析】纽卡斯尔是英国煤炭重镇，故往纽卡斯尔运煤是多此一举。
9. to paint the lily【译文】画蛇添足10. to face the music【译文】临危不惧11. to mind one’s P’s and Q’s【译文】谨言慎行12. to put the cart before the horse【译文】本末倒置13. to laugh off one’s head【译文】笑掉大牙14. as timid as a rabbit【译文】胆小如鼠15. as mute as a fish【译文】噤若寒蝉16. neither fish nor flesh【译文】不伦不类17. six of one and half a dozen of the other【译文】半斤八两18. to spend money like water【译文】挥金如土19. to look for a needle in haystack【译文】大海捞针20. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 【译文】宁为鸡头，不为凤尾。
连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法)
第15章Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）15.1 复习笔记English proper nouns include names of persons, places, organizations ,newspapers, periodicals, radios, news agencies, books, films, etc. English technical terms include, broadly speaking, special words or expressions for things and ideas used in any branch of science and technology.英语专有名词包括人名、地名、组织名、报纸名、期刊名、广播台名、通讯社名、书名、电影名等等。
英语专有术语主要包括在技术科学、社会科学、自然科学等领域广泛运用的特殊词汇或特殊表达。
Many troubles arise in translating proper names and technical terms. Great confusion may come from.在翻译专有名词和专有术语的时候会遇到一些棘手的问题，这些问题主要来源于：1. Transliteration of proper names from English spelling or pronunciation;对英语专有名词的发音直接进行音译；2. Variation in the spoken sound of Chinese characters used in translated names;汉语中部分汉字的发音有地域区别；3. Large number of homonyms, homophones and homographs in Chinese;汉语中有大量同音字、多音字和同形字；4. Mixed use of old and new translated names.新译法和旧译法的混合使用。
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to turn from one language into another —The Oxford English Dictionary
to turn into one’s own or another language —Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language
—Nida ＆ Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息 最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而 言，其次是就文体而言。 ——奈达
Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and /or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ——唐·贾公彦：《义疏》
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语 言表达出来的活动。 ——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。 ——刘宓庆
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表 达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动。 ——张培基等：《英汉翻译教程》
— Alexander Fraser Tytler
好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移
注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家
的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，
如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受
的一样。
——泰特勒
Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
— Roger Bell
翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇 所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的 语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义 与文体方面的等值。
Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language).
翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用 另一种语言文字表是利用一种 语言文字将另一种语言文字所表达的思想 确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。 ——汪涛、黄新渠
黄 新 渠 译
翻译是以译者为主体,以语言为转换媒介 的创造性思维活动。所谓翻译,就是把见 诸于一种语言的文本用另一种语言准确 而完整地再造出来,使译作获得与原作相 当的文献价值或文学价值。
Chapter 1 General Principles
The Definitions of Translation The Categories of Translation The Assessment of Translation The Competence of A Translator Translation Strategies Translation Processes
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
— John Catford 翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文字材料 转换成另一种语言（译语）的对等的文 字材料。
翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言 在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所 业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地 表达出来。 ——安德烈·费道罗夫
—Perter Newmark.
Approaches to Translation
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
——王宏印
翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一 种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容 重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是 一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创造。
——冯庆华
翻译是把一种语言（即源语）的信息用 另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译 文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得 到与原文读者大致相同的感受。