曼昆经济学原理第一章(英文)PPT课件
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经济学原理曼昆版(第五版)课件第一章
▪ 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间，储蓄多少，
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
经济学十大原理
3
人们如何做出决策
经济学十大原理
4
人们如何做出决策
原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
原理 8 ：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与 劳务的能力
▪ 决定生活水平的最重要因素：生产率，即每一单位劳
动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量
▪ 生产率取决于设备，劳动者的技能以及可用的技术 ▪ 其它因素（比如，工会组织，国外的竞争）对于生活
水平的影响远远小于生产率
经济学十大原理
26
整体经济如何运行
原理 9 :当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
▪
每天都是美好的一天，新的一天开启 。20.12.2520.12.2506:4506:45:1406:45:14Dec-20
▪
相信命运，让自己成长，慢慢的长大 。2020年12月25日星 期五6时 45分14秒Friday, December 25, 2020
▪
爱情，亲情，友情，让人无法割舍。20.12.252020年 12月25日星期 五6时45分14秒20.12.25
B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常，则是$5500
经济学十大原理
12
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常，则是$5700
修理变速器的收益= $800 ($6500 – 5700) 因此，修理变速器是值得的
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少，雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防，消费物品，环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
经济学十大原理
3
人们如何做出决策
经济学十大原理
4
人们如何做出决策
原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
原理 8 ：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与 劳务的能力
▪ 决定生活水平的最重要因素：生产率，即每一单位劳
动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量
▪ 生产率取决于设备，劳动者的技能以及可用的技术 ▪ 其它因素（比如，工会组织，国外的竞争）对于生活
水平的影响远远小于生产率
经济学十大原理
26
整体经济如何运行
原理 9 :当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
▪
每天都是美好的一天，新的一天开启 。20.12.2520.12.2506:4506:45:1406:45:14Dec-20
▪
相信命运，让自己成长，慢慢的长大 。2020年12月25日星 期五6时 45分14秒Friday, December 25, 2020
▪
爱情，亲情，友情，让人无法割舍。20.12.252020年 12月25日星期 五6时45分14秒20.12.25
B. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常，则是$5500
经济学十大原理
12
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常，汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常，则是$5700
修理变速器的收益= $800 ($6500 – 5700) 因此，修理变速器是值得的
西方经济学曼昆 PPt 经济学十大原理
看不见的手通常会使市场有效配置资源，但 由于各种原因，看不见的手会不起作用，出现 “市场失灵”，即市场本身不能有效配置资源。 市 场 失 灵 (market failure) 的 原 因 ： 外 部 性 (externality) （ 一 个 人 的 行 为 对 旁 观 者 福 利 的 影 响）；市场势力(market power)（一个人或一小群 人影响市场价格的能力）；公共产品。 政府为了促进效率和平等，在市场失灵的时 候有时可以改善市场结果。但有时因为政治程序、 利益偏向、能力等原因会出现“政府失灵”
二、经济学的研究内容 1.人们如何做出决策？ 2.个人决策如何影响他人？人们 怎样交易？ 3.所有决策和相互交易共同组成 “经济”，影响整个经济的力量 和趋势如何。
三、经济学十大原理 1、人们面临权衡取舍
资源稀缺性要求人们做出选择。“鱼和 熊掌不可兼得”人们将在稀缺资源的多种用 途中进行权衡比较，根据自己的各种需要的 强弱缓急做出选择，找出对自己最有利的配 置方法。如个人的选择：安排时间、金钱 社会的选择：“大炮与黄油”、效率 (efficiency)与平等(equity)、保护环境与 增加收入
5、贸易能使每个人状况更好
竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、 竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、每个国家可 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易，人 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易， 们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳 务。
6、市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
社会不同的选择和资源配置方式决定了不同的 经济制度。市场经济(market economy)和计划经 济差别： *决策机制不同：前者由市场参与者分散、自 主决策。后者由至高无上的中央计划机关决策 *协调机制不同：前者用价格协调千千万万的决 策，后者有金字塔形的等级体系，用自上而下的 命令方式贯彻决策，保证决策协调 *激励机制不同：前者以个人利益为中心，后者 以集体主义为中心
二、经济学的研究内容 1.人们如何做出决策？ 2.个人决策如何影响他人？人们 怎样交易？ 3.所有决策和相互交易共同组成 “经济”，影响整个经济的力量 和趋势如何。
三、经济学十大原理 1、人们面临权衡取舍
资源稀缺性要求人们做出选择。“鱼和 熊掌不可兼得”人们将在稀缺资源的多种用 途中进行权衡比较，根据自己的各种需要的 强弱缓急做出选择，找出对自己最有利的配 置方法。如个人的选择：安排时间、金钱 社会的选择：“大炮与黄油”、效率 (efficiency)与平等(equity)、保护环境与 增加收入
5、贸易能使每个人状况更好
竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、 竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、每个国家可 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易，人 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易， 们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳 务。
6、市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
社会不同的选择和资源配置方式决定了不同的 经济制度。市场经济(market economy)和计划经 济差别： *决策机制不同：前者由市场参与者分散、自 主决策。后者由至高无上的中央计划机关决策 *协调机制不同：前者用价格协调千千万万的决 策，后者有金字塔形的等级体系，用自上而下的 命令方式贯彻决策，保证决策协调 *激励机制不同：前者以个人利益为中心，后者 以集体主义为中心
曼昆经济学原理 第一章ppt
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
can to achieve their objectives.
make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
of marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics address?
What are the principles of how people make
When a manager considers whether to increase
output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Equality: when prosperity is distributed uniformly
among society’s members
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
can to achieve their objectives.
make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
of marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics address?
What are the principles of how people make
When a manager considers whether to increase
output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Equality: when prosperity is distributed uniformly
among society’s members
曼昆经济学原理课件(PPT 36页)
2006 年 花费比
例
标准普尔500指数(指数基金) 大型管理基金 标准普尔中型股400指数（指数基
金）
中型管理基金 标准普尔小型股300指数（指数基
金）
小型管理基金
6.2% 5.9
10.9 8.1
12.5 10.3
0.351 1.020
0.535 1.458
0.550 1.272
基本金融工具
32
市场非理性
基本金融工具
7
例2: 投资决策
▪ 如果 r = 0.09.
通用汽车公司是否应该花1亿美元造一个在未来十 年内能产生两亿美元收入的工厂？
▪ 解决办法:找出未来十年两亿美元的现值
PV = ($200 百万)/(1.09)10 = $84 百万 因为 PV < 工厂成本，通用公司不应该造这个工 厂
现值帮助解释了为什么利率上升时投资会减少
A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
B. Susan的父母都因为牙龈疾病而失去了他们的牙 齿，因此Susan购买了牙科保险
C. 当Cindy停她的克尔维特敞篷车时，她懒得把车 顶关好，因为她购买的保险能够补偿车内的任 意失窃
18
主动学习 2
参考答案
指出下述情形属于逆向选择还是道德风险的例子 A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
基本金融工具
现期财 富
财富
14
效用函数与风险厌恶
效用
赢得1000美元获 得的效用
输掉1000美 元损失的效
用
由于边际效用递减， 损失1000美元减少的 效用大于得到1000美 元增加的效用
财富 –1000 +1000
基本金融工具
15
曼昆经济学原理第一章
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people interact with each other.
• Trade can make everyone better off. • Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. • Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin. • Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
1
INTRODUCTION
Ten Principles of Economics
1
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
• Households decide what to buy and who to work for. • Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.
曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理
Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件精编版
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR
Labor, land, and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS பைடு நூலகம்OMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.
• What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.
• “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
• “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
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4
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Society and Scarce Resources:
The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.
8
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Make Decisions
1. People face tradeoffs. 2. The cost of something is what you give
up to get it. 3. Rational people think at the margin. 4. People respond to incentives.
organize economic activity. 7. Governments can sometimes improve
economic outcomes.
10
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
5
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Ten Principles of Economics
How the Economy as a Whole Works
8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production.
9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.
6
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
9
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Interact
5. Trade can make everyone better off. 6. Markets are usually a good way to
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a householtems and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Lecture Presentation in PowerPoint to Accompany
Principles of Economics
Second Edition by
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Department of Economics &
7
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economists study. . .
How people make decisions.
How people interact with each other.
Finance, Central Missouri State University.
1
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
Chapter 1
A household and an economy face many decisions:
Who will work? What goods and how many of them should be produced? What resources should be used in production? At what price should the goods be sold?
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Society and Scarce Resources:
The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.
8
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Make Decisions
1. People face tradeoffs. 2. The cost of something is what you give
up to get it. 3. Rational people think at the margin. 4. People respond to incentives.
organize economic activity. 7. Governments can sometimes improve
economic outcomes.
10
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
5
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Ten Principles of Economics
How the Economy as a Whole Works
8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production.
9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.
6
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
9
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Interact
5. Trade can make everyone better off. 6. Markets are usually a good way to
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a householtems and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Lecture Presentation in PowerPoint to Accompany
Principles of Economics
Second Edition by
N. Gregory Mankiw
Prepared by Mark P. Karscig, Department of Economics &
7
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economists study. . .
How people make decisions.
How people interact with each other.
Finance, Central Missouri State University.
1
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Ten Principles of Economics
Chapter 1
A household and an economy face many decisions:
Who will work? What goods and how many of them should be produced? What resources should be used in production? At what price should the goods be sold?