英语国家文化概况期中复习
英语国家概况复习点2
英语国家概况复习点2Northern Ireland1. Basic information:It is often called “Ulster” and is the smallest of the four natoins (area/population)Physical feature: mostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake district in the south-west, rugged coastline, including its most famous landmark, the Giant’s CausewayEconomy: the lowest wealth per head and low living cost.Aircraft manufacturers and shipbuilders2. History(1) Political conflicts:--- 1914: The Home Rule Bill was finally passed by the British Parliament but was suspended because of theworld war1. (From 1801 to 1921, the full name of UK was “The United Kingdom of Grea t Britain and Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain. But due to Irish desires for an independent Irish state, a campaign in parliament for “Home-rule” was launched, and the Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.)--- 1916: the Easter Rising (The rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office forcing the British to retake it by military means. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.)--- 1919: IRA (the Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.--- The Sinn Fein party who were supporters of the Irish terrorists gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable. (a legal political party formed in1905, supporters of the Ir ish terrorists; support the IRA’s right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box” 暴力和民主手段)(2) Religious conflicts--- most Irishes are Catholics; most Britishes are Protestants--- In the 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the north of Ireland. The people of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants.(3) A partition of Ireland in 1921Faced with these conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organised a partition of Ireland. The southern 26 counties formed a free state---Ireland; the other 6 north-eastern counties remained a part of Britain ----- Northern Ireland.---Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont3. Troubles and solutionsThe majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically- elected parliament and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. Catholics found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs such as public housing. The armed conflict “troubles” developed.(1) a Civil Rights Movement(2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969 (the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets. They have been there ever since.)(3) IRA’s violence in the 1970s （IRA split in 1969, and a strong fac tion separated from the official IRA calling themselves “ Provisional IRA” which felt armed force was the only way to get the British out. So,this group continued the conflict for the last 30 years. And Protestants took revenge on Catholics.(4) Bloody Sunday (1972.01.30---13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march were shot dead by British soldiers. )(5) the Power-Sharing mechanism (in 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in。
英美概况知识点总结归纳
英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。
这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。
下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。
一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。
英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。
英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。
2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。
美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。
3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。
英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。
二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。
英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。
20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。
2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。
美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。
3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。
美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。
三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。
英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。
2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。
英语国家概况课后题汇总及答案
英语国家概况课后题汇总及答案英美社会与文化复习题I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1. The two main islands of the British Isles are . A. Great Britain andIreland B. Great Britain and Scotland C. Great Britain and Wales D.Great Britain and England 2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff 3. According to a2021 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 16 4. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland 5. Almost aquarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern 6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words toEnglish.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish 9. Samuel Johnson’sdictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation 10. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth 11. Theattack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic 12. By the late 7thcentury, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity 13. Westminster Abbey was built at the time of . A. St. Augustine B. Edward the Confessor C. William the Conqueror D. Alfred the Great 14. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law 15. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the ruleof . A. the House of Valois B. the House of York C. the House of Tudor D. the House of Lancaster16. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to . A. divorce his wife B. break with Rome C. support the Protestants D. declare his supreme power over the church 17. The EnglishCivil War broke out in 1642 between . A. Protestants and Puritans B. Royalists and Parliamentarians C. nobles and peasants D. aristocrats and Christians 18. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle ofthe century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20. Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance bythe beginning of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21. The British government is characterized by a division of powersbetween three of thefollowing branches with the exception of the . A. judiciary B. legislature C. monarchy D. executive 22. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on . A. passing the bills B. advising the government C. political parties D. public attitude23. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect 24. British Cabinet works on the principle of . A. collective responsibility B.individual responsibility C. defending the collectivism D. defending the individuals 25. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise theCabinet 26. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six 27. has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland 28. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party 29. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism 30. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it . A. set up the National Health Service B. improved public transportation C. abolished the old tax system D. enhanced the economic development 31. The British economy achieved global dominance by the . A. 1860s B. 1870s C. 1880s D.1890s32. In , the British Parliament passed two important acts toestablish a welfare state. A. 1945 B. 1946 C. 1947 D. 194833. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem34. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’ssocial welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except . A. limiting government spending B. keeping inflation undercontrol C. reducing unemployment D. reducing inequality 36. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84% 37. Britain’s important fishingareas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area aroundIreland D. The sea area between Britain and Ireland 38. Coal miningindustry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/3 39. The car industry in Britain inmostly . A. foreign-owned B. state-owned C. joint-venture D.privately-owned 40. Of the following sectors in Britain, hasexperienced spectacular growth since theend of Word War II. A. agriculture B. energy industry C. serviceindustry D. manufacturing industry 41. In Britain, the division betweengrammar schools and vocational schools were ended by theintroduction of comprehensive schools in the . A. 1930s B. 1940s C. 1950s D. 1960s42. About of British children receive primary and secondaryeducation through theindependent system. A. 5% B. 6% C. 7% D. 8%43. Partially funded by central government grants, the Britishuniversities receive their remainingfunds from all the following sources except . A. tuition fees B.loans C. donations D. corporate contributions 44. Of the following,is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references 45. To be admitted to the Open University, oneneed .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General NationalVocational Qualifications 46. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the �DBig Three‖with the exception of . A. The Times B. The Guardian C. The Observer D. The Daily Telegraph 47. Life on Earth is a kind ofprogram produced by the BBC and is popular among 500million viewers worldwide. A. feature B. drama C. documentary D.soap opera 48. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB 49. Of the following, isNOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC.friends enjoying each other’s company D. families traveling overseas 50. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime51. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet 52. is viewed as Romantic poetry’s �DDeclaration of Independence.‖A. �DI Wondered Lonely as a Cloud‖B. Don JuanC. �DPreface toLyrical Ballads‖ D. Prometheus Unbound 53. Of Dickens’ n ovels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations54. is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy55. Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in �DArt for Art’s Sake‖.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.56. is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot57. Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native 58. Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the �DBloomsbury Group‖.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.59. Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S. Naipaul 60. Waiting for Godot is written by . A. Samuel Beckett B. George Orwell C. William Golding D. D. H. Lawrence 61. The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 35 62. The state of is the largestin area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida63. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, theAtlantic to its and the Pacific to its . A. northern, east, west B. central, east, west C. southern, west, east D. western, east, west 64. The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River65. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located . A. in the South B. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest66. is located on the U. S. �CCanadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake 67. The native Alaskan population includes thefollowing except the . A. Indians B. Eskimos C. Aleuts D.Blacks 68. The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Asians69. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States,particularly from . A. Europe B. Asia C.Africa D. South America 70. The characteristic of dominant American culture is . A. English-speaking, northern European, RomanCatholic and middle-class B. English-speaking, western European, RomanCatholic and upper-class C. English-speaking, northern European, Protestantand upper-class D. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class71. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in . A. Jamestown, Louisiana B. Boston, Massachusetts C. Jamestown, Virginia D. Plymouth, Georgia72. Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecution inEngland.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians 73. The Seven Years’ War occurred between the . A. French and American Indians B. French and Spaniards C. French and British D. British and AmericanIndians 74. �DNo taxation wi thout representation‖ was the rallying sloganof . A. the settlers of Virginia B. the people of Pennsylvania C.the colonists in New England D. the people of the 13 colonies 75. The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in . A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston76. In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of anational government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC.the Boston Tea Party D. the Congress of Confederation 77. Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights78. The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement79. President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy80. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout theterms of Presidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英语国家文化概况试题
英语国家文化概况试题 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】英语国家文化概况试题I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F)1.Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland,and Wales.(T)2.. Independent schools get money mainly through the private sectorand tuition rates, with some government support.(T)3.Britain is not a member of the NATO due to its disagreement withsome European countries in defense policy. (F)4.Britain has a written constitutions of the sort which most countrieshave.(F)5.Conservative party prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.(T)6.New England was established by English puritans.(T)7.The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong centralgovernment.(T)8.There are more Catholics than Protestants in the US. (F)9.Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.(F)10.Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be acandidate for public office. (F)II.Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question:1.Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London(2.d)3.a.The cultural centre.b.The business centre.c.The financial centre.d.The sports centre.4.Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war5.(c)6.a.James I.b.James II.c.Charles I.d.Charles II.7.By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided8.(a)9.a.The House of Commons.b.The House of Lords.c.The two major parties.d.The Prime Minister.10.I f a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take theexamination called ______ (a)a.General Certificate of Education-Advanced.b.General Certificate of Secondary Education.c.the common entrance examination.d.General National Vocational Qualifications.11.H ow many counties are there in Northern Ireland12.(b)13.a.26b.6c.32d.2014.W hich of the following statements was correct around the time ofAmerican Revolution?(a)a.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or theirdescendants.b.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with AmericanIndians.c.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.d.The American had the blood of English and their descendantsonly.15.W hich of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?(b)a.The freedom of religion.b.The freedom of searching a person’s home by policec.The freedom of speech and of the press.d.The right to own weapons if one wishes16.T he following were some of the characteristics of Protestantismexcept_____(c)a.Challenging the authority of the Pope.b.Salvation through faith.c.Salvation through the church.d.Establishing a direct contact with God.17.T he following were the founding fathers of the Americaexcept_____.(c)a.George Washingtonb.Thomas Jefferson.c.William Pann.d.Benjamin Franklin.18.The expenditure on American public schools is guided or decided by_____.(d)a.Teachersb.Studentsc.Headmastersd.Boards of educationIII.Tell what you know about the following in your own words?IV.1.The House of CommonsAnswer: the House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.2.The importance of general electionsAnswer: General elections are very important in western democracy. They provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.3.Class system in British societyAnswer: The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class . class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.4.Independent schools of the UKAnswer: Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are the part of national education system in the UK.5.The CommonwealthAnswer: The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. Many of them are developing countries like India; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support net work.6.The Declaration of IndependenceAnswer: The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.7.The Bill of Rights of the USAnswer: The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Three Faiths in the USAnswer: Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestants are the strongest, the Catholics are next the Protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the three groups.9.High education of the USAnswer: In America, high education refers to education on the college level. American higher education includes four categories of institutions,. They are the university, the four-year undergraduate institution (the college), the technical training institution and the two-year or community college. Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds.10.The Cold WarAnswer: By the end of WWII, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world. As the possessor of atomic tombs and much of the world’s gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, thepolicy-makers of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, a world market free and open to American goods and services. In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union. Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold War began.V.Questions for consideration (此部分没有标准答案，是发挥题，写出要点即可)1.“British history has been a history of invasion.” Please illustrate thispoint with the examples. How each of the invasions influence English culture?2.Main points: 4invasions :Roman Empire, Angles and Saxon, Vikings and Normans3.What are the three big parties in the UK4.What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between thethree parties?Main points: the Conservative party , the Labor party and the Liberal Democrats5.What is the Open University in Britain6.What do you think of this system?Main points: the open university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV, radio broadcasts, a network of study centers net and other ways.7.In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?8.9.What are some of the major powers of each of the three branchesof the US government10.H ow are the three branches supposed to check and balance eachother?11.W hat is the goal of education in the United States12.D iscuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the UnitedStates and China concerning the goals of education.13.W hat is the relationship between government and religion inAmerican?14.15.W hat is the US containment policy16.I s it successful17.I llustrate your point with facts.注：这部分论述题答案是open的，有一些是根据课本内容要求学生分析并写出自己的观点，没有标准答案。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
初中阶段的英语国家和文化英语知识点
初中阶段的英语国家和文化英语知识点英语作为一门全球通用的语言，学习英语不仅仅是学习语言知识，还涉及到英语国家的文化、习俗和传统。
在初中阶段，学生需要掌握一些关于英语国家和文化的基本知识点。
本文将介绍一些与英语国家和文化相关的知识点。
1. 英语国家及其地理位置英语是英国的母语，但也广泛使用于其他国家和地区。
主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等。
这些国家分布在不同的大陆，有着各自独特的地理环境和人文特点。
2. 主要的英语国家文化每个英语国家都有其独特的文化特点。
比如英国文化以绅士风度、茶文化和冠冕堂皇的皇室传统而闻名；美国文化以自由、多元和创新为核心；加拿大文化强调多元文化以及对自然环境的保护。
学生需要了解这些文化特点，以便更好地理解和交流。
3. 英语国家的节日和庆典不同的英语国家有自己独特的节日和庆典。
比如英国的圣诞节、复活节和万圣节；美国的独立日和感恩节；加拿大的国庆日等。
学生可以通过学习这些节日和庆典，了解当地的文化习俗和传统。
4. 英语国家的体育文化体育在英语国家有着重要的地位，不同的体育项目也与当地文化紧密相连。
例如英式足球在英国是最受欢迎的运动，美国橄榄球和篮球在美国备受热爱，加拿大的冰球是国球。
了解英语国家的体育文化，对于拓宽学生的视野和培养体育兴趣都有益处。
5. 英语国家的饮食文化饮食文化也是了解一个国家的重要方面。
英语国家的饮食文化多种多样，比如英国的英式早餐、美国的汉堡和炸鸡、加拿大的枫糖浆等。
学生可以通过学习英语国家的饮食文化，了解不同国家的饮食习俗和传统。
6. 英语国家的名人和文化艺术英语国家涌现了众多的名人和文化艺术家。
通过了解一些英语国家的重要名人和文化艺术作品，学生可以进一步了解英语国家的历史和文化成就。
比如英国的莎士比亚、美国的爱默生和卡莱尔、加拿大的贝鲁特等。
7. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家的教育体系对于学生的成长和未来发展起到重要的影响。
了解英语国家的教育体系，可以帮助学生更好地规划自己的学习和职业发展。
国家概况与文化复习UNIT10 SOCIAL PROBLEMS
UNIT TEN AMERICAN SOCIAL PROBLEMSRacial problemsA nation of immigrants:religious refugeesadventurersslavesIn theory: the principle of equalityIn reality: stratified society (阶级社会)Power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed among the population. …inequality tends to follow racial and ethnic lines as well (不平等往往与族裔有关) Hispanics（西班牙人）: 12.3% of population;Blacks: 11.7 % of population, about 25 millionMyth of Black people’s racial inferiority（下等）:irresponsibility, promiscuity（乱交）, laziness, lower intelligencewhip（边打）or lynch（处死）mob（暴民）The 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 ended slavery.But many states have segregation laws to keep races apart in schools, housing, restaurants.Blacks got the lowest-paid jobs.Rigged（不正当的）literacy tests keep them from voters’rolls.Segregation（分层）law in practice till 1950s in the South.the civil rights movement in the 1960s…many black leaders began to disclaim[full integration into the American mainstream] as the goal of the black minority.Current situation of Blacksmixed picture（喜忧参半）…institutionalized discrimination is still rife.Housing: Black people live in black neigh- borhoods in cities. White people live in rich suburban areas.Most whites think much progress has been made in equality. But more than half of the blacks believe that there has not been much progress.Only 20% of whites think…miss out…because of discrimination（不公平对待）. Only 1/3 of Black have become middle class.Unemployment rate up to 50%, 8 times the average rate of the country. “Underclass”: live in poverty, crime, drug, joblessness, hopelessnessPoverty12.5% (or 35.9 million) live at or below poverty line.The poverty level for 2011 was set at $22,350 (total yearly income) for a family of four.Meaning of being poor:Dog food, malnutrition, deprivation, diseases, alcoholism, unstable marriage, victim of crime, illiteracy, low self-esteemAverage wealth per adult: $25,000; but distributed unequally.Most of this wealth has not been accumulated through hard work.... It has been inherited （继承）.Unequal incomes:Richest 1/5 get 40% of national incomePoorest 1/5 get 5.2% of national income.Unequal benefits:80% of checks for expensive restaurants and 1/3 of broadway（百老汇）tickets from “expense accounts”.Drug AbuseThe drug problem…a major threat(威胁) to society.Drugs related to crime:Over half of violent crimes after using alcohol.Heroin related to crime.60% of fatally injured drivers with over 0.05% alcohol level.Drug users more likely to be killed.Alcoholics with 3 times higher death rate than average, and 7 times more likely to die in accidents.Economic costs:More money used for accidents, medical bills, and lost production.Society pay to support drug users.Public resources (police) for control and treatment.CrimeCrime is a serious problem facing the nation.President Nixon: “declare war against it.”But he was impeached and resigned due to Watergate.61% of women feel unsafe in own neigh-borhood.45% of people afraid to walk alone at night.47% have guns for self-protection.Arrested are more likely to be male, young, a minority person, and a city resident.Males four times more likely arrested.Females arrested more for juvenile runaway or prostitution（卖淫）.Courts more lenient（宽大的）to females.Young people commit more crimes.Minorities（少数民族）are more likely to be arrested, commit more crimes.Because: (1) poverty is related to serious crimes; (2) prejudice by police.Courts would sentence minorities more severely（严格地）than whites.The Abuse of Power by Government and CorporationsGovernment power: education, social services, marriage, conditions of employment, tax. Often oppressive, unresponsive, impersonal, inefficient, arrogant, corrupt.。
英语国家社会与文化简介复习笔记
概况Each Country1. History(UK 见ppt)2. Political Structure:◆UK:◆Australia:◆NZ:3. Unique Holidays(具体见下)4. Population：UK：62 millionAustralia: (2007)21.1 millionNew Zealand: (2007)4.24 million5. Map: Key cities, bodies of waterUK1.Type of population: 90% urban, 10% rural. Total: 62 million2.Time of Viking invasion: 8th to 9th century／793AD.3.Normans: 10664.King Arthur: ①Roman Britain(Britannai) before 1066.King Arthur is rumored to be around this time.②A legendary king of the Britons③He is said to have led the Knights of the Round Table at Camelot5.Population and size of 4 UK countriesEngland: 84% of the UK populationScotland: 5.1 million, lowest population density in the UKWales: 3 million, smallest nationNorthern Ireland: 1.7 million6.Anglo-Saxons：·Much unrest until 7th century.·Heptarchy: Seven kingdoms of the 7th century (but this term is out of date) ·Vikings: 793AD·the Danes invaded and ruled for half of the 9th century.·In this time period we have the origin of the word ―Enland‖: Land of the Angles·Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871-899): Saved the Angles from the Danes ·King Edward (died in 1066) :last Wessex king7.Was Ireland a part of UK in the past?Yes. Joined in 1801. Left in 19228.Britain and ancient Rome relationship:During the period of Early Britain, first part Rome Britain, Roman invasion in55BC, lead by Julius Caesar, finished by Caludius in 43AD9.What the size of British Empire: 1/4—1/310.UN Security Council members: China, France, Russia, UK, US11.NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization12.BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation附：When did Ireland divide?May.3.1921 Northern Ireland became separated from Ireland .1922, Ireland became an independent country.UK Politics1. Political evolution violent or peaceful? Peaceful.2. Differences between Bill of Rights and Magna CartaMagna Carta: King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 to impose legal limits on the king‘s personal power in raising money from his subjects. 影响：Slowly developed into a parliament with two separate houses.Bill of Rights(1689): Was the result of Glorious Revolution When the crown was offered , WilliamⅢ and MaryⅡ agreed to sign the Bill of Rights that gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crown‘s power, which marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.3.Divisions of Parliament, main purpose, who PM is chosen and his/her Cabinet, number, who do the people elect, cost of running for MPDivision: The Crown, House of Lords, House of CommonsMain purpose: To make laws, pass laws from the government, taxes and money PM is chosen by the leading Parliament Party.PM selects the members of his Cabinet (20).Anyone 18 or older can vote. People elect the House of CommonsAnyone can run for MP at a fee of 500 pounds, or 5,200 Yuan.4.Major political parties and their differences• Labor Party: ①government supervision for industry②even distribution of wealth③equal opportunity• Conservative Party: ①supports private enterprise & minimal state regulation②accepts the mixed economy, involves private ownership of business with some government control.③believe in a governing class with a natural right & special privileges.• Liberal Democratic Party: ①the ―middle ground‖ party②The Liberal Democrats describe their ideology as giving "power to the people"; they are against the concentration of power in unaccountable bodies.5. PM of the UK: David Cameron (CP& LDP 联合政府)6. Tony Blair: 1997-2007 led the Labor Party7. Queen‘s political role: The Queen is Head of State but her power is only symbolic.8. Is the House of Lords the upper class? No.9. Differences between H of Lords and H of CommonsH of Commons: Elected by the people; Represent the people who elected them; Member of Parliament; they are center of British political life; the leading party selects the Prime Minister; The leading minority party sets up a Shadow Cabinet.H of Lords: They are not elected, inherit the position, be appointed by sovereign(monarchy) through PM‘s suggestion; do not have much power; They can delay bills, but only for one year; They are the highest court of appeals; Their main function is to debate the issues of the day.10. Britain has what type of government: Central government & Local government11.Is the Queen the head of other countries? Yes. Australia,Newzealand12.Constitution①The foundation of the UK government is the constitution.②Unlike other countries governed by a constitution, the UK‘s constitution is based on following sources:·Statute laws: These are laws passed by Parliament• Common laws or judge-made law: These are the court laws• Conventions, traditions&customs: Informal agreements·principles& practices of government which are not legally binding but have the force of law.• Ancient documents• European Union and the European Convention of Human Rights③Characteristics of British Constitution:·Constitutional Monarchy: The king(Queen) is the head of the state but power is only symbolic·Parliament Sovereignty: Parliament is the final authority·Representative Democracy: people are subject to the law, including government officials.13.Size of middle class: about 60% of the UK populationUK History1. Major time periods, events and people(ppt)2. Causes of Britain‘s decline: ①damages caused by WWII②beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the remainder of the British Empire was almost completely dismantled.③As the 1950s progressed, the UK had lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large empire.3.Type of decline: relative , not absolute4.Examples of three types of industryAgriculture: livestock, growing cropsIndustry & Production: engineering; food and tobacco; chemicals; paper, printing and publishing; metals and minerals; textiles, clothingServices: Finance; Hotels and restaurants; Real estate; Education; Health and social workUK Literature1. Describe the Basic Periods with examples◆Old English Period (450~1066):特点：Most writings were concerned with Christianity and astrong belief in fate. Works were written in Old English. Poetry was the dominant genre. E.g:Beowulf. About 6th century Swedish warrior fighting dragons.This is the most famous Old English writing.◆Medieval English Literature (1066~1485): 特点：The church uses plays to instruct its people.Illiterate population begin to see and hear literature.E.g: Geoffrey Chaucer : Canterbury Tales; Thomas Moore : Utopia, published in 1516, is a book describing an imaginary place with an ideal political system.◆Renaissance Literature (1485~1660):Elizabethan Drama: 1586-163Jacobean Period: 1603-1625特点：There was a shift from a religious worldview to a humanistic worldview. Human development and love were reoccurring themes.Poetry and drama were the major literary genres.The first theater open in London in 1576.Commoners were beginning to be accepted at some plays.The most famous play writer was: William Shakespeare. Hamlet;Rome o&Juliet…Other key people:Christopher Marlowe: 1564-1593Ben Jonson: 1572-1637John Donne:1572-1631◆Neoclassical Period (1660~1798)特点：A time of returning to the art of Ancient Greek and Rome.Restoration (1630-1660),Charles II (查理二世王政复辟)The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth CenturyThe Industrial Revolution begins.Key Authors:John Milton (1608-1674)Paradise LostJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)Pilgrims ProgressJonathan Swift (1667-1745)Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)◆Romanticism (1798~1832)Background：NapoleonMiddle class gains representation in the British parliament.Romantics reacting against the Industrial Revolutionsome of the famous poets:John KeatsPercy ShelleyWilliam WordsworthLord ByronRobert Burnssome of the famous Romantic novelists:Mary Shelley – FrankensteinJane Austen – Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice◆Victorian Period (1832~1900)特点：Much of the literature of this time drew attention to the poor and oppressed, sexual misconduct, and the need for social reform.some of the famous authors:Charles Dickens : Oliver TwistSir Walter Scott : IvanhoeRobert Louis Stevenson : Dr Jekyll and Mr HydeThree sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Ann Bronte): famous novels :Jane Eyre; Wuthering HeightsCharles Dickens : A Tale of Two CitiesCharles DarwinRobert Louis StevensonSherlock Holmes◆Modern Period (1900~present)①Before WWⅡModernism: Through rational and logical means of gaining knowledge man will improve his environment. It was objective and a search for abstracttruth. It rejected God.Anti-heroic charactersE.g: Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness (1902)Virginia WoolfT.S. Eliot②After WW ⅡPost-Modernism: It is a reaction against the logic of Modernism. An extreme formof Modernism. It is subjective and rejected truth.E.g: George Orwell :famous novel 1984 was a satire on the totalitarian tendency,depressing stories are characteristic of postmodernism. John Fowles: The French Lieutenant‘s Woman2. Canterbury Tales: Geoffrey Chaucer; stories told by people on wayto Christian Church in Canterbury S.E. England.3. Beowulf: About 6th century Swedish warrior fighting dragons; this is the most famous Old English writing.4. Hamlet: William Shakespeare5. Ode on a Grecian Urn: John Keats ,18196. Jane Eyre: Charlotte BronteUK Education1. GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education2. A Levels: after year 11, study two more years and take A-Levels to go to universityNorthern Ireland1. Basic order of events in NI1600s - Queen Elizabeth encouraged English settlements in Ireland.1916 - The Easter Rising1921 - Partition - The Anglo-Irish Treaty2. Good Friday Agreement: Also known as the Belfast Agreement.,was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties.3. Bloody Sunday: demonstration in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on Sunday, Jan. 30, 1972, by Roman Catholic civil rights supporters. Bloody Sunday precipitated an upsurge in support for the nationalist Irish Republican Army (IRA), which advocated violence against the United Kingdom to force it to withdraw from Northern Ireland.4. Sinn Fein: Political wing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Sinn Féin, organized in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, is a nationalist party in Northern Ireland, representing Roman Catholics who want to achieve a united Ireland through whatever means are necessary, including violence. The party was led by Gerry Adams from 1983.5. Religion of Irish and British: ChristianityAustralia1. What is unique to each state?Western Australia: the largest state; very few people live there; it contains most of the countries minerals.The Northern Territory: the essence of the Australian Outback; it has a varied landscape; also known as the land of the aborigines.South Australia: the driest state; 60% is desert; rich in mineral resources; has world-famous vineyards(wine).Queensland: the ‗sunshine‘ state and has magnificent beaches; Australia‘s premier tourist destination; the location of the Great Barrier Reef.New South Wales: the first white settlement in Australia; it leads the country in shipping, industry, and agriculture; the most populous area of the country; Sydney is the state capital.Australi an Capital Territory: the site of the nation‘s capital, Canberra; National government is its main industry.Victoria: the smallest mainland state but most densely populated and highly urbanized; a major tourist destination; its capital, Melbourne, is the second largest city in Australia.Tasmania: the smallest state; has several substantial industries; has retained much of its colonial feel.2. History: (time line)1788 - Colonization1850s - Gold Rush1880s - Growth of Nationalism1901 - Federation1900s - A New Nation1914 - 1918 - WWI1920s - The 1920s1929 - The Great Depression1939 - WWII1946 - Populate or Perish: Immigration3. Minorities: Aborigines &immigrants from non-European countries4.Map5. TAFE: Technical and Further Education6. Unique Holidays• Australian Day - January 26th• ANZAC Day - April 25th• Remembrance Day - Nov 11th• Melbourne Cup Day - Nov7. Favorite Sports: Australian Rules football; NetballNew Zealand1. Major cities: Capital: Wellington; largest city: Auckland; Christchurch and Dunedin.2. Difference between North and South IslandNorth: major cities: Wellington and Auckland; VolcanoesSouth: less densely populated; largest cities: Christchurch and Dunedin; has the most impressive mountains; glaciers3. HistoryFirst settlers: Maori. They came from Polynesia at least 700 years ago, and maybe 1000 years ago.The Dutch in 1642 first discovered New Zealand.British explorer James Cook in 1769 first came to New Zealand whose ship‘s name was Endeavor.Treaty of Waitangi: Maori wanted protection from European settlers.Growth of a nation: self-government (1852); a separate dominion (1907); full independence (1947) ; ―Most prosperous country in the world‖ by 1940.The Maturing of the nation: 1947,became fully independent from Britain1951, the Legislative Council was abolished , creating a unicameral legislature.1940s-1970s, increasing economic prosperity based on agriculture.Parliament in 1975 established a tribunal to hear claims of violations of the Treaty of Waitangi.In 1993 Parliament was changed to give more representation to smaller parties.1996, first Mixed Member Proportional(MMP) Parliament4. Minorities: Maori5. Unique holidaysNew Year‘s DayWaitangi Day: Feb 6th (National Day)Easter (Good Friday through Easter Monday)ANZAC Day: April 25th (This stands for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps. It honors the men and women who have fought in wars)Queen Elizabeth‘s II Birthday: first Monday of JuneLabor Day: fourth Monday in OctoberChristmasBoxing Day: the day after Christmas. A major shopping dayHolidaysSport of the Kings: horse racingWimbledon: the most famous tennis match in the UKSport Scottish invented: GolfMuslim fast: Ramadan; a fast during the month of SeptemberGuy Fawkes: Bonfire Night (a catholic conspirator, Nov 5, 1605----celebrated by Fireworks and bonfire):Hogmanay: Scotland, (when) News Years Eve, (how) first footing Eisteddfod: Wales; purpose: preserve the Welsh language and culture, which is threatened by English.Boxing Day: UK, the day after Christmas, a major shopping dayTrouping the Colour: on the Queens birthdayWaitangi Day: New Zealand, Feb 6th (National Day)ANZAC Day: Australia and NZ, April 25thDatesUK joined EU: 1973Scotland joins UK: 1707Wales join UK: 1536Ireland divided: 1922End of the Empire: 1945-1997Historical time periods of all the countriesOtherBe able to recognize a picture of: Tony Blair;Margaret Thatcher;Queen, Gordon Brown, David Cameron;Globe TheatreParliament, Cricket, St Patrick‘s Day, Christmas Pantomime(哑剧)。
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1.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.Why is the limed influence of Roman?① the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. ②never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.③the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.3.What is the rainfall feature of UK?Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000millimetre. There is a water… surplus(过剩) in the north and west, and a water …deficit (亏空)in the south and east.4.How many invaders in UK?1.Roman Britain2.The Anglo-Saxons3.Viking and Danish invasions4.The Norman5.What is the influence of invaders?1.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain‟s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, （Christi…anity）, to Britain.2.The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires（ai）, with shire courts and shire reeves(地方执行官), or …sheriffs（行政司法长官）, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised设计（design）the narrow-strip（条，带，细长片）, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the ma‟norial （manor庄园）system. Finally, they created the Witan （council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reacheda friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”4.he Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror …confiscated （没收）almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weakSaxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.6.How does feudal rule of William?①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in r eturn for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‟s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William‟s tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.7.The reforms of Henry II.The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy: Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen‟s time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law: King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop‟s court to the King‟s court.8.What is the contents and significance of Great Charter? Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;(2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.。