单片机外文文献翻译

单片机外文文献翻译
单片机外文文献翻译

外文原文

A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer

T h e s i n gl e -c hi p m i c r o c om p ut e r i s t h e c u l m i n at i on o f bot h t h e d e v el opm e nt o f t h e di gi t a l co m p ut e r a nd t h e i n t egr a t e d ci r c ui t a rgua b l y t h e t o w m os t s i gni fi c an t i nv e nt i o ns o f t he 20t h c e nt u r y

T h es e t ow t yp e s o f a r c hi t e ct u re a r e fou n d i n s i n gl e -ch i p m i c r o com pu t e r. S om e em pl o y t h e s pl i t p r o gr am /d at a m e m o r y o f t h e Ha r v a rd a r c hi t e ct u re, s ho w n i n Fi g.3-5A -1, ot h e rs fo l l o w t h e p hi l os op h y, w i de l y a d a p t ed for ge n e r a l -p ur po s e co m p ut e rs an d m i cr o p ro c es s o rs , o f m a ki n g no l o gi c al d i st i n ct i o n b et w e en p ro gr a m a nd d a t a m e m o r y a s i n t h e P ri n c et on a r c hi t ec t u r e, s ho w n i n Fi g.3-5A -2.

In ge n e r a l t e rm s a s i n gl e -c hi p m i c r oc o m p ut e r i s c h ar ac t e ri z ed b y t he i n co rp o r at i on o f al l t h e u ni t s o f a c om p ut e r i nt o a si n gl e d e vi c e, a s s ho w n i n F i g3-5A -3.

Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type

Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer

Reset

Interrupts

Power

Fig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputer

Program memory Data

memory

CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU

Input& Output

unit

External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROM CPU

Read only memory (ROM)

R OM i s u su al l y f o r t h e p er m an e nt,no n-v ol at i l e st o r a ge o f an a pp l i c at i ons p r o gr am.M a n y m i c ro c om put e r s an d m i cr o co nt ro l l e rs a r e i nt en d ed for h i gh-v ol u m e a pp l i c a t i on s a nd h en c e t he e c on om i c al m a nu f a ct ur e of t he d e vi c es re qu i re s t h a t t h e c ont e nt s of t h e p ro gr a m m em o r y b e c om m i t t ed p e rm a n en t l y d u r i ng t he m an u f ac t u r e o f ch i ps. C l e a rl y,t hi s i m pl i e s a r i go ro us a p pr o a ch t o R OM c od e d ev e l o pm e nt s i n c e c h ange s c an no t b e m ade a f t e r m an u f ac t u r e .T hi s d e v el o pm e nt pr o c e s s m a y i n vo l v e em ul at i on us i n g a s op hi st i c at e d d ev el o pm e nt s ys t e m wi t h a h a rd w a re em ul a t i on c ap a bi l i t y a s w e l l as t h e u se of po w e r fu l s o ft w ar e t oo l s.

S om e m a nu f a ct ur e rs p ro vi d e ad di t i o na l R O M opt i o ns by i n c l u di n g i n t h ei r r a n ge d e vi c es wi t h (o r i nt e nd ed f o r u s e wi t h)us e r p r o gr am m a bl e m em o r y.T he s i m pl e st of t h e s e i s us u a l l y d e v i c e w hi c h c an o p er at e i n a m i c r op r oc e ss o r m od e b y u s i n g s om e of t h e i n put/o ut p ut l i n es a s a n ad d res s a n d d at a bu s f or a cc e s si n g ex t e r n al m e m or y.T h i s t yp e o f d e vi c e c a n b e h ave f u n ct i on al l y a s t h e s i n gl e chi p m i c ro c om pu t e r f rom w hi ch i t i s d e ri v ed al bei t w i t h r est ri c t e d I/O an d a m od i f i ed ex t e rn a l ci r cui t. Th e u s e o f t h es e R OM l e ss de vi c es i s c om m o n ev en i n p ro du c t i o n ci r cu i t s w h er e t he vo l u m e does n ot j us t i f y t h e d eve l opm e nt co s t s o f cu st om o n-c hi p R OM[2];t h er e c an s t i l l b e a si gn i fi c ant s av i n g i n I/O a nd ot h e r c hi ps c om p a r ed t o a co nv e nt i on al m i c r op r oc e ss o r b ase d ci r cu i t. M o r e ex a c t re pl a c em e nt f o r R OM d e vi c es can b e ob t ai n e d i n t he fo rm o f v a ri a nt s wi t h 'p i gg y-b a c k' EP R O M(E r as a bl e p r o gr am m a bl e R OM)so ck e t s or d evi c e s wi t h E P R OM i n s t e ad o f R OM。T h es e d e vi c es a r e na t ur a l l y m o r e ex p en si v e t h an e qui v al en t R O M d ev i ce, but d o p r ovi d e c om pl et e ci r cu i t e qu i v al en t s. EP R OM b as ed d e vi c es ar e al s o ex t r e m el y a t t r a ct i ve fo r l o w-v ol um e a p pl i c a t i o ns w h er e t h e y p r o vi d e t he a d v an t a ge s o f a si n gl e-ch i p d evi c e, i n t e rm s o f o n-c hi p I/O,e t c. ,w i t h t h e c o nv e ni en c e o f f l ex i b l e u s e r pr o gr am m a bi l i t y.

Random access memory (RAM).

R AM i s f o r t h e s t or a ge o f wo rk i n g v ar i ab l es an d d at a u se d du ri n g p r o gram ex e c ut i on. Th e s i ze o f t hi s m em o r y v a ri e s wi t h d e vi c e t yp e b u t i t h as t he s a m e c h a ra c t er i st i c wi d t h (4,8,16 b i t s e t c.) as t h e pr o c es s o r,S p e ci al f u n ct i on r e gi st e rs, s u ch as s t a ck poi nt e r o r t i m e r r e gi st e r a r e o ft en l o gi ca l l y i n co rp o r at ed i nt o t h e R AM ar e a. It i s a l s o co m m on i n H a rd t yp e m i c r o com pu t er s t o t r e at t h e R A M a re a a s a c ol l e c t i o n o f r e gi s t e r;i t i s u n ne c e ss a r y t o m ak e di s t i n ct i on be t we e n R A M a nd p ro ce s s o r r e gi s t e r as i s d o ne i n t h e c as e o f a m i c ro p ro c es s o r sys t e m si n c e R AM an d re gi s t e rs a re not u su a l l y p h ys i c a l l y s e p a ra t ed i n a m i c ro c om put e r .

Central processing unit (CPU).T h e C P U i s m u ch l i k e t h at o f a n y m i c r op r oc e ss o r. Ma n y a p pl i c a t i o ns o f m i cr o co m p ut e rs an d m i cr o co nt ro l l ers i nv ol ve t h e h an dl i n g o f bi n ar y-c o d e d de c i m al(B C D)d a t a (fo r n um e ri cal d i s pl a ys,f o r ex am p l e),h e n c e i t i s co m m on t o fi n d t hat t h e C P U i s w el l a d a pt ed t o h a ndl i ng t h i s t yp e o f d at a.It i s al s o co m m on t o f i n d good

f a c i l i t i es f or t est i ng,s e t t i n

g a nd r es et t i n g i n di vi d u al bi t s o f m e m o r y o r I/O s i n c e m a n y c o n t ro l l e r a ppl i c at i on s i nv ol v e t

h e t u rn

i n g on an d o ff o f s i n gl e o ut pu t l i ne s o r t he r e a di n g t h e si n gl e l i n e. Th es e l i n e s a r e r e a di l y i n t e rf a c ed t o t w o-s t at e d e vi c es s u ch a s sw i t ch e s, t h er m o s t at s, s o l i d-s t at e r el a ys, v al v es, m ot or, e t c.

Parallel input/output.

P a r al l el i np ut a nd ou t p ut s ch e m e s v ar y s om e wh a t i n di ff ere n t m i cr o co m p ut e r;

i n m ost a m e ch a n i sm i s p r ov i d ed t o at l e as t al l o w so m e fl ex i bi l i t y of c h oo s i n g w hi c h pi ns a r e out pu t s a nd wh i ch ar e i np ut s. T hi s m a y a p p l y t o al l o r s om e of t he p o rt s. S om e I/O l i n es a re s ui t abl e f o r di r ec t i nt e r f a ci n g t o, for ex a m pl e,f l u o re s c en t d i sp l a ys,o r c an p ro vi de su ffi c i en t cu r r ent t o m a ke i nt e r fa c i n g ot h e r co m p on e nt s st r ai ght f o r w a rd. S om e d evi c es a l l o w a n I/O p o rt t o b e co n fi gur e d as a s ys t e m bu s t o a l l ow o ff-c hi p m em or y a n d I/O ex p an si on.T hi s f ac i l i t y i s po t e nt i a l l y u s e f u l as a pr odu c t r a n ge d ev el op s, s i n c e su c c es s i ve enh a n c em en t s m a y b e c o m e t oo bi g f or on-c hi p m em o r y a n d i t i s un d es i r a bl e not t o bui l d o n t h e ex i s t i n g s o ft wa r e b as e.

Serial input/output .

S e ri al co m m u ni c at i o n w i t h t e rm i n al d ev i c es i s co m m o n m e a n s o f p ro vi d i n g a l i n k us i n g a s m a l l n um b er o f l i n e s.Th i s s o rt o f com m u ni c at i o n c a n a l s o be ex pl oi t e d f or i nt e r f a c i n g s p e ci al f u n ct i on ch i p s or l i nki n g s e v e ral m i c r o com pu t er s t oge t h e r .Bo t h t h e c o m m o n a s yn c h r on o us s yn c h r o no us c o m m u ni c at i o n s c he m es r eq ui r e p r ot oc o l s t h at p r ovi d e fr a m i n g (s t a rt a nd s t o p) i n fo rm a t i o n .T hi s c a n b e i m pl em e nt ed as a h a rd wa r e f a ci l i t y o r U(S) A RT(U ni v e rs a l(s yn c h r on ou s)as yn c h r o n ous r e ce i v e r/t r an s m i t t e r) r el i e vi ng t h e p ro c es s o r(a nd t h e a pp l i c at i ons pr o gr am m er)of t h i s l o w-l e ve l, t i m e-c on su m i n g,de t ai l. t i s m e r el y n e c e ss a r y t o s el e ct e d a b a ud-r at e and p os si bl y o t h e r op t i o ns(n um b e r o f st op b i t s, p a ri t y,e t c.) a nd l oa d (or r ea d f r om) t h e s e ri a l t r an s m i t t e r (o r r e ce i ve r)b u ff e r. S e ri al i z a t i on o f t h e d at a i n t h e a pp ro p ri at e f o rm at i s t h en h a nd l e d b y t h e h ar d w ar e ci r c ui t.

Timing/counter facilities.

M a n y a p p l i c a t i o n of si n gl e-c hi p m i cr oc o m p ut e rs r eq ui r e a c c u r at e ev al u at i on o f el ap s ed re a l t i m e .T hi s c an b e d e t er m i n ed b y c a r e f ul as s es sm en t of t h e

ex e c ut i on t i m e of ea c h b r an c h i n a pr ogr a m b ut t hi s ra pi dl y b e c om e s

i n e ff i ci en t fo r al l bu t s i m pl es t pr o gr am s .T h e p re f e r r ed ap p ro a c h i s t o u s e

t i m e r ci r cu i t t h at ca n i nd e pe nd e nt l y c o u nt p r ec i s e t i m e i n c r em e nt s an d

ge n e r a t e a n i nt e r rup t a ft e r a p r es e t t i m e h as el a ps ed .Thi s t yp e o f t i m e r i s

u su a l l y a r r a n ge d t o b e r el o ad a bl e wi t h t h e r e qu i r e d c ou nt .Th e t i m e r t h e n

d e c r em e nt s t hi s v a l u e p r od u ci n g a n i nt e r r u pt o r se t t i n g a f l a g wh e n t h e

c o un t er r ea c h es z e ro.B et t e r t i m e rs t h en ha v e t h e a bi l i t y t o au t om a t i c al l y

r e l o a d t h e i n i t i al co u nt v al u e. T hi s r el i e v es t he p r o gr am m e r o f t h e

r e s po nsi bi l i t y o f r el o ad i n g t h e c ou nt e r a nd a ss es s i n g el a ps e d t i m e b e f or e t he t i m e r r e st a rt ed ,w hi c h ot h e rw i s e w ou nd b e n e c es s ar y i f c o nt i n uo us p r e ci s el y t i m ed i nt e rr up t s w er e r eq ui r ed(as i n a c l o c k ,f o r ex a m p l e).S om et i m es

a s so ci a t e d w i t h t i m e r i s a n e v en t c ou nt e r. Wi t h t hi s f a c i l i t y t h e r e i s us u al l y a s p e ci al i n pu t pi n , t h at c a n d ri v e t he co u nt er di re c t l y.

Timing components.

T h e cl o ck ci r cu i t ry o f m o s t m i c ro com pu t e r s r e qu i r e s on l y s i m pl e t i m i n g c o m p on e nt s. If m ax i m um p er f o rm an ce i s r e qui r e d,a cr ys t al m us t b e u s ed t o e n s u r e t he m ax i m um cl o ck fr e qu e n c y i s a pp r o ac h ed but no t ex c e ed e d.M a n y c l o ck c i rc ui t s a l s o w o rk w i t h a r es i st o r a nd c a p a ci t or a s l ow-c os t t i m i n g c o m p on e nt s or c an b e d ri v en fr om a n ex t e rn al s o u r c e.Thi s l at t er a r r a n ge m e nt i s u s e fu l i s ex t e rn a l s yn c h r on i z a t i o n o f t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r i s r e qu ir ed.

B:PLC[1]

P LC s(pr o gr am m ab l e l o gi c al co nt ro l l e r) f a c e ev e r m o re c om pl ex c h a l l en ge s t h es e d ays . W h er e o n ce t h ey q u i et l y r e p l a ce d re l a ys a nd ga v e a n o c c a si o n al r e po rt t o a c o rp or a t e m ai n fr a m e, t h e y a r e n ow gr o u p ed i n t o c el l s, gi v e n n ew j ob a nd ne w l an gu a ge s, a n d a r e f o rc e d t o c om p et e a ga i n s t a gr o w i n g a r ra y o f co nt r ol pr od u ct s. Fo r t h i s ye a r's a nn ua l P LC t e ch nol o g y u p da t e ,w e q u er i ed P LC m ak e rs o n t h es e t opi c s a nd m o r e .

Programming languages

H i gh e r l ev el P LC p r o gr am m i n g l an g ua ge s h av e b ee n ar ou n d f or s om e t i m e ,b ut l at el y t he i r po pu l ar i t y h a s m us h ro om i n g. "As R a ym o nd Le v e i l l e, v i c e p r es i d en t& ge n e r a l m a na ge r, S i e m e ns E ne rg y &A u t o m a t i on .i n c; P ro gr a m m a bl e c ont r ol s ar e b e i n g use d fo r m o r e a nd m o re s op hi s t i c at ed o p e r at i on s,l a n gu age s o t h e r t ha n l ad d e r l o gi c b ec om e m or e p r ac t i c al, e ff i ci e nt,an d pow e r f ul. F o r ex a m p l e,i t's v e r y d i ff i cu l t t o w ri t e a t ri go no m et ri c f un ct i o n us i n g l ad d e r l o gi c."La n gu a ge s ga i ni n g a c c ept a n ce i n cl u d e B o ol e an, c o nt ro l s ys t e m f l ow c h a rt i n g, a nd s uc h fu n ct i on c h art l a n gu a ges as G r a ph c e t an d i t s v a ri a t i o n .An d t h e r e's i n cr e a s i n g i nt e re s t i n l a n gu a ges l i k e C and B AS IC.

PLCs in process control

T h us f ar,P LC s h ave n ot b ee n u s ed ex t e ns i v el y f o r c o nt i n u ous p ro c es s c o nt ro l .Wi l l t hi s co nt i n ue? "Th e f ee l i n g t h a t I'v e go t t en," s a ys K e n J an not t a, m a n ge r,p ro du c t p l a n ni n g, s e ri e s O n e a nd S e ri e s S i x p ro d uc t,a t G E F a nuc N o rt h Am e ri c a ,'i s t h at P LC s w i l l b e us e d i n t h e p ro c es s i n dus t r y b u t not n e c e ss a ri l y f o r p r oc e s s c ont r ol."

S e ve r al v e nd o rs-ob vi ou sl y b e t t i n g t ha t t he op po s i t e w i l l h a pp en-h a ve i nt ro du c e d P LC s op t i m i z e d fo r pr o c es s ap pl i c at i o n .R i c h Rya n,m a n ger, c o m m e r ci al m a rk e t i n g,A l l en-br a dl e y P ro gr a m m ab l e C on t rol s D i v.,c i t es P LC s's i n c r ea si n g u s e s u ch i nd ust r i es a s f oo d,c h em i c al s,an d p e t r ol e um. Rya n f e el s t h e r e are t wo t yp e s of a pp l i c at i o ns i n whi c h t h e y'r e a p p ro p ri at e. "o n e,"h e s a ys,"i s w h e r e t h e s i z e o f t h e p r o c ess co nt ro l s ys t e m t h at's b ei n g a u t om a t ed do e s n't j u s t i f y D C S[d i s t ri bu t ed c on t r ol s ys t e m].Wi t h t he st a rt i ng p r i c e t a gs o f cho s e p r od uc t s b ei ng r e l a t i v e l y h i gh, a p r o gr am m a bl e

c o nt ro l l e r m a ke s s en s e fo r s m al l, l ow l oo p co un t ap pl i c at i on .Th e s e c on

d i s w h

e r e yo u h av e t o i n t e gr at e t h e l o op cl o s el y w i t h t h e s eq u ent i al l o gi c a l.B a t ch c on t rol l er s a r e p ri m e ex a m pl e ,wh e r e t h e s e qu e n c e and m ai nt ai ni n g t h e pr oc e s s v a ri a bl e a re i nt e rt wi n ed s o cl os e l y t h a t t h e b en e fi t s o

f h avi n

g a p r o gr am m a bl e co nt ro l l e r t o d o t

h e s e qu e nt

i al l o gi ca l o ut we i ghs s om e o f t h e di s ad va n t a ges o f n ot h av i n g a d i st ri b ut ed con t rol s ys t e m."

B i l l B a r ko vi t z, pr e si d en t o f Tr i con ex,p r ed i ct s t h at"al l fut u re c o nt ro l l e rs t h a t co m e out i n t h e pr o c e s s c ont r ol s ys t em b us i n es s wi l l e m br a c e a l ot o f m or e P L

C t e ch nol o g y a n d a l o t m o r e P LC f un ct i o n al i t y t h an t h e y e v e r di d be f o re ."

Communications and MAP

C om m un i c a t i o ns are vi t a l t o a n i nd i vi du al au t om a t i o n ce l l an d t o b e a u t om a t ed f a ct o r y a s a wh ol e. We'v e h e a r d a l o t ab ou t M A P i n t h e l as t f ew ye a r s,a n d a l o t of c om p an i e s h a v e j um pe d o n t h e b an d w a gon.[2]M a n y, h o w ev e r,we r e d i sa p po i nt e d w h en a f ul l y-d e f i n ed and co m p l e t ed M AP s p e ci fi c at i on di dn't a pp e a r i m m ed i a t el y .S a ys La r r y K o m a r e k:"R i gh t n ow, M A P i s s t i l l a m ovi n g t a rget fo r t h e m a nu f a ct ur e rs, a s p e c i f i ca t i on t h at i s n ot fi n a l.P re s en t l y,f o r ex am pl e.p eo pl e ar e i nt ro du ci ng p r od u ct s t o m e et t h e M AP2.1s t an d a rd .Ye t2.1-ba s ed pro d uc t s wi l l b e o bs o l et e w h e n t h e n ew s t an da r d f or M AP3.0 i s i nt r od u ce d."

B e c a u s e o f t hi s,m a n y P L

C v e nd o rs a r e h ol di n g o ff o n ful l M AP i m pl e m e nt at i o ns. O m ro n,fo r ex am p l e,h a s a n on goi n g M AP-co m p at i b i l i t y p r o gr am;[3]b ut F ra n k N e w bu rn,vi c e p r esi d en t o f O m ro n's In d us t r i al

D i vi s i o n ,r ep or t s t ha t be c a us e o f t h e l ac k o f a fi rm d ef i ni t i on ,O m r on's P LC s d o n't ye t t al k t o MA P.

S i n c e i t's un l i k e l y t h at an i n di vi d u al P LC wo ul d t al k t o b ro a d M AP a n yw a y, m a k e rs a r e c on c en t r a t i n g on pr o p ri et a r y n e t wo r ks. A c co r di n g t o S a l P ro v anz a no, u s e r s f e a r t h at i f t h e y do get on bo a r d an d ve nd o rs wi t h dr aw f r om M A P, t h e y'l l b e t h e o n es l e ft ho l d i n g a c om m u ni c at i o ns s t ru c t u r e t h a t's n ot s up po rt e d.

Universal I/O

W h i l e t h er e a r e con c e r ns ab ou t t h e l ac k o f com p at i bl e co m m uni c at i o ns b e t w e e n P LC s fr om di ff er e nt ve nd o rs,t he c on n e ct i on at t h e o t h e r en d-t he I/O-i s ev e n m o re f r a gm ent e d .Wi t h r a r e ex c ep t i on s,I/O i s s t i l l p r op ri e t a r y .Ye t t he r e a r e t h os e wh o f e e l t h a t I/O w i l l e v e nt ua l l y b e c om e m o re un i v e rs a l .GE F a n u c i s h opi n g t o d o t h at wi t h i t s G e ni us s m a rt I/O l i n e. T h e i n d ep e nd en t I/O m a k e rs a r e p ul l i n g i n t he s a m e d i rec t i on.

M a n y s a y t h a t I/O i s s u c h a h i gh-v al u e i t em t h at P LC m ak e r s wi l l a l w a ys w a nt t o k e ep i t p ro p ri et a r y .A s K en J an no t t a, s a ys: "T h e I/O i s goi ng t o b e a di sp r op or t i o n at e am ou nt o f t he h a rd w a r e s a l e. C e r t ai nl y e a c h P LC v e nd o r i s go i n g t o t r y t o p rot e ct t h at. "F o r t h at r e a so n, he s a ys, P LC m a ke rs w o n't b e gi n s el l i ng u ni v e rs al I/O s ys t em f r om ot h e r ve n do r."i f we s t art s e l l i n g t h a t ki n d o f p ro du c t,"s a ys j ann ot t a, "w h at d o w e m a nu f a ct ur e?"

Wi t h m or e i nt el l i gen t I/O a pp e a ri n g, S a l P ro v anz a no f e el s t hi s wi l l l e ad

t o m o r e di ffe r e nt i at i o n am on g I/O f ro m di ff er e nt m ak er s. "W h e re t he I/O b e c om es ex t r em el y i nt el l i gen t a nd b e co m es p a rt of t h e s ys t em,"h e s a ys,"i t r e a l l y i s h a rd t o d ef i ne w hi c h i s t he I/O an d wh i c h i s C P U. It r e a l l y C P U, i f yo u w i l l, i s eq u al l y i n t e gr a t ed i nt o t h e s ys t e m as t h e I/O."

Connecting PLC I/O to PCs

W h i l e di ff er e nt P LC s p r ob a bl y w i l l co nt i n ue t o u s e p r op r i e t ar y I/O, s e v e ra l v en do rs m ak e i t pos s i bl e t o con n e ct5 t h ei r I/O t o IB M P C-co m p at i b l e e q ui pm en t. Al l e-bra d e l e y, C o ul d, a nd C i n ci nn at i M i l a c r on a l r e a d y h a v e, an d r u m o r ha s i t t ha t GE i s pl a nn i n g s om et hi n g al on g t h es e s a m e l i n e s .[4]Bi l l K e t el hut, m an a ge of p ro du ct p l a nn i n g a t G E F a n uc No rt h A m e ri c a ,s e es t hi s s o rt o f t hi n g as al t e r n a t i v e t o u ni v ers a l I/O."I t h i n k t he t r en d,i ns t ea d o f t o wa r d u ni v e r sa l I/O, wi l l be m ul t i p l e h os t i nt e r f a c e ,"h e s a ys.J odi e G l or e,di r e ct o r o f m ar ki n g, S qu a r e D Au t o m a t i o n P r od u ct s,Vi e w s i t as a n ot h er i ndi c a t i o n t h at P LC s a r e,an d h av e b e e n fo r s om e t i m e, i n du s t ri al c o m p ut e rs.

PLCs VS PCs

If t h e IB M7552, t he A c t i o n In s t r um e nt s B C22,a nd o t h e r c o m p ut e rs are a p p e ar i n g o n t h e f ac t or y f l o o r,wo n't t h i s m e a n n e w c om p e t i t i o n f o r P LC s? R i c h Rya n:"Th e re a r e som e co nt rol f un c t i o ns t ha t ar e be t t e r j ob s f or c o m p u t e rs. P r o gr am m a bl e co nt ro l l e rs ha v e b e en fo r c ed t o f i t i n t o t hos e a p pl i c a t i o ns. "Ye t, t he m a j o ri t y o f v en d or s w e s u rv e ye d d on't l i k e t h e"P C i nv a si o n" wi l l po se a pr ob l em fo r t he m.M os t s ai d t h at P LC s an d P C s a re

e n ou gh ap a rt i n a rch i t e ct ur e t ha t t h e y w i l l us u a l l y d o t h e c o nt ro l. T h e y d o n't

f e e l t h a t P C s wi l l t a k e j o bs f rom P LC s j u s t b e c au s e P LC I/O m o du l es c an n o w b e c on n ec t ed t o P C s; t h e y b e l i ev e t hi s si m pl y m e a ns t h at P LC s a nd P C s w i l l be ab l e t o sh a re t h e s am e d at a.

"T h e r e a r e i nh e r ent a r c hi t e ct u r al di f f er e n c es be t w e e n a ge n e r al p u rp os e c o m p ut e r,"s a ys R i c h Rya n,"a n d a p r o gr am m a bl e co nt r ol l e r .T h e r e a re h a r dw a r e c on s t ru ct s b ui l t i nt o al m os t e v e r y m a n uf a c t ur e's p r o gr am m a bl e c o nt ro l l e r t od a y t ha t cus t o m i z e t h e h ar d w a r e t o r un l ad d er l o gi c a nd t o s ol ve m a c hi n e co d e."O ne f un d am e nt al d i ffe r e n c e h e ci t e s i s c a l l e d s t at e of t he m a c hi n e .Rya n:"W h e n yo u s hut t h e m a c h i n e o ff, o r i nt e rr u pt t h e c yc l e,or yo u j um p t o an ot her s p ot i n t h e c yc l e,p ro gr a m m a bl e c ont r ol l e rs i nh e r en t l y r e m em b er t h e st at e of t h e m ac hi n e:w h a t t he t i m e r s w e r e,w h at t h e co un t ers w e r e,wh at t h e s t a t e s o f a l l t h e l at c hes w e r e .C om pu t e r s d o n't i n h er e nt l y d o t h at."

外文资料翻译译文

单片机基础

单片机是电脑和集成电路发展的巅峰,有据可查的是他们也是20世纪最有意义的两大发明。

这两种特性在单片机中得到了充分的体现。一些厂家用这两种特性区分程序内存和数据内存在硬件中的特性,如图3-5A-1,依据同样的原理

广泛的适用于一般目的的电脑和微电脑,一些厂家在程序内存和数据内存之间不区分的像Pr i nc et on特性,展示如图3-5A-2.

只读存贮器(R OM). R OM是通常的永久性的,非应用程序的易失性存

储器。不少微机和单片机用于大批量应用,因此,经济的设备制造要求的程序存储器的内容是在制造期间永久性的刻录在芯片中,这意味着严谨的方法,因为修改ROM代码不能制造之后发展。这一发展过程可能涉及仿真,使用硬件仿真功能以及强大的软件工具使用先进的开发系统。

一些制造商在其提供的设备包括的范围(或拟使用)用户可编程内存.其中最简单的通常是设备能够运行于微处理器模式通过使用一些输入/输出作为地址线额外的RO M选项和数据总线访问外部内存.这种类型的设备可以表现为单芯片微型计算机尽管有限制的I / O和外部修改这些设备的电路.小内存装置的应用是非常普遍的在永久性内存的制造中[2];但仍

然可以在我节省大量成本I/O和其它芯片相比,传统的基于微处理器电路.更准确的R O M设备更换,可在与'形式变种背驮式'E P RO M(可擦除可编程只读存储器)插座或存储器,而不是RO M器件。这些器件自然价格比同等RO M设备贵,但不提供完整的等效电路.E PR OM的设备也非常有吸引力

对于低容量应用中,他们提供的单芯片器件的优势,在以下方面的板载I /O等,在灵活的用户可编程带来的便利。

随机存取存储器(R A M)。R A M用于变量和工作在程序使用该存储器的执行.随数据存储设备的大小不同类型而有所不同,但具有相同的特征宽度(4,8,16 比特等)作为处理器。特殊功能寄存器,如栈指针或定时器寄存器,往往逻辑纳入内存区域.它也在型微电脑的硬件中做集中内存,它是不必要的区分内存和处理器之间的区别在通常不物理上分开的微机中。

中央处理单元(C PU)。C P U是很象微型电子计算机和微控制器的任何微电脑.许多微电脑和微控制器涉及到二进制编码(十进制处理(BC D)的数据为例)数字显示,因而,常常可以发现该CP U是很适合处理这种类型的数据。对设施良好与否进行的测试,设置和重置单个位的内存或I / O 控制器的应用程序,也是常见的因为许多涉及打开和关闭的单输出线或在单线.这些线很容易连接到二进制的设备,如开关,恒温器,固态继电器,阀门,电机等

并行输入/输出.并行输入和输出的计划有所不同,在不同的微机,在大多数设立一个机制,至少选择让其中一些引脚输出,一些引脚输如是非常灵活的。这可能适用于所有或端口.有些I /O线直接连接到适当的设备,例如,荧光显示器,也可以提供足够的电流,使接口和其他设备直接相连.一些设备允许一个I / O端口,其他组件将作为系统总线配置为允许片外存储器和I /O扩展。这个设施是潜在有用的一个产品系列的发展,因为连续增强可能成为太上存储器,这是不可取的,不是建立在现有的软

件基础上的。

串行输入/输出。串行通信是指与终端设备的链接使用少量的通讯线.这种通讯也可利用特殊的接口连接功能芯片使几个微型机连在一起。双方共同异步同步通信方案要求的规则提供成帧(启动和停止)的信息。这可以作为一个硬件设施或U(拧)艺术(通用执行(同步)异步接收器/发

送器)减轻处理器(和应用程序)的这种低层次的确费时.它也只需要选择一个波特率及其他可能的选择(停止位,奇偶校验等)和负载号码(或读取),串行发送器(或接收)的缓冲器.进行适当的格式的数据串行处理,然后由硬件电路完成。

定时/计数器设施。许多应用的单片机需要对过去的真实时间准确的评价。这可以由每个程序中的执行时间分支认真评估,但除最简单的程序外,他的工作效率不高。首选方法是使用计时器电路,能独立计算精确的时间增量,并生成一个预设的时间后中断的时间。这种类型的定时器通常在所要求的数量可重载中应用。计时器然后减少此值产生中断或设置标记时,计数器到达零.更好的计时器有自动加载初始值的功能。这将缓解重新加载计数器和评估所用的时间,计时器重新启动之前这是必要的。有时候与定时器相关的是一个事件计数器。这个设备通常有一个特殊的输入引脚,可直接驱动计数器。

定时元件。大多数微型计算机时钟电路只需要简单的计时元件.如果要求最高性能,必须使用晶体以确保最大时钟频率接近,但不会超出。许多时钟电路,还具有电阻和低电容工作成本定时元件,也可以从外部源驱动。这后一种安排是有用的在微机外部同步是必需的时候。

B:PLC[1]

今天的PL C(可编程逻辑控制器)将面对日益复杂的挑战。一旦他们悄悄地取代继电器,偶尔向主机报告,如果他们将他们比作细胞,赋予新的工作和新的语言,将被迫和大量的控制产品竞争。对于今年的年度PL C 技术的更新,我们对PL C的制造商会就这些主题提出更多问题.

编程语言

更高水平的PL C编程语言已经推行有一段时间了,但最近的流行,如雨后春笋般。正如雷蒙德莱韦耶,副总裁兼总经理,西门子能源和自动化公司,可编程控制正在为更复杂的操作使用,梯形逻辑比语言变得更加实际,有效和强大的。举例来说,很难写三角函数使用梯形逻辑。“语言为人们所接受,包括布尔,控制系统流程图,这种功能图及其变化图表语言。而且有越来越多像C和BA SI C语言的兴趣。”

在过程的PLC控制

到目前为止,P L C的没有大量用于连续过程控制,会继续吗?“我感觉到了,P L C将用于过程工业,但不一定过程控制。”J a nn ot ta说。几个供应商,显然是把赌注押在相反会发生,已经实行了P L C的应用优化的过程。富瑞安的经理认为PL C将越来越多地使用食品等行业,化工,石化.R ya n认为有两种类型的应用程序中,他们是合适的。“之一,”他说,“是其中的过程控制系统,目前已被没有理由自动化DC S的大小[分布式控制系统]随着价格标签开始。产品的选择是比较高,可编程控制器为小,低环数的应用意义。第二种是你必须融入顺序逻辑。批次控制循环密切合

作是最好的例子,那里的顺序和维持过程变量是交织在一起的密切合作,使拥有一个可编程控制器的逻辑顺序做的好处远远超过了不具有分布式

控制系统的一些缺点。”

B i ll B ar ko vi tz,Tr ic on ex的总统,预言:“今后所有的控制器在

过程控制系统的业务将引用更多的PL C技术,PL C功能比以往任何时候

都要多。”

通信和规范

在整体上通信是至关重要的个人自动化单元对自动化工厂来说。我们听说了很多规范在过去数年,许多公司都纷纷跟进。[2]但是,不少人失望的发现完成地图规范并没有立即出现。拉里科马雷克说:“现在,规范仍然是一个移动目标,规范没有最终决定,对于制造商。目前,正在推出的产品样本.人们使其产品满足MA P2.1标准。然而,新标准MA P3.0被引进时,MA P2.1为基础的产品将被淘汰时。”

正因为如此,许多PL C厂商正在制定完整的规范. 例如Om ro n,拥有一个完整的兼容程序; [3],但弗兰克纽伯恩,副欧姆龙工业部总裁,报告说,由于缺乏公司的定义,欧姆龙的PL C还谈不上规范。

由于不太可能将个人的PL C广泛的交谈,制造商更专注于专有的网络.按照萨尔P ro va n za no说法,用户担心,如果他们不从规则上和供应商妥协,他们将要加大对通信结构的不支持。

通用的I / O

然而大多数P LC的兼容问题不同厂商的沟通不够,在另一端连接的I / O问题,更是支离破碎的。除了少数例外,I / O是仍然专有技术。然而,谁是那些感觉的I /O最终将成为更具有普遍性。GE Fa n u c的希望这样做与天才智能I /O线.各个独立I /O制造商都在同一方向进发。

许多人说,I / O是这样一个高价值项目,P LC制造商将永远希望保持它的专有性。由于肯J an not t a。说:“ I /O将在硬件销售中不成比例。当然每个P LC供应商将试图保护这一点。”出于这个原因,他说,P LC的制造商将不会开始销售通用I / O和其他厂商的系统。“如果我们开始销售该产品的实物,那我们还有什么可生产的?”

J a nn ot t a说道

随着更多智能I / O出现,萨尔P r ova nz a no认为在不同的制造商中间这将导致更多的分化。“哪里的I / O变得非常聪明,并成为系统的一部分真的很难定义,哪些是I /O,哪些是C P U.随着分布式的发展,如果你愿意,C P U也同样可以纳入作为I /O的系统”

PLC的 I / O和个人电脑的连接

虽然不同的PL C厂商可能会继续用专有的I / O,但一些厂商使I/ O 连接到IB M PC这样的兼容设备成为可能.A ll e -b ra de l ey和辛辛那提米拉克龙公司已经拥有,并有传言说,通用的电气计划将沿着同样的思路。克特尔胡特,GE F a nu c北美的产品规划经理,认为是I/O的普及“我

想多个主机接口将代替I/O的趋势,”他说。朱迪格洛尔,市场经理,Sq ua re D Au to ma ti on P rod u ct s,将P L C看做是工业电脑。

PLC VS电脑

如果IB M 7552,行动仪器BC22,和其他计算机出现在工厂,这意味着不会对PL C的新的竞争?富瑞安:“有一些控制功能,可用于电脑.可编程程序控制器更好的工作已被迫适应这些应用。“然而,在我们调查的厂商多数不认为“个人电脑入侵”将对他们产生问题。大多表示PL C和P C 结构上的差别决定他们不同的作用,P C将主管通讯和管理,PL C则进行控制,他们相信这只是意味着,PL C和个人电脑将能够共享相同的数据。

富瑞恩说:“通用的计算机内在结构不同,可编程控制器硬件结构有内置到几乎每一个制造商的可编程控制器。今天定制的硬件来运行梯形逻辑,解决机器代码。”在根本的区别上,他引用了一个称呼“机器状态”。富瑞安说:“当你关闭机器,或中断周期,或者跳转到另一个周期,现场可编程控制器本身记得机器的状态:定时器状态是什么,计数器状态是什么,锁存的状态是什么,但计算机本身不这样做。”

步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译

外文文献: Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor: Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-: In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative: The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.

AT89C51单片机外文翻译

AT89C51外文翻译 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features ? Compatible with MCS-51? Products ? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ? Three-Level Program Memory Lock ? 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ? 32 Programmable I/O Lines ? Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ? Six Interrupt Sources ? Programmable Serial Channel ? Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

单片机方面毕业设计外文文献翻译

单片机方面毕业设计外文文献翻译

中文译文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller Unit),常见英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机,它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是经过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL 的8031,因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高,开始出现了16位单片机,但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展,单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用,32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位,而且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高,处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。当前,高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器,而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元,最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和

使用,大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至能够直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统,因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机,复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作!单片机的数量不但远超过PC机和其它计算的总和,甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机,和计算机相比,单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。 单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块,比如CPU,内存,并行总线,还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件,不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多,不过价钱也是低的,一般不超过10元即可......用它来做一些控制电器一类不

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip,In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section,The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip,Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees,It had haveed the calculating machine system property,calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS-48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer,After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS -51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat,Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once

51单片机外文文献

The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC:Supply voltage. GND:Ground.

单片机_英文参考文献

Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation

MCS_51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

MCS-51系列单片机 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers. A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8K B ), is used to preserve the

(完整word版)单片机外文文献翻译

中文资料原文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller Unit),常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机,它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031,因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高,开始出现了16位单片机,但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展,单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用,32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位,并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高,处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前,高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器,而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元,最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用,大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统,因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机,复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作!单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和,甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机,和计算机相比,单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。

单片机外文翻译--STC89C52处理芯片

外文资料翻译 STC89C52 processi ng chip Prime features: With MCS - 51 SCM product compatibility, 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash memory, 1000 times CaXie cycle, the static operation: 0Hz ~ 33Hz, triple encryption program memory, 32 programmed I/O port, three 16 timer/counter, the eight uninterrupted dual-career UART serial passage, low power consumption, leisure and fall after fall electric power mode can be awakened and continuous watchdog timer and double-number poin ter, power ide ntifier. Efficacy: characteristics STC89C52 is one kind of low power consumption, high CMOS8 bit micro-co ntroller, 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-de nsity nonv olatile storage tech no logy, and in dustrial 80C51 product in structi on and pin fully compatible. The Flash memory chips allows programs in the system, also suitable for programmable conventional programming. In a single chip, have clever 8 bits CPU and on li ne system programmable Flash, in crease STC89C52 for many embedded control system to provide high vigorous application and useful solutions. STC89C52 has following standard efficacy: 8k byte Flash RAM, 256 bytes, 32 I/O port, the watchdog timer, two, three pointer numerical 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 continuous structure, the serial port, working within crystals and horological circuit. In addition, 0Hz AT89S52 can drop to the static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, and allows the RAM, timer/c oun ters, serial, continu ous to work. Protectio n asa na patter n, RAM content is survival, vibrators frozen, SCM, until all the work under a continuous or hardware reset. 8-bit microcontrollers 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash AT89S52 devices. Mouth: P0 P0 mouth is a two-way ope n drain I/O. As export, each can drive eight TTL logic level. For P0 port to write "1", foot as the high impeda nee in put. When access to exter nal programs and nu merical memory, also known as

AT89C51单片机英文文献附带翻译

AT89C51的概况 一 AT89C51应用 单片机广泛应用于商业:诸如调制解调器,电动机控制系统,空调控制系统,汽车发动机和其他一些领域。这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合。然而,这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠。健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险。Intel 平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的用于验证它的AT89C51 汽车单片机多线性测试环境。这种环境的目标不仅是为AT89C51 汽车单片机提供一种健壮测试环境,而且开发一种能够容易扩展并重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机。开发的这种环境连接了AT89C51。本文讨论了这种测试环境的设计和原理,它的和各种硬件、软件环境部件的交互性,以及如何使用AT89C51。 1.1 介绍 8 位AT89C51 CHMOS 工艺单片机被设计用于处理高速计算和快速输入/输出。MCS51 单片机典型的应用是高速事件控制系统。商业应用包括调制解调器,电动机控制系统,打印机,影印机,空调控制系统,磁盘驱动器和医疗设备。汽车工业把MCS51 单片机用于发动机控制系统,悬挂系统和反锁制动系统。AT89C51 尤其很好适用于得益于它的处理速度和增强型片上外围功能集,诸如:汽车动力控制,车辆动态悬挂,反锁制动和稳定性控制应用。由于这些决定性应用,市场需要一种可靠的具有低干扰潜伏响应的费用-效能控制器,服务大量时间和事件驱动的在实时应用需要的集成外围的能力,具有在单一程序包中高出平均处理功率的中央处理器。拥有操作不可预测的设备的经济和法律风险是很高的。一旦进入市场,尤其任务决定性应用诸如自动驾驶仪或反锁制动系统,错误将是财力上所禁止的。重新设计的费用可以高达500K 美元,如果产品族享有同样内核或外围设计缺陷的话,费用会更高。另外,部件的替代品领域是极其昂贵的,因为设备要用来把模块典型地焊接成一个总体的价值比各个部件高几倍。为了缓和这些问题,在最坏的环境和电压条件下对这些单片机进行无论在部件级别还是系统级别上的综合测试是必需的。Intel Chandler 平台工程组提供了各种单片机和处理器的系统验证。这种系统的验证处理可以被分解为三个主要部分。系统的类型和应用需求决定了能够在设备上执行的测试类型。 1.2 AT89C51提供以下标准功能:

关于51单片机英文文献的英文翻译

利用单片机的定时器 6.1 前言 这一章包含一个描述的定时器系统微控制器,包括通用定时器,该定时器,和看门狗。 6.2 总体结构和功能,计时器系统 时间是必不可少的操作微控制器系统,可以生成信号的精确确定的期限,或外部事件计数。这原因,定时器子系统,是目前所有的微控制器的实现,和涵盖的范围广泛的功能包括: ?生成精确的时间间隔 ?测量时间的外部事件 ?计数外部事件。 多数微控制器提供专用定时器,或使用通用计时器实现以下功能: ?实时时钟 ?产生的脉冲宽度调制(脉宽调制)信号 ?看门狗检测程序失控情况。 虽然有很大的差异在不同的实现通用定时器在不同的微控制器,有许多相似在操作的原则和结构的定时器子系统。 图6.1显示了一个定时器系统总体框图,说明原则实施最单片机定时器。核心要素的定时器子系统是一个计数器,tcnt(8或16位在长度),这可能是读或写的软件(有时)。时钟tcnt 得到从系统时钟,除以一个可编程分频器,或外部时钟应用到一个单片机引脚。软件控制的计时器68使用6单片机定时器。

采用控制寄存器晶体管和信息方面的各种事件相关的计时器,可以读取状态寄存器tflg。几种工作模式是可能的计时器: 定时器溢出。在这种模式下,如果感兴趣的是当tcnt计数器达到它的最大数量和返回到零在下一个时钟脉冲。溢出信号这标志着这一事件是应用于中断控制逻辑(Ⅱ),这可能产生一个中断请求处理器。之间的时间间隔连续溢出控制通过修改输入时钟频率应用到tcnt,或以书面tcnt 一初始值的计算。 ?输入捕获。在这种经营模式,内容tcnt此刻的发生外部事件,定义边缘的一个输入信号,转移在捕获寄存器(民事),和一个中断请求可能会生成。由比较连续值捕获率,有可能确定之间的时间间隔的外部事件。 ?输出比较。在这种经营模式,内容tcnt不断比较了硬件的内容的光学字符识别(比较寄存器的输出)指数字比较器的比较。当一个寄存器的内容比赛中,一个中断请求可能会生成。或者,可以比较匹配通过编程改变现状的一个或多个输出线。 ?外部事件计数器。在这种经营模式,输入tcnt连接一个单片机输入线,和tcnt计数脉冲与外部事件。该软件是了解记录一些外部通过阅读tcnt事件。 6.3 特点鲜明的通用定时器HC 11 16位tcnt计数器HC 11可以依靠内部时钟,只有向上的。它可以读取软件,但不能被清除或书面。分频器是一个可编程的4位计数器,它将系统时钟的1,4,8,或16。有四个16位输出比较寄存器(光学字符识别),称为toc1,toc2,toc3,和toc4,三输入捕获寄存器(民事),称为tic1,tic2,和tic3,和一个额外的寄存器,可通过软件配置为五分之一 光学字符识别寄存器,笔名TOC五,或作为四分之一个输入捕获寄存器tic4。各种定时器功能相关的输入/输出线端口,如图所示在表6.1。 表6.1 替代功能的输入/输出线端口 1控制和状态寄存器的HC 11定时器虽然反tcnt,和分频器是独一无二的,在场的八民事/光学字符识别寄存器,各有不同的状态标志,相关的输入/输出线,随着可能产生不同的中断请求,

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems. SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways. Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings. Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a

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