第十一章 财务分析
山东大学期末考试课程复习：财务分析[第十一章企业发展能力分析]课程复习
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第十一章企业发展能力分析一、企业发展能力分析的目的企业发展能力通常是指企业未来生产经营活动的发展趋势和发展潜能，也可以称之为增长能力。
从形成看，企业的发展能力主要是通过自身的生产经营活动，不断扩大积累而形成的，主要依托于不断增加的资金投入、不断增长的营业收入和不断创造的利润等。
从结果看,一个发展能力强的企业，应该是资产规模不断增加，股东财富持续增长。
企业所追求的目标通常被概括为生存、发展与获利，从中可以窥见发展对于企业的重要性。
如果说生存是企业实现盈利的前提,那么发展就是企业实现盈利的根本途径。
因此要着眼于从动态的角度分析和预测企业的发展能力。
企业能否持续增长对股东、潜在投资者、经营者及其他相关利益团体至关重要,因此有必要对企业的发展能力进行深入分析,目的在于:1．对于股东而言，可以通过发展能力分析衡量企业创造股东价值的能力，从而为采取下一步战略行动提供依据.2．对于潜在的投资者而言,可以通过发展能力分析评价企业的成长性,从而选择合适的目标企业作出正确的投资决策。
3．对于经营者而言，可以通过发展能力分析发现影响企业未来发展的关键因素，从而采取正确的经营策略和财务策略促进企业可持续增长。
4．对于债权人而言，可以通过发展能力分析判断企业未来的盈利能力,从而作出正确的信贷决策。
二、企业发展能力分析的内容企业发展能力分析的内容可分为以下两部分：1．企业单项发展能力分析.企业价值要获得增长，就必须依赖于股东权益、利润、收入和资产等方面的不断增长。
企业单项发展能力分析就是通过计算和分析股东权益增长率、利润增长率、收入增长率、资产增长率等指标，分别衡量企业在股东权益、利润、收入、资产等方面所具有的发展能力，并对其在股东权益、利润、收入、资产等方面所具有的发展趋势进行评估。
2．企业整体发展能力分析。
企业要获得可持续增长,就必须在股东权益、利润、收入和资产等各方面谋求协调发展6企业整体发展能力分析就是通过对股东权益增长率、利润增长率、收入增长率、资产增长率等指标进行相互比较与全面分析，综合判断企业的整体发展能力。
《财务管理》(张玉英)PPT 财务管理11
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
二、财务报表分析评价标准 (三)社会标准
行业标准
社 会
地区标准
标
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国内标准
国际标准
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应用广泛
内容讲解
第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法 二、因素分析法 三、趋势分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
三、趋势分析法
(一)多期比较分析
【例11-2】表11-2是N公司连续4年的利润表资料，按此 编制的变动差额与百分比报表如表11-3所示。
表11-2 单位：万元
项目 营业收入
减：营业成本 营业毛利
减：营业税费 减：期间费用 营业利润 加：营业外损益 利润总额 减：所得税 净利润
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表分析
是以企业财务报表及其他有关财务资料为基础，
对企业财务活动的过程和结果进行的研究评价过程。
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表基 本分析内容
企业偿债能力 资产管理比率 盈利能力 发展能力分析
财务报表分析与运用 杰拉尔德 课后答案英文版第十一章
Chapter 11 SolutionsOverview:Problem Length Problem #s{S} 1 - 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22{M} 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24 {L} 6, 19, 251.{S}(i) Interest expense = 12% x $10,000 (beginning balance oflease obligation) = $1,200.(ii)The lease obligation will be reduced by $100 ($1,300 - $1,200) leaving an obligation of $9,900.(iii)Cash from Operations will be reduced by the interest payment of $1,200. Cash from investing activities willnot be affected. (However, the firm will report thecapi tal lease as a “noncash investment and financingactivity.” Cash from financing will be reduced by theamount of the principal payment of $100.(iv)Under an operating lease there is no lease obligation on the balance sheet. The only effect on income isRent Expense of $1,300. Similarly, CFO is reduced by$1,300. (CFI and CFF are not affected).2.{S}(i) In a take-or-pay arrangement, a company contracts tobuy or pay for a certain amount of a supplier’scommodity at a predetermined price over a stated timeperiod. The company, by entering the contract, incursan economic liability. However, since it is only acontract, no accounting liability is recorded on thebalance sheet – it is off balance sheet.(ii) In a sale of receivable, a company “sells” its receivables to a third-party, usually a financialinstitution. Typically, the sale is made at adiscounted price from the face value and the sellermay retain some or all of the default risk. The sale,in substance, is a financing arrangement with thereceivables being used as collateral. However, underGAAP, the transaction is treated as a sale and thedebt does not appear on the balance sheet.(iii)A joint venture represents an investment of 50% or less by one company (the “investor”) in anothercompany. Under GAAP, since ownership is not over 50%,the assets and liabilities of the joint venture neednot be consolidated with the parent’s assets andliabilities. Hence, any debt taken on by the jointventure remains off balance sheet even when theinvestor is liable for the debt.11-13.{S} Effect of choice of interest rate on lessee:4.{S}a. Pallavi must capitalize the lease because the leaseagreement contains a bargain purchase option. Notethat the lease also meets one other capitalizationcriterion: The present value of minimum lease paymentsexceeds 90% of the fair market value of the equipment(see part b for computations).b. The fair market value of the asset is $125,000. Thepresent value of the MLPs is $127,785 (at 8%, thelower of the lessee and lessor rates); the asset mustbe capitalized at the (lower) fair market value. (Notethat the lease obligation is the sum of the presentvalues of the MLPs and the bargain purchase option –the latter is not provided.)11-2c.Leases must be capitalized at the lesser of thepresent value of lease payments or the fair value ofthe lease; in this case, the lease must be capitalizedat the fair value of $125,000.d. The existence of the bargain purchase option requiresdepreciation over the estimated economic life of theasset rather than the (shorter) lease term.e. The option creates the presumption that the asset willbe held past the expiration date of the lease.Otherwise it must be assumed that use of the assetwill revert to the lessor at expiration, requiring thelessee to depreciate the leased asset over the(shorter) lease term.5.{M}a. The following states the effects of Tolrem using thecapital lease method as compared with the operatinglease method.(i) Cash from operations is higher as only theinterest portion of lease expense is deductedfrom operating cash flows; total lease expense isdeducted for operating leases.(ii) Financing cash flow is lower for capital lease, as part of lease rental is treated asamortization of liability and classified asfinancing cash outflow.(iii)Investing cash flow is not affected by the lease treatment. However, the firm will report capitalleases in the statement of cash flows (or afootnote) as noncash investment activities.(iv) Net cash flow reflects the actual rental payment and is unaffected by the financial reportingtreatment of the lease.(v) Debt/equity ratio is higher for capital lease, as it records the present value of minimum leasepayments as debt and reduces net income (andtherefore equity) in first year.(vi) Interest coverage ratio is usually (not always) lower for capital lease method, which reportsinterest expense but also higher EBIT, see (vii).For coverage ratios well above 1.0, the ratiowill decline. If the increase in interest expenseexceeds the increase in EBIT, the ratio willdecline even for firms with very low coverageratios.11-3(vii)Operating income is lower for operating lease because the total lease payment is an operatingexpense; for capital lease, interest portion oflease expense is nonoperating.(viii)Net income is higher for operating lease; total lease expense (interest plus depreciation) ishigher for capital lease.(ix) Deferred tax assets are higher for capital lease;as lease treatment for tax purposes is unaffectedby accounting choice, capital lease will generatea deferred tax asset as taxable income (operatinglease) exceeds pretax income (capital lease).(x) Taxes paid are unaffected by choice of method.(xi) Pretax return on assets is higher for operating leases as pretax income is higher and no assetsare reported as the result of the lease; acapital lease reduces income and reports leaseassets. Post-tax return on assets is higher forthe same reasons.(xii)Pretax return on equity: both pretax income and equity are higher for operating than for capitalleases. The higher pretax income should increasethe ratio in all but exceptional cases. Post-taxreturn on equity should be higher for same reason.However as increase in post-tax income equals(for first year) increase in equity, there may bemore exceptional cases.b. Net income (viii) will be lower for the operatinglease after the "crossover" point. As total net income over the life of the lease is unaffected by the accounting choice, higher net income (operating lease) in the early years must be offset by lower net income in later years.c. Consistent use of the operating lease method in placeof capitalization will not change the direction of the effects shown in part A, but will increase their magnitude. In aggregate, new leases will keep Tolrem from reaching the crossover point for net income, keeping net income and return ratios higher than if the leases were capitalized.11-46.{L}a. and b.4 payment annuity of $10,000 per year at 8%). Assuming zero residualvalue, depreciation = $43,121/5 = $8,624.2Interest expense = 8% x ($43,121 - $10,000) = $2,650Caramino's EBIT is $1,376 higher; Aglianico reportsrental expense but no depreciation expense since itdoes not record an asset. Because total lease expense(depreciation plus interest) is higher than the leaserental, Caramino's EBT is lower by $1,274. After adeferred income tax offset of $510, Caramino's netincome is $764 lower.Caramino's deferred tax debit (asset) results from thedifference between financial reporting (capital lease)and tax reporting (operating lease). The $1,274 timingdifference results in a deferred tax debit of $1,274x .40 = $510c. andd. Comparison of Cash Flow Statementshave been collected by the end of the year.11-5Caramino reports higher cash from operations by $10,000. Since the tax rate is 40%, Aglianico (operating lease firm) reports aftertax operating cash outflow of $6,000. Caramino (capital lease firm) pays no interest but, since it uses the operating lease method for taxes, receives a tax deduction of $4,000 for the annual payment of $10,000. Caramino's aftertax operating cash inflow is $4,000.The difference ($6,000 + $4,000 = $10,000) is recorded by Caramino as a financing cash outflow; this is the amount of the lease payment considered a reduction of the capitalized lease liability for 2002. [Note that the lease payment made on January 1, 2002 has no interest component; there is no accrued interest as the lease has just begun. Interest accrued during the year will be paid January 1, 2003.]e. There is no impact on investing cash flow for eitherfirm. Caramino would report the present value of the capital lease as a noncash investment activity.f. The net cash outflow for each firm is the leasepayment of $10,000 less the tax deduction of $4,000 (40% tax rate). Only the classification of cash flow components is affected by the lease method used.g. By using the capital lease method, Caramino reportshigher debt and lower income. However the firm also reports higher cash from operations. The choice of method may reflect different debt covenants or simplya preference among financial characteristics.11-67.(M) a. Since it is the first year:Capital lease obligations $2,596,031Repayment of capital lease obligations 3,969Capital lease at inception $2,600,000b. Amortization expense =$2,600,000 - $2,479,570 = $120,430Assuming the asset is being amortized on a straightline basis over the lease term, the lease term =$2,600,000/$120,430 = 21.6 or 22 yearsTotal expense = interest + amortization =$120,430 + $223,733 = $344,163c. CFO was reduced by the interest expense of $223,733and CFF was reduced by the “repayment of capital leaseobligations” of $ 3,969d. Free cash flows should be reduced by $2,600,000 – the“cost” of the leased asset.e. (i) Lease expense would be lease payment =$223,733 + $3,969 = $227,702(ii) CFO would be reduced by lease payment of $227,702f. Using 1999 payment only: $223,733/$2,600,000 = 8.6%Using all the payments, we have exact MLP’s for thesix years 1999 –2004. The “thereafter” MLP’s totaling$4,596 thousand are spread over 16 years; i.e. $287.25thousand/year. Equating this stream to the presentvalue of $2,600,000 yields a rate (IRR) of 9.3%.The two methods yield rates within “range” of eachother especially when we consider that the ratederived from the first method is typically downwardbiased.11-78.{M}a. The adjustment involves the addition of the interestcomponent of minimum lease payments to stated interestexpense. The adjustment reflects a partial, de factocapitalization of operating leases.(i)Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges:Pretax earnings $ 2,363,646Interest on indebtedness 68,528Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 2,432,174Fixed Charges:Interest on indebtedness $ 68,528Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges 35.5X(ii) The unadjusted ratio is almost four times the adjusted ratio. Note: the SEC rule that governsthis calculation assumes that the interestcomponent is one-third of the MLP. The trueinterest component may be higher or lower,changing the coverage ratio.b. Reported debt-to-equity = $550,000/$2,233,303 = 0.25c. Calculation of amounts adjusted for leasecapitalization:The Limited, Inc.1999 Working Capital Position and Capitalization Table1 Working capital is reduced by the principal component of the 2000MLPs calculated as$436,670 = [($643,828 - (.06 x $3,452,628)],where $3,452,628 is the present value calculated in note 2 below.2 Present value of MLPs using an interest rate of 6%. The “thereafter”MLPs are spread using the constant rate assumption; ($502,880 in 2005and 2006 and $422,102 in 2007).11-89.{S} Note: all amounts in $millionsa. Debt to equity = ($2,416 + $235)/$4,448 = 0.60b. (i) Interest portion of 2001 payment = $63-$39 = $24Therefore interest rate = $24/$235 = 10.2%(ii)Using the constant rate assumption yields theThe IRR that equates the above to $235 is 7.9%c. Under the constant rate assumption, the payment streamto be discounted at 10.2% isThe present value is $7,435d. Adjusted debt-to-equity is($2,416 + $235 + $7,435)/$4,448 = 2.27The adjustment increases the ratio almost four-fold.The real effect is greater as equity would be lower ifDelta had capitalized its operating leases at theirinception.e. After adjustment, both AMR’s and Delta’s ratios are atsimilar levels of 2.3x.Had the lower rate been used, the present value ofDelta’s operating lease would be significantly higheras would its debt-to-equity ratio.f. The adjustments are appropriate for two reasons(1)To obtain the appropriate levels of the ratio foreach firm. For both companies, the reported ratiosunderstate their financial leverage.(2)For comparison purposes. Before adjustment,Delta’s ratio at 0.6x is 50% lower than AMR’s 0.9x.After adjustment, that superiority is removed asboth firms have similar ratios.11-910.{M}a. The following MLP stream is assumed (€ million):At a rate of 7%, the present value is €505.3 millio nb. (i) €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09(ii)(€1,294 + €505)/€14,145 = 0.13c.Another assumption would be to find a decline ratefrom the initial payment of €166.5 such that the sumof the years 2 to 5 payments using that decline rateequals €275.2; i.e. solve for d i n the followingequation(d + d2 + d3 + d4 ) x €166.5 = €275.2The above can be solved by trial and error and thesolution is d = 67.66% with a MLP stream of €112.6,€76.2, €51.5 and €34.9.Using this MLP stream would increase the present valueof the operating lease obligation.11.{S}a. We use the constant rate assumption, yielding thefollowing payment stream (€ millions)At a discount rate of 7%, the present value is €12,543.b. (i) Reported debt-to-equity = €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09Adjusted for part a:(€1,294 + €12,543)/€14,145 = 0.98(ii) Adjusting for operating leases as well(€1,294 + €12,543 + €505)/€14,145 = 1.0111-1012.{S}a. The cash outflow of $25.6 million represents thedecrease in the balance of sold but uncollectedreceivables ($192.8 - $167.2). It represents netcollections (by Arkla as the firm continues to servicethe receivables) of receivables sold; amountscollected from previously sold receivables were paidto the purchasers of those receivables.b. Receivables sold but uncollected as of 12/31/93 can bededuced to be:Outstanding 3/31/94 $118.7 millionDecrease during quarter 107.7Outstanding 12/31/93 $226.4 millionc. The required adjustments to Arkla's CFO for quartersended:March 31, 1994 March 31, 1995 Cash outflow $107.7 $25.6These amounts are the decrease in receivables soldduring the respective quarters. The adjustment isrequired because the cash flow was recognized when thereceivables were sold rather than when customers paid.This adjustment produces a measure of CFO based onwhen the receivables were collected.13.{S} All amounts in $millionsa. (i) Current ratio was increased by 15% from 1.61 to1.86 as a result of receivable sale.Reported = $686/$369 = 1.86Adjusted = ($686 + $153.1)/($369 + $153.1) = 1.61 (ii) & (iii)Average receivables as reported =.5($546 + $312) = $429Adjusting for sale of receivables would increaseaverage receivables by.5($153.1 + $115) = $134 to $563Reported turnover = $2,951/$429 = 6.88# of days = 365/6.88 = 53 daysAdjusted turnover = $2,951/$563 = 5.24# of days = 365/5.24 = 70 daysAs a result of the receivable sale the cash cyclelooked better than it really was by (70 –53) =17 days and the receivables turnover “improved”from 5.24 to 6.8811-11b. Reported debt/equity = $1,096/$950 = 1.15Debt should be adjusted upwards by the receivablessold to ($1,096 + $153.1 =) $1,249.1 with a resultantdebt to equity ratio of $1,249.1/$950 = 1.31.c. Reported cash flow from operations increased by $154million from ($96) million to $58 million. Theseamounts were inflated by the increase in receivablessold and should be adjusted by that increase:Adjusted CFO 1998 = ($96) – ($115 – $103.3) = ($107.7)Adjusted CFO 1999 = $58 - ($153.1 – $115) = $19.9After removing the effects of the receivable sales,CFO increased by $127.6 million from ($107.7) millionto $19.9 million. The actual level and trend in CFO isconsiderably lower than the amounts reported.14.{M}a.11-12The sale of receivables allowed the company to show an improved receivable turnover and cash cycle; the improvement was more significant for 1999 as the amount of receivables sold increased and sales declined.b. The effect on the current ratio is minimal as the sameamount is added to both numerator and denominator of the ratio and that ratio is close to 1. The debt-to-equity ratio adjustment is more significant in 1999 due to the increase in receivables sold and the lower equity amount.c. As the calculation below indicates, both the level andtrend in CFO are overstated as a result of the sale of receivables.11-1315.{S}a. The cash from investment amounts are equivalent to thechange in the “Receivables sold by Funding topurchaser”. (Reca ll that 1997 was the first year ofreceivable sales.)b.receivable balances 17% to 21% less than their actuallevels.c. The sale of receivables should be reported as cashfrom financing as they are, in effect, borrowings(using receivables as collateral).16.{S} Aluminum producers that have take-or-pay contracts forenergy and/or bauxite have converted significantvariable costs into fixed costs. Therefore, theirmarginal costs are much lower than if these contractshad not been entered into. Under these conditions,aluminum producers will continue production as long asrevenue exceeds marginal costs, even though they losemoney based on total costs.17.{M}a. By transferring receivables to a (unconsolidated)subsidiary, Lucent removed the receivables from itsreceivable balance and reported them as “Investments,”a somewhat different asset category. Analyticaladjustment is required to eliminate the artificialreported “improvements” in receivables turnover, thecurrent ratio and the cash cycle.b. The adjustment requires adding $700 million (inaddition to the balance of uncollected receivables) tothe 1999 accounts receivable and current assets. Theeffect is to increase the growth in receivables,reduce the receivable turnover and increase the numberof days receivables outstanding. This adjustmentreinforces the conclusion (see text page 381) thatLucent’s receivables growth outpaced the growth insales. On the other hand, the adjustment improves the1999 current ratio.11-14Note: The bold values indicate which amounts were altered from Exhibit 11-4. The Exhibit 11-4 amounts for those items affected by the adjustment are shown in parentheses.11-1518.{M}a. Debt should be increased by:$ 20 million (present value of operating lease)5 (guarantee)7 (present value of take-or-pay agreement)$ 32 millionThere is no effect on equity as each obligation isoffset by a corresponding asset:Leased assets for operating leaseReceivable for Crockett's obligation to repay debtSupply agreementThe recomputed debt-to-equity ratio is:($12 + $32)/$20 = 2.2X as compared to .6X beforeadjustmentb. Additional interest expense is:Lease (effective interest rate is about 18%).18 x $20 = $3.6 millionBond guarantee .10 x 5 = 0.5Total $ 4.1 millionBefore adjustment, the interest expense is $1.0 millionand the times interest earned ratio is 5.0, implyingEBIT of $5.0 million.After adjustment, the ratio is:($5.0 + $4.1)/($1.0 + $4.1) = 1.78XNo adjustment has been made for the take-or-paycontract, as it does not affect 1993 interest expense.Adjustments in future years will be based on theimplicit interest rate of 21%.c. Reasons for entering into off-balance-sheet obligations:1. Avoidance of or mitigation of the risk of violatingdebt covenant restrictions.2. Leased assets revert to lessor after eight years,limiting risk of obsolescence.3. Guarantee of Crockett's debt may lower interestcosts, increasing profitability of investment.4. Contract with PEPE secures source of supply andpossibly advantageous pricing.11-16d. Additional information needed for full evaluation:1. (Lease) Useful life of leased assets; conditionsunder which lease can be canceled; nature ofleased assets.2. (Guarantee) Financial condition of Crockett; bondcovenants.3. (Take-or-pay) Alternate sources of supply;quantity to be purchased relative to total needs;price provisions of contract.19.{L}a. As the table below indicates, the declining paymentassumption using a 92% declining rate (the averagerate over the first five years (2000 - 2004)) is agood approximation for JC Penney. The present value is$3,320; a deviation of one-half of one percent fromthe stated present value of $3,302. If the constantpayment assumption is made, the error is about fourpercent.11-17b. Using only the first year payment: Payment = $66 andcurrent portion = $16; therefore interest portion = $50 and interest rate = $50/$417 =12%.Using all payments:Constant payment assumption implies MLP’s of $54 from 2004 through 2017 and $12 in 2018. Equating this payment stream to $417 yields an IRR of 11.8%For the declining payment assumption, we would use a declining rate of 95%, the average of (2000 - 2004).Using this rate yields an IRR of 10.44%The rate seems to be between 10.4%-12%. Given that two of the methods yield estimates closer to the high end of the range, using a rate of approximately 11.5% would be an appropriate estimate.c. The rate used by Sears is somewhat higher than that ofJ.C. Penney. That may be a function of (1)higher credit rating for Penney, (2)differing risk characteristics of the leased properties, or (3) Sears leases were entered into in periods of higher interest rates.d. Given the rapid decline over the first four years, wechoose to use the declining payment assumption. Usinga decline rate of .86 (the average over the first fiveyears) and a discount rate of 11.5% (from part b), the present value of the operating leases is $1,375 million.11-1820.{M} Adjusting for the operating lease results in adeterioration of the ratios in each case.* Year 2000 MLP = $352. Interest portion is equal to 11.5% x $1,325 = $158; Therefore, current portion of debt = $352 -$158 = $194** Present Value of operating leases as calculated in Problem 19 part d.† Assumes interest this year (1999) is approximately equal to next year’s (2000) interest levels.Note: No adjustment is made for pretax income, which maybe higher or lower depending on the age” of the lease.The earlier (later) in the lease term, expense is higher(lower) for the capital lease. On average the expense isidentical.As we do not know the relative age of theleases we assume no change.11-1921.{S} Sears’ MDA reports securitized (credit card) balancessold of $6,579 and $6,626 million in 1999 and 1998respectively. Adjusting for these balances (in 1999)requires adding $6,579 to accounts receivable andcurrent liabilities (assuming the debt is short-term)and increasing CFO by ($6,626 – $6,579) $47 million. Asthe table below indicates, the impact on these threeratios is considerable.22.{S} The adjusted ratios are poorer than those based on Sears’reported data. The adjustment for securitization ofreceivables accounts for far more of the impact than theoperating leases.Note: See problems 11-19, 11-20, and 11-21 for explanation of these adjustments11-2023.{M}a. Using th e constant rate assumption (MLP’s of $59million from 2004 - 2017 and $8 million in 2018), theimplicit interest rate is 4.19%.Note that Texaco has not guaranteed all of this lease.The total present value of the guaranteed portion ofthe lease is approximately ($336/44%) $764 million.b. The rate is somewhat lower than the 5% - 5.5% ratecalculated for Texaco in the chapter (page 385).c. Equilon may have less debt (in relation to theirassets) than Texaco, or the nature of its business (orof the leased assets) may be operationally less risky.The leases may have been entered into when interestrates were especially low.Assets are higher because inventory is replaced with (higher) receivables because of the recognition of manufacturing profit. Assets remain higher throughout the lease term.Revenues are higher in Year 1 as the sales-type lease recognizes a sale whereas the operating lease method does not. In later years, interest revenue from the sales-type lease should be lower than lease revenue for the operating lease. This effect is more pronounced over time; in year 9, interest income is low given the small remaining receivable.The revenue effect increases the asset turnover ratio in the first year. But the revenue effect reduces turnover in the ninth year.11-21Expenses are higher in year 1 due to the recognition of cost of goods sold. In later years, there is no expense for the sales-type lease; the operating lease method reports depreciation expense in every year, however.Initial period income and income-related ratios are higher for the sales-type lease because the sale (and income) is recognized at the inception of the lease. In later years, however, income is higher for the operating lease.Income taxes paid are the same since the lease cannot be considered a completed sale for tax purposes.Cash from operations is higher for the first year due to recognition of the sale (the investment in the lease is classified as an investing cash outflow). In later years the operating lease method shows higher cash from operations as rental income exceeds the interest income recorded for the sales-type lease (income taxes paid are the same).[See Exhibit 11-8 and the accompanying text for further explanation of these effects.]25.{L}a. The present value of the minimum lease paymentsreceivable of $170,271 (at 10%, the lower of lesseeand lessor rates) is more than 90% of the fair marketvalue of $185,250. Therefore, the lessee, Baldes,should capitalize the lease. It would be useful toknow whether the lessee has guaranteed the residualvalue of the leased asset.b. Leased assets $ 170,271Long-term lease obligation 167,298Current portion of lease obligation 2,973Total lease obligation $ 170,271Note that there are no income or cash flow statementeffects at the inception of the lease.11-2211-23c. (i) Balance sheet effects of capital lease:No impact on balance sheet if operating lease method applied. [Deferred tax assets reflecting the difference between total expense under the two methods would also be reported.](ii) Income statement effects of capital lease:1Interest expense for: 2001 = .10 x $170,271 2002 = .10 x $167,298 2Deprecation expense = $170,271/20 for each yearThe income statement would show lease expense of $20,000 each year under the operating lease method.(iii) Statement of cash flow effects of capital lease:The operating lease method reports $20,000 cash outflow from operations for each year.。
第十一章《财务分析》习题
第十一章《财务分析》习题一、单项选择题1．企业增加速动资产，一般会产生（）结果。
A．降低企业的机会成本 B．提高企业的机会成本C．增加企业的财务风险 D．提高流动资产的收益率2．下列各项中，不会影响流动比率的业务是( )。
A．用现金购买短期债券 B．用现金购买固定资产C．用存货进行对外长期投资 D．从银行取得长期借款3．下列各项中，可能导致企业资产负债率变化的经济业务是( )。
A．收回应收账款 B．用现金购买债券C．接受所有者投资转入的固定资产D．以固定资产对外投资(按账面价值作价)4．公司目标资金结构是维持权益乘数为1.25的资金结构，则该公司的自有资金占总资金的比重为（）。
A．80% B．70% C．60% D．50%5．某公司已获利息倍数为3，且该公司未发行优先股，债务利息全部为费用化利息，则其财务杠杆系数为（）。
A．3 B．2.5 C．2 D．1.56．某企业本年销售收入为20000元，应收账款周转率为4，期初应收账款为3500元，则期末应收账款余额为（）元。
A．5000 B．6000 C．6500 D．4000二、多项选择题1．调整企业的资金结构，提高负债的比例能( )。
A．提高资产负债率 B．提高权益乘数C．增加企业的财务风险 D．增大财务杠杆系数2．下列各项中，可能直接影响企业净资产收益率指标的措施有( )。
A．提高营业净利率 B．提高资产负债率 C．提高总资产周转率 D．提高流动比率3．权益乘数在数值上等于（）。
A．1/（1-产权比率） B.1/（1-资产负债率） C.1+产权比率 D．资产总额/所有者权益三、计算题1．已知某公司2008年会计报表的有关资料如下：资料金额单位：万元要求：（1）计算杜邦财务分析体系中的下列指标（凡计算指标涉及资产负债表项目数据的，均按平均数计算）：①净资产收益率；②总资产净利率（保留三位小数）；③销售净利率；④总资产周转率（保留三位小数）；⑤权益乘数。
《财务分析》教学大纲(含章节知识点)
《财务分析》教学大纲教学目的：财务分析实际上是在会计信息供给（会计学）与会计信息需求（财务学、经济学、管理学等）之间架起的一座桥梁。
财务分析是财务分析主体为实现财务分析目标，以财务信息及其他相关信息为基础，运用财务分析技术，对分析对象财务活动的可靠性和有效性进行分析，为经营决策、管理控制及监督管理提供依据的一门具有独立性、边缘性、综合性的经济应用学科。
通过本课程的教与学，一方面使学生掌握财务分析的基本理论与基本方法；另一方面使学生明确作为财务分析师或分析人员应如何阅读与分析财务报表、如何分析财务活动状况、如何评价财务绩效等等。
财务分析无论对企业的所有者、债权人、经营者、职工，还是对政府、客户、供应商等都是十分重要的。
财务分析将为各分析主体进行财务预测、财务决策、财务控制和财务评价等提供可靠信息。
课程概述：财务分析是以财务报告资料及其他相关资料为依据，采用一系列专门的分析技术和方法，对企业等经济组织过去和现在有关筹资活动、投资活动、经营活动、分配活动的盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力和增长能力状况等进行分析与评价，为企业的投资者、债权人、经营者及其他关心企业的组织或个人了解企业过去、评价企业现状、预测企业未来，做出正确决策提供准确的信息或依据的经济应用学科。
本课程将全面系统地介绍财务分析的基本理论、基本方法和基本应用领域，包括四篇十三章内容：第一篇为财务分析概论，本篇包括财务分析理论、财务分析信息基础和财务分析程序与方法三章内容。
第二篇为财务报告分析，本篇包括资产负债表分析、所有者权益变动表分析、利润表分析和现金流量表分析四章内容。
第三篇为财务效率分析，本篇包括企业盈利能力分析、企业营运能力分析、企业偿债能力分析和企业发展能力分析四章内容。
第四篇为财务分综合分析和评价，本篇包括综合分析和业绩评价和企业价值评估两章内容。
课程性质：财务分析是会计学专业和财务管理专业的专业基础课和专业核心课，也是金融学专业及工商管理其他专业的基础课程。
财务分析制度
财务分析制度第一条为有效地控制经营过程，促进湖州练南建设工程有限公司围绕经营目标，挖掘现有潜力，找出差距和存在问题，采取有效措施，保证公司总体经营目标的实现，特制定本制度。
第二条本管理规定适用公司财务分析管理。
第三条分公司财务部应于年度终了、季度终了、月度终了、编制年、季、月财务会计报表，收集其他部门提供的分析资料，将各项分析指标进行对比，对其差异进行分析，找出原因，提出改进措施和加强管理的建议。
第四条财务分析报告是财务分析的书面文件，包括：公司概括；分析的内容；公司在经营活动过程中存在的问题和关键环节‘针对问题和关键环节采取的措施；加强经营管理工作的建议和意见。
财务分析报告要求内容真实、数字确凿、信息可靠。
第五条各类报表的报送时间分公司的各类报表及分析报告应于每月初5日送到财务部，季度财务分析报告于季末次月七天内报送，年度财务分析报告于年后十四天内报送。
第六条财务分析报告以及财务报表和其他资料为依据和起点，统一采用对比分析法（与计划、与上年同期实际比），系统分析和评价公司的过去和现在的经营成果、财务状况及其变动，财务分析要遵循“差异－－原因分析－－建议措施”的原则，最终形成财务分析报告。
第七条财务分析报告的框架：报告目录－－重要提示－－报告摘要－－具体分析－－问题重点综述及相应的改进措施。
1、“报告目录”告诉阅读者本报告所分析的内容及所在页码；2、“重要提示”主要是针对本期报告在新增的内容或须加以关注的重大问题先做出说明，只在引起领导高度重视；3、“报告摘要”是对本期报告内容的高度浓缩，一定要言简意明，点到为止。
无论是“重要提示”还是“报告摘要”都应在其后标明具体分析所在的页码，以便领导及时查阅相应分析内容。
4、“具体分析”部分。
是报告分析的核心内容。
该部分要有一个好的分析思路。
公司财务报告的分析思路是：总体指标分析－－公司总部情况分析－－分公司情况分析；在每一部分里，按本月分析－－本年累计分析展开；再往下按盈利能力分析－－销售情况分析－－成本控制情况分析展开。
第十一章 会计报表分析
第十一章会计报表分析第十一章会计报表分析会计报表分析概述偿债能力分析营运能力分析盈利能力分析市场价值分析财务失败预测第一节会计报表分析概述一、会计报表分析的目的会计报表的使用者内部使用者：企业各级管理人员外部所有者：股东、潜在投资者、债权人、政府有关部门、客户、证券交易所、财务分析和咨询机构、经济学家等不同使用者分析目的不同，但主要集中于三方面信息偿债能力盈利能力营运能力分析会计报表的主要目的了解企业的偿债能力评价企业的经营业绩预测企业未来的财务状况和盈利能力帮助投资者进行权益性投资的决策分析盈利能力，包括分析投资报酬和投资风险，预测未来发展潜力，进行明智的投资决策帮助债权人进行贷款及购买公司债券的决策分析短、长期偿债能力、现金流动能力、未来盈利能力，关注企业的长期存续及财务状况了解供应商的经营状况分析盈利能力、财务状况、评价持续经营和发展趋势及对本企业影响了解客户的财务状况了解流动性和支付能力，以制定合理的信用政策评价竞争对手的财务状况和盈利能力有利于产品定价、结构调整、市场规划等方面的决策改善企业内部管理水平—全面分析二、会计报表的分析方法1、横向分析将两个或两个以上会计期间的会计报表中相同项目进行比较分析，计算变动数额或百分比，也称趋势分析。
2、纵向分析同一会计报表中不同项目之间的比较，主要是报表中每一个项目占一关键项目百分比，也称结构百分比。
3、财务比率分析第二节财务比率分析财务比率是指会计报表上某些财务项目之间的金额之比计算比率的项目有的来自同一报表项目，有的来自不同报表项目主要分析企业的偿债能力、盈利能力和经营管理效率等方面一、短期偿债能力分析也称流动状况或变现力（Liquidity）着重分析营运资本，了解企业短期偿债能力营运资本=流动资产－流动负债企业短期债务和到期的长期债务需要用流动资产来偿还（一）流动比率（Current ratio）也称营运资本比率流动比率=流动资产/流动负债一般认为，流动比率越高，偿还短期债务的能力越强；但不能太高，应有一个合理限度，否则，资金利用效率低。
十一章财务分析题库(2)
第十一章财务分析一、单项选择题：1．企业的财务报告不包括（）。
A．现金流量表B．财务状况说明书C．利润分派表D．比较百分比会计报表2．资产欠债表不提供以下（）财务信息。
A．资产结构B．负债水平C．经营功效D．资金来源状况3．现金流量表中的现金不包括（）。
A．存在银行的外币存款B．银行汇票存款C．期限为3个月的国债D．长期债券投资4．以下财务比率反映企业短时间偿债能力的有（）。
A．现金流量比率B．资产负债率C．偿债保障比率D．利息保障倍数5．以下财务比率反映企业营运能力的有（）。
A．资产欠债率B．流动比率C．存货周转率D．资产报酬率6．以下经济业务会使企业的速动比率提高的是（）。
A．销售产成品B．收回应收账款C．购买短时间债券D．用固定资产对外进行长期投资7．以下各项经济业务可不能阻碍流动比率的是（）。
A．赊购原材料B．用现金购买短期债券C．用存货对外进行长期投资D．向银行借款8．以下各项经济业务会阻碍到企业资产欠债率的（）。
A．以固定资产的账面价值对外进行长期投资B．收回应收账款C．同意所有者以固定资产进行的投资D．用现金购买股票9．在财务分析中，最关切企业资本保值增值状况和盈利能力的利益主体是（）。
A．企业所有者B．企业经营决策者C．企业债权人D．政府经济管理机构10．若是流动比率大于1，那么以下结论成立的是（）。
A．速动比率大于1 B．现金比率大于1C．营运资金大于零D．短期偿债能力绝对有保障11．衡量企业归还到期债务能力的直接标志是（）。
A．有足够的资产B．有足够的流动资产C．有足够的存货D．有足够的现金12．运用杜邦财务分析体系的核心指标是（）。
A．总资产报酬率B．总资产周转率C．自有资金利润率D．销售利润率13．以下分析方式中，属于财务综合分析方式的是（）。
A．趋势分析法B．杜邦分析法C．比率分析法D．因素分析法14．权益乘数是指（）A．1÷（1－产权比率）B．1÷（1－资产欠债纺）C．产权比率1÷（1－产权比率）D．资产欠债率1÷（1－资产欠债率）15．有形净值债务率中的“有形净值”是指（）。
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1．流动资产周转情况
（1）应收账款周转率
应收账款周转率（周转次数）=
营业收入 平均应收账款余额
平均应收账款余额= 应收账款余额年初数 应收帐款余额年末数
2
应收账款周转期（周转天数）=
平均应收账款余额 360 营业收入
利用上述公式计算应收账款周转率时，需要 注意以下几个问题：
（三）相关比率
相关比率是以某个项目和与其有关但又 不同的项目加以对比所得的比率，反映有关 经济活动的相互关系。
四、因素分析法 （一）连环替代法 例（表1）
项 目 单位
产品产量 件
单位产品材 千克 料消耗量
材料单价 元
材料费用总 元 额
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
计划数 200 18
10 36000
实际数 210 14
12 35 280
3．已获利息倍数
息税前利润总额
已获利息倍数=
利息支出
其中：息税前利润总额=利润总额+利息支出
=净利润+所得税费用+利息支出
一般情况下，已获利息倍数越高，表明企 业长期偿债能力越强。国际上通常认为，该指 标为3时较为适当。
二、营运能力分析
周转额 周转率（周转次数）= 资产平均余额
周转期（周转天数）= 计算期天数 周转次数
第二节 财务分析的方法
一、趋势分析法 （一）重要财务指标的比较 1．定基动态比率
分析期数额 定基动态比率= 固定基期数额 100%
2．环比动态比率
环比动态比率=
分析期数额 前期数额 100%
（二）会计报表的比较
会计报表的比较是将连续数期的会计 报表的金额并列起来，比较其相同指标的增 减变动金额和幅度，据以判断企业财务状况 和经营成果发展变化的一种方法。
【例】某企业2007年9月某种原材料费用的实际数是35 280 元，而其计划数是36 000元。实际比计划减少720元。
根据表（1）资料，材料费用总额实际数较计划数减少720元， 这是分析对象。运用连环替代法，可以计算各因素变动对 材料费用总额的影响程度如下：
计划指标： 200×18×10=36 000（元） ① 第一次替代：210×18×10=37 800（元） ② 第二次替代：210×14×10=29 400（元） ③ 第三次替代：210×14×12=35 280（元） ④ （实际指标）
第十一章 财务分析
学习目标
• 了解财务分析的定义、目的和局限性； • 掌握财务分析的方法； • 掌握财务比率的分析方法； • 掌握综合分析的方法。
第一节 财务分析概述
一、财务分析的意义 财务分析是以企业的基本活动为对象，以财
务报表为基本依据，运用一系列财务指标，对企 业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量情况加以综 合的分析和比较，进而评价和判断企业的财务状 况、经营状况，并以此为根据预测企业的未来财 务状况和发展前景。
2．产权比率
产权比率=
负债总额 所有者权益总额 100%
一般情况下，产权比率越低，表明企业
的长期偿债能力越强，债权人权益的保障程 度越高，承担的风险越小，但企业不能充分 地发挥负债的财务杠杆效应。所以，企业在 评价产权比率适度与否时，应从提高获利能 力与增强偿债能力两个方面综合进行，即在 保障债务偿还安全的前提下，应尽可能提高 产权比率。
用各个因素的比较值与基准值之间的差额，来计算各因 素对分析指标的影响。
【例】仍以表1所列数据为例，可采用差额分析法计算确定 各因素变动对材料费用的影响。
（1）由于产量增加对材料费用的影响为： （210－200）×18×10=1 800（元） （2）由于材料消耗节约对材料费用的影响为： （14－18）×210×10=－8 400（元） （3）由于价格提高对材料费用的影响为： （12－10）×210×14=5 880（元）
②－①=37 800－36 000=1 800（元） 产量增加的影响 ③－②=29 400－37 800=－8 400（元） 材料节约的影响 ④－③=35 280－29 400=5 880（元） 价格提高的影响 1 800－8 400+5 880=-720（元） 全部因素的影
（二）差额分析法 差额分析法是连环替代法的一种简化形式，它是利
说明：报表中如有应收利息、应收股利和其他应 收款项目，可视情况归入速动资产项目。
速动比率越高，表明企业偿还流动负债的能力越 强。
（二）长期偿债能力分析
1．资产负债率
负债总额 资产负债率（又称负债比率）= 资产总额 100%
一般情况下，资产负债率越小，表明企业 长期偿债能力越强。但是，也并非说该指标 对谁都是越小越好。
二、比较分析法
1．按比较的对象分类 （1）历史标准 （2）同行业标准 （3）预算标准
2．按比较的指标分类
（1）总量指标 （2）结构指标 （3）财务比率
三、比率分析法
（一）构成比率
构成比率=
某个组成部分数值 总体数值
100%
（二）效率比率
效率比率是某项财务活动中所费与所得 的比例，反映投入与产出的关系。
因素分析法应注意的问题：
1．因素分解的关联性 2．因素替代的顺序性 3．顺序替代的连环性 4．计算结果的假定性
第三节 财务分析内容
一、偿债能力分析 （一）短期偿债能力指标分析 1．流动比率
流动比率=
流动资产 流动负债 100%
2．速动比率
速动资产 速动比率= 流动负债 100%
其中：速动资产=货币资金+交易性金额资产+应 收账款+应收票据=流动资产―存货―预付账款―一年 内到期的非流动资产―其他流动资产
二、财务分析的目的
（一）评价企业的偿债能力 （二）评价企业的资产管理水平 （三）评价企业的获利能力 （四）评价企业的发展趋势
三、财务分析的局限性
1．会计政策与会计处理的多种选择，使不同企 业同类的报表数据缺乏可比性
2．会计估计的存在对财务报表的影响也较大 3．会计假设与财务报告信息质量的限制 4．财务报表的粉饰限制 5．财务分析方法的局限性
①公式中的应收账款包括会计核算中“应收 账款”和“应收票据”等全部赊销账款在内；
②如果应收账款余额的波动性较大，应尽可 能使用更详尽的计算资料，如按每月的应收账款 余额来计算其平均占用额；
③分子、分母的数据应注意时间的对应性。
（2）存货周转率
营业成本 存货周转率（周转次数）= 平均存货余额