2014理工A阅读理解整理资料

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2014年全国职称英语考试理工类A级阅读理解孙伟老师预测讲义

理工A阅读押题机会只给有准备的人。

Opportunities are only for the prepared person.理工阅读押题共2篇文章第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans BeganWalking Upright研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question.But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation源于to carrying 搬运scarce稀有的, high-quality高质量的resources资源. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。

2014年职称英语理工类A级考试真题(含答案)

2014年职称英语考试试题理工类c级真题及答案（word版）第1部分词汇选项1.Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.A fineB winterC outdoorD extra2.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down.A excitementB angerC calmD disappointment3.The AIDS convention will be held in Glasgow.A conferenceB partyC celebrationD union4.The new service helped boost pre-tax profits by 10%.A returnB realizeC increaseD double5.Some comments are just inviting trouble.A asking forB keeping out ofC getting intoD suffering from6.His knowledge of French is fair.A very usefulB very limitedC quite goodD rather special7.The book raised a storm of controversy.A damageB voiceC doubtD argument8.My principal concern is to get the job done fast.A seriousB mainC deepD particularck of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A receivesB deservesC acceptsD prevents10.He made a number of rude remarks about the food.A commentsB signsC mannersD noises11.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present systm.A proveB discoverC considerD imagine12.His heart gave a sudden leap when he saw her.A hopeB jumpC silenceD life13.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.A partsB aspectsC painsD results14.I'm sure I'll be able to amuse myself for a few hours.A entertainB treatC holdD keep15.Several windows had been smashed.A cleanedB brokenC replacedD fixed答案：DDACA CDBDA BBCAB第二部分阅读判断So Many "Earths"The Milky Way(银河) contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life.That's the finding of new study.It draws on data that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.A mechanical failure recently put that Kepter space telescope out of service.Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its date have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy.The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun may host a planet that could support life as we know it.Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth's but no more than twice that big.The planet also would have to orbit in a stor's habitable zone. That's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as liquid.The new estimate of how many plantes might fit these conditions comes from studying more that 42,000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them.The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate(推算) to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see.The estimate is rough，the authors admit. If applied to the solar system，it would define as habitable a zone starting as close ot the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike(although either might have been in the distant pase). Using tighter limits the researchers estimate the between 4 and 8 out of every 100 sunlike stars could host an Earth-sized world.These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.Four out of every 100 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean however that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a chance for life.16. The Kepler space telescpe has been in service for 15 yearsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17.The main task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth's.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18.The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19.The Earth is a planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20.The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars on the Milky Way.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21.The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22.This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案：CABABAC第3部分概括大意与完成句子Pathways to Research：Problem-solving1 Pittsburgh's many hills aren't kind to bikers. Anyone hoping to pedal to work there has to contend with steep streets like Canton Avenue，which famouslyclimabs at a nearly 40-degree angle.As a result，some residents avoid biking altogether.2 But University of Pittsburgh graduate Micah Toll，23，and a few friends recently launched an invention that they hope will increase the city's pedal power. An electric bike called to Pulse PEVO. A super-strong battery powers the bicycle. Able to hit nearly 20 miles per hours without pedaling，it zips battery powers the bicycle. Able to hit nearly 20 miles per hour without pedating ，it zips up the city's most daunting(令人却步的)hills.Toll hopes it will persuade people in Pittsburgh and elsewhere to get out of their cars and onto bikes.3 If it sounds like Toll has a knack(窍门) for fixing problems，that's because he does. In high school，he designed a new type of construction beam. It weights no more than a feather pillow but can be used to build sturdy(坚固的)homes for refugees fleeing war or natural disaster.For his work，Toll was invited to attend the Inter International Science and Engineering Fair(Isef)—twice，in 2006 and 2007. The annual competition for young researchers is program of Society for Science&the Public(that's the parent organization of Science News for Kids).Toll says that when it comes to science，he keeps it simple：“You see a problem and say，“How couldI solve that?”4 He's not the only to take that approach. Many young researchers get their start by trying to solve a problem or fulfill a need in their own communities.When students dedicate themselves to finding a solution that many benefit theircommunity，“a passion is ignited(点燃)，”says Wendy Hawkins，executive director of the Inter Foundation，which sponsors Intel ISEF."Finding that passion and fostering it can be the key to many students future success."she says.23. Paragraph 124. Paragraph 225. Paragraph 326. Paragraph 4A Intel International Science and Engineering FairB The enthusiasm for solving problemsC The young researchers' passionD An invention increasing pedal powerE Why people avoid biking in PittsburghF The cause of national disaster27 A Pulse PEVO is powered with28 Toll hopes his Pulse PEVO will encourage people to29 A new construction beam invented by Toll weighs like30 Many young researchers are finding solutions to problems that mayA a nearly 40-degreeangleB get on bikesC a feather pillowD fix more problemsE a super-strong batteryF benefit their community答案：EDBC EBCF第4部分，阅读理解Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talkbecause of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. How to understand intelligence.B. The importance of intelligence.C. The development of intelligence tests.D. How to become intelligent.32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.33. Gardner believes that ________.A. children have different intelligences.B. all children are alike.C. children should take one intelligence test.D. there is no general intelligence.34. According to Gardner, schools should ________.A. test students’IQs.B. train students who do poorly on tests.C. focus on finding the most intelligent students.D. promote development of all intelligences.35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a ________ .A. musical foundation.B. biological foundation.C. intrapersonal foundation.D. linguistic foundation.答案：ABADBMusic is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expression是ever invented. In movies and plays，music has an added function：it not only moves people but also can shock people.Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels(分贝).Once sound exceeds this limit，even beautiful music will become ear-splitting noise and harm health.A strong blast(响声) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet.High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.In movies，sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel.In nature，there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics，the sound that exceeds 20000Hz is called ultrasonic(超音波的).Dolphins，whales and bats can make suchhigh-frequency sound.It does no harm to health.Sound less than 20Hz is called infrasonic(次声)waves. When we move，the air will vibrate. The vibration of air can produce infrasonic wave.As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs，infrasonic wave may cause resonance(共振) in human bodies. As a result，people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture(断裂). However，whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low，it won't damage internal organs or a person's health. If the intensity of inf让sonic wave exceeds 160 decibels，it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea，it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons canproduce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present，scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.36 What could be the best title of the passage?A The power of musicB The harms of noisesC The magic of soundD The discovery of infrasonic waves37 What does the author say about music?A It may be harmful to people's halthB It always cheers people upC It is very often difficult to understandD It sounds better when it is lound enough38 It is true that the soundA of nature is the most beautifulB over 80 decibels is harmful to peopleC of high intensity benefits animalsD in movies is pleasing to the ear39 An ultrasonic soundA is very loudB does harm to people's healthC cannot be heard by peopleD is produced by the hero in movies40 It can be found from the last paragraph that infrasonic wavesA are harmless to people's healthB exist in people's internal organsC can be used as deadly weaponsD can improve eyesight答案：CABCCCompact DisksIf someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he isright in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers —a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc —Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.CDs were first sold to the public in 1982 These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games onCD-ROMs.41 Music is recorded onto CDs asA laser beamsB digital codesC musical notesD special sounds42 E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to showA the variety of digital communicationsB the development of new technologiesC the usefulness of digital codesD the relationship between communication and technology43 One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs isA CD-ROMs can be used for longer timeB CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten onC CD-RWs hold more informationD CD-RWs are merely used for music recording44 CDs can last a long time ifA they are seldom usedB they play well and sound fineC their users take good care of themD they are developed with new technology45 It can be inferred from the passage thatA CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDsB new technology for music recording is being developedC the author likes listening to musicD flppy disks are no longer in use答案：BCBCC第5部分，补全短文Do You Have a Sense of Humor?Humor and laughter are good for us. There is increasing evidence that they can heal us physically，mentally，emotionally，and spiritually. In fact，every system of the body responds to laughter in some positive，healing way. So how can we get more laughter into our lives?(46)Psychologist and author，Steve Wlison，has some answers.Many peoplebelieve that we are born with a sense of humor.They think，“either you've got it，or you don't”Dr.Wilson points out that this false.(47) The parts of brain and central nervous system that control laughing and smiling are mature at birth(48)(After all ，when a baby laughs，we don't rush over and say，“That kid has a great sense of humor!”)A sense of humor is something that you can develop over a lifetime.Sometimes people think that they don't have a good sense of humor because they are not good joke tellers.Dr.Wilson reminds us that telling jokes is only one of many ways to express humor.(49)Then we will make others laugh，too.A person who has a true sense of humor is willing and able to see the funny side of everyday life.One of the best definition of a sense of humor is“the ability to see the nonserious element in a situation.”Consider this sign from a sore window.“Any faulty merchandise will be cheerfully replanced with merchandise of equal quality.”The store manager probably placed the sign in the window to impress customers with the store's excellent service.(50)As Dr.Wilson says，“a good sense of humor means that you don't have to be funny;you just have to see what's funny.”A He advises us to lose our inhibitions(抑制)and try to laugh at ourselves.B Is it possible to develop a sense of humor?C However，that does not mean that infants have a sense of humor.D What is true，however，it that we are born with the capacity to laugh and smileE Everyone experiences this emotionF He had a serious purpose，but if you have a sense of humor，you will probably find the sign funny!答案：BDCAF第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events —flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring —all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest —birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. —and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology4Network. “Phenology”is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from acrossthe United States. People participating in the project —which is open to everyone —record their observations on the Project Bud Burst website.“People don't have to be plant experts —they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,”says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”51 A everywhere B anywhere C somewhere D nowher52 A If B Although C When D Because53 A giving B showing C developing D observing54 A special B professional C skillful D ordinary55 A on B at C to D with56 A small B limited C smple D large57 A Very B Much C AsD Many58 A All B Any C Some D Most59 A send B print C answer D keep60 A known B featured C belonged D called61 A alike B like C unlike D likely62 A points B wonders C data D interests63 A common B suitable C open D strange64 A want B forget C mind D have65 A who B how C before D since ADDDC BDAAD ACCDB。

2014全国职称英语考试理工A阅读理解、完型填空、教材新增文章复习资料

2014理工A阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章复习资料目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2014年教材新增文章第二部分阅读判断*第八篇What Is a Dream?*第十篇The Biology of Music+第十一篇Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity+第十四篇Stage Fright第四部分阅读理解*第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach第五部分补全短文第四篇The Bilingual Brain*第十篇How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear+第十五篇 A Memory Drug?理工A复习说明：2014 阅读理解带加号，重点要求17篇，第34-50篇，较2013年增加了7篇文章（这7篇原来是2013理工B的文章）这里注意下，第35篇Putting Plants to Work（非2013新增文章）是2013年理工B的真题，2014年应该不会考到。

2014年全国职称英语等级考试理工类A

2014年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）第1部分：词汇选项（第1～5题，每题l分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1With immense relief. I stopped running.A some B、enormous C little D extensive2The scientists began to accumulate data.A collectB handleC analyzeD investigate3Jack eventually overtook the last truck.A hit.B passedC reachedD led4Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise5The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle.A factB mysteryC statementD game6That guy is really witty.A smartB uglyC honorableD popular7The world champion suffered a sensational defeat.A reasonableB dramaticC humiliatingD horrifying8It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job.A preparedB trainedC qualifiedD guided9This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South.A praisesB writesC imitatesD describes10 The meaning is still obscure.A vagueB transparentC alienD significant11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies.A destroyB decreaseC delayD pollute12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia.A assumesB expectsC predictsD considers13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules.A rememberB followC understandD learn14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night.A awkwardB strangeC stupidD awful15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children.A forbidB advocateC inheritD withdraw第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22垒题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs，thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent（流行）in Germany，which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses，grasses and herbs，which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate（土层）that can be as shallow as l.5 inches，and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs，such as shrubs（灌木）and even trees，which require deeper substrate layers，and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic（美学的）benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you，some of the common economic and ecological benefits are：a reduction in the consumption of energy；air and water purification；recovering green spaces；and the mitigation（缓解）of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs，the methods of propagation（繁殖）as well as establishment，nutrient（养料）and water requirement，substrates，and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are：at what rate they can be established：their capacity to withstand invasive weeds：tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment，which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked.16It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned200ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 0ne focus；n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment，its potential marketis rather small.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第5部分：补全短文（第46 ～50题，每题2分，共10分）下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

2014职称英语理工(A)阅读理解解题技巧表

阅读理解解题技巧表解题步骤1.不要通读文章，只看标题和中心句——把文章浓缩成一句话2.把5个问题进行分类3.按照每个类型的技巧解题二．阅读理解文章结构1.中心+细节（论述）+结论=文章2.标题+中心句=文章的核心思想——所有答案必须与其统一三．标题与中心句1.有些文章的标题很长——就是文章中心2.标题短的要结合中心句判断文章核心思想3.标题与中心句中的生词必须查字典4.中心句的特征（1）第一句就是中心句（2）英语文章一般开门见山。

段首或第二段就摆出中心思想。

而中心句前都会出现一些标志性词转折性词but但是yet然而however然而总结类词conclude推断出in summary归纳in short（brief）简而言之推断类词therefore因此thus其结果是as a result结果accordingly所以新观点类词now现在today当今this day当今nowadays现今new新的特殊符号“”引号——破折号：冒号5.长难中心句提炼要领1）宾语从句————由that，whether/if, wh-疑问词引导从句引导词前一般为find, said,show, indicate, suggest, mean, report, believe, prove等动词。

不看主句，只看从句2）主语从句————it开头的句子，看that，whether/if, wh-疑问词后面的从句3）状语从句————由多种连词引导，表达“时间、条件、让步、原因”等概念。

一般看主句，出现逗号看后面内容。

“目的"状语从句（由so that/in order that/in case/for fear that引导的），一般看从句。

4）定语从句————从句起修饰作用。

由关系代词who, which, that, whose, whom；关系副词when, where, why等引导。

特征为这些词前面是一个名词。

2014年职称英语《理工A》真题与答案

2014年职称英语《理工A》真题第1部分词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。

1. This was disaster on cosmic scale.A. modestB. commercialC. hugeD. national2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A. amazingB. depressingC. predictableD. dull3.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A. equalB. certainC. largeD. opposite4. His professional career spanned 16 years.A. startedB. changedC. lastedD. moved5. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A. easedB. improvedC. relievedD. appeared6. The group does not advocate the use of violence.A. limitB. supportC. regulateD. oppose7. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.A. actB. homeworkC. justiceD. model8. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A. motionlessB. silentC. seatedD. true9. There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A. pointB. resultC. findingD. tendency10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.A. sincereB. respectfulC. emptyD. terrible11. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A. copyB. publishC. summarizeD. furnish12. That uniform makes the guards look absurd.A. seriousB. beautifulC. impressiveD. ridiculous13. The department deferred the decision for six months.A. put offB. arrived atC. abided byD. protested against14. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated .A. inventedB. reproducedC. designedD. reported15. The country was torn apart by strife.A. conflictB. povertyC. warD. economy第2部分阅读判断下面的短文列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提到的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的信息是错误的，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

2014职称英语_理工类A级阅读理解及完型填空

Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2suggest in a new study．Statins reduce the 3amount ofunhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack4risk .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8possobility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or lessthesame 9degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outletsas they 10like , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11provided free of charge．It would cost less than 5 penceper 12customer ---not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13measures that lower their risk, 1ike 14wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 15lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s WatersIt is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to 1 attack people frequently. But these fish2 perform a 2 valuable service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their 3 existence Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 EarthWarm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5 because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 8 times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 chemicals produced by animals. These powerful 10 senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense, and immune 12 systems against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 recover quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the world’s 14 oceans . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 great . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 widespread severity, a new analysis shows."We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 function . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 collapse.But most earthquakes are much 6 shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9."There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11events," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.==Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common?1．According to the first paragraph，people try to C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases．2．What is Belcher's team doing at present?C. It is making batteries with viruses．3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5？D. Expand：4.Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？D It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it．5.How tiny is one battery part?A．Its width is one tenth of a hair．．Listening Device Provides Landslide Early WarningA device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers．1．What does “Such natural disasters” in the first paragraph refer to? D Landslides．2．Which of the following statements is true of landslides? D All of the above．3．Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides?C Because the common methods can cause false alarms．4．Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device，according 1o Paragraph4?A It is filled in with gravel．5．According to the context，what does the word “positives” in the fifth paragraph mean?B Evidences．"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that peopleA who drink alcohol outside of mealsur2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion m ade by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A 3 drinks.4Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in thepassage?B Oral cancer.5According to the last paragraph, tissue‟s lower exposure to alcohol D reduces therisk of laryngeal cancer.Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,：1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph?B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltC uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks thatB the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.Renewable Energy SourcesToday petroleum provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles1. Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least1.What are the energy resources that are notrenewable according to the article? D A and B.2.China’s Three Gorges DamB is of the same size of the US’s Hoover Dam.3.Which is the country with the first commercialpower station that makes use of ocean currentsproduced by tides? B Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true ofwind power? D All of the above.5.According to the article, resources such as windB are renewable so sustainable.Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?C Because their activity affects the environment.2. As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.3. Dir Sanders' study centered on how antsD produce such a big impact on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?C How do human activities affect ants' influenceon a given ecosystem?Researchers Discover Why Humans BeganWalking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.2.Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingB what made our ancestors walk upright.3.Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment?D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage?D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries．1 But according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 2 emotions．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．"For me 3 personally, food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 favorite TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 by making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．9 Finally,the researchers had participants 10 complete questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In 12 their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience s tress, often associated with our 15 connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one.1 The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb D both A and C.2 According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities? B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass3 What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect for pedestrians and drivers.4 What is said about cell phone use in themid-1980s in paragraph 5?A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.5 Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question(What caused the “life-saving effect”to occur in the early 1990s？)?B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on MarsNASA1scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life. 1. What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?C）Water in a soil sample.2. Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?C）The samples got stuck inside the scoop.3. Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?A）Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.4. Where are the scientists involved in the research from?C）They are from both America and Canada.5. Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix’s Surface Stereo Imager Camera, according to your understanding of the passage?A）It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.。

2014职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案

2014职称英语理工类a级考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: 2014 Vocational Title English Level A Exam Questions and AnswersIntroduction:The 2014 Vocational Title English Level A Exam is a comprehensive test for professionals in the science and technology fields. It covers a wide range of topics including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and other related subjects. In this article, we will provide some sample questions and answers from the 2014 exam to help you prepare for your own test.Sample Questions and Answers:1. MathematicsQuestion: Solve the following equation for x: 2x + 5 = 11Answer: x = 32. PhysicsQuestion: What is the formula for calculating velocity?Answer: Velocity = Distance/Time3. ChemistryQuestion: What is the chemical symbol for gold?Answer: Au4. BiologyQuestion: What is the process by which plants make their own food?Answer: Photosynthesis5. EngineeringQuestion: What is the function of a turbine in a power plant?Answer: To convert kinetic energy into mechanical powerConclusion:The 2014 Vocational Title English Level A Exam covers a wide range of topics related to science and technology. By practicing with sample questions like the ones provided in this article, you can better prepare yourself for the exam and increase your chances of passing. Good luck with your studies!篇22014职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30 points)1. It wasn't long ________ the damage was repaired.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. when答案: B. before2. A number of good schools have been set up there, and _______ has contributed greatly to the city's development.A. itB. thatC. whichD. what答案: A. it3. Please shut the door, ______ the noise will disturb others.A. butB. althoughC. otherwiseD. however答案: C. otherwise4. He wasn't satisfied with his work and made it _______ to his boss that he felt he should be doing something else.A. simpleB. sureC. clearD. certain答案: C. clear5. Gold rush days in California ______ the middle of the nineteenth century.A. back toB. lie inC. date fromD. go by答案: C. date from6. That they will win the game is by no means certain; actually, it is very ________.A. probableB. possibleC. likelyD. doubtful答案: D. doubtful7. We missed the early bus, and as a result we _______ 10 minutes for the next one.A. must to waitB. had waitC. waitedD. had to wait答案: D. had to wait8. The old lady urged her son to stop drinking and ________.A. so did the doctorB. so the doctor didC. so have the doctorD. so had the doctor答案: B. so did the doctor9. A _________ can describe a word, a phrase or a clause.A. sentenceB. functionC. phraseD. machine答案: B. function10. The boy wrote a ______ to Mr. Smith asking for his help.A. cardB. statementC. letterD. message答案: C. letter11. Early humans lived in small bands of people _______ they moved from place to place.A. whenB. whyC. thatD. where答案: C. that12. My mother ______ yesterday that she didn't like Chinese food.A. saysB. speakC. saidD. talks答案: C. said13. A _______ is something that you have to do or deal with that you dislike.A. decisionB. dutyC. jobD. work答案: B. duty14. The food got ______ when we arrived, so we decided to leave the restaurant.A. finishB. eatC. eatenD. finished答案: C. eaten15. The book is written in simple and clear language, _______ it easy for students to read and understand.A. what makesB. thus makingC. which makeD. so make答案: B. thus making16. The teacher told the students that they ________ study hard or they would fail the exam.A. mustB. mightC. needD. ought答案: A. must17. The man is polite and ____ harsh to people.A. areB. veryC. isD. being答案: C. is18. _______we have the equipment, we can start work immediately.A. UntilB. As soon asC. AfterD. If答案: B. As soon as19. The robbers tied the man to a tree for fear that he _______ try to escape.A. shouldB. mustC. willD. may答案: A. should20. She asked me if I _______ take my medicine, which I'd already done.A. neededB. needC. mustD. must to答案: B. need这是2014职称英语理工类A级考试的真题部分，相关详细内容请查阅真题答案。

2014职称英语(理工A 50道阅读理解课文及翻译)

2014职称英语（理工类）第四部分阅读理解【第一篇】Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles（福特放弃电动汽车）The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽车的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。

General Motors。

and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。

福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。

Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1，700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．3年前，福特推出名为Think City的双排座汽车和Think或Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车.但由于需求不足。

2014职称英语理工A阅读理解(教材)

A级—理工类第一部分阅读理解Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-DestructScientists have long understood that super massive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hole's gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough.Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star's life, as it veered towards a super massive black hole.When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur.The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "There will be an explosion of the star — it will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says.The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Halpern of ColumbiaUniversity in New York, US. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says.Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it's something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US , says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their Case that they explode in the process.练习：1. Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to a black hole. Which ofthe following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A The black hole could tear apart the star.B The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.C The black hole could dwindle its size considerably,D The black hole could devour the star.2. According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem ofA whether nuclear reaction would occur.B whether the stars would increase its density and temperature.C whether shock waves would occur.D whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.3. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?A No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.B The star would be destroyed completely.C Much of the star's matter thrown by the explosion would be beyond the black hole's reach.D The black hole would completely devour the star.4. What will happen several months after the explosion of the star?A The star's matter will move further away from by the black hole.B The black hole's matter will heat up.C The torn star's matter will swirl into the black hole.D The black hole's matter will release ultraviolet light and X-rays.5. According to the context, the word "disruption" in Paragraph: 6 meansA "Confusion. "B "Tearing apart."C "Interruption. "D "Flattening. "Too Little for Global WarmingOil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleldett and Colin Campbell of UppsalaUniversity say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Theiranalysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining reserves.Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel's work still stands. He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the "conservative" Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, "there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited", he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest analysis is a "shot across the bows'' for policy makers.练习：1. What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?A) The burning of coal will accelerate the arrival of Earth's doomsday.B) The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenarios.C) Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fiction.D) Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth's doomsday will never materialize.2. Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree toA) pay attention to global meltdown. B) cut CO2 emissions.C) use more green energy. D) stop using fossil fuels.3. What are the estimates of the world's oil and gas reserves?A) 4,000 billion barrels by the average forecast. B) 8,000 billion barrels estimated by the Swedes.C) 3,500 barrels envisaged by IPCC. D) 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists.4. Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?A) He thinks fossil fuels are as dirty as oil and gas.B) He thinks green fuels will replace oil and gas eventually.C) He thinks IPCC's view on the world's oil reserves is too optimistic.D) He thinks that IPCC's estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5. Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertion that "... such a switchwould be disastrous ..."?A) The IPCC scenarios would come true because burning coal will emit larger amounts of CO2.B) A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.C) Oil and gas to replace coal as fuel would speed up the process of global warming.D) A switch from the IPCC scenarios to the policymakers' ones would be disastrous.U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on MarsNASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample. The lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies vapors produced by the heating of samples."We have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer, or TEGA. "This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted."The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of, what its water is like, and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep. When the robotic arm first reached that depth, it hit a hard layer of frozen soil. Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days, letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle. "Mars is giving us some surprises," said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona. "We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck, different from what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far."Since landing on May 25, Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab, TEGA, a microscope, a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead."It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars," said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.A full-circle, color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft. "The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see," said Mark Lemmon of TexasA & MUniversity, lead scientist for Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera. "They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale."练习：1. What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?A Vast lakes.B Flowing rivers.C Water in a soil sample.D Living things.2. Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?A The sample vaporized away.B Fresh material was exposed to the air.C The samples got stuck inside the scoop.D The robotic arm hit a hard rock.3. Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?A Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.B Scientists have been surprised by how the soil on Mars behaves.C Scientists have been trying to find out if there is life supporting material on Mars.D Scientists have been trying to know if water ice will melt.4. Where are the scientists involved in the research from?A They are from America.B They are from Canada.C They are from both America and Canada.D They are from neither America nor Canada.5. Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera, according to your understanding of the passage?A It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.B It imitates human voice and is able to record slight sounds while taking photos.C It takes clear photos that show every detail of the object.D It is this particular type of camera that can take wide angle pictures."Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly Common Cryptic species — animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant — may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat in Frankfurt, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. “Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different Cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered," says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist, "It could be as high as 30%, Pfenninger says."I'm extremely surprised by their results," says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing. "Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete. work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU).The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences.In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused: attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with," Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he Says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.练习：1. Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?A The results of the research can help the development of many other research areas.B The results of the research can help the development of biodiversity estimates.C The results of the research can help our understanding of infectious disease evolution.D The results of the research can help our understanding of "survival of the fittest. "2. What was scientists' understanding of cryptic species?A They occurred in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.B They were mostly found in insects and reptiles.C They were likely to be in tropical rather than temperate regions.D Both Band C.3. Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?A Not yet.B Yes, they do.C They will know the answer in another one or two-years.D They will never know the answer.4. Which of the following about the African bush elephant and the African elephant is true?A The WCU are interbreeding those elephants.B They are interbreeding species.C They are two genetically distant species.D They depend on each other for survival.5. People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early 1900s.because scientistsA identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.B thought only three mosquito species transmitted disease.C thought there was only one mosquito species.D did not know what species was being studied.Thirsty in Karachi（卫生A）After two weeks in Karachi, I’m not sure whether to laugh or to cry. Either way, it involves water—or rather the lack of it.In Western Europe or the US, you only have to turn on the tap and you’ll see a jet of cold water, ready to drink, cook and bathe in, or wash the car. Turn o n the tap in Karachi and you’ll be lucky to fill a few buckets. Until 1947 the city was part of British India, whose engineers built and maintained a modest water supply network for the city’s 500,000 inhabitants. Today, Karachi is home to around 12 million people. Half of them live in slum townships, with little or no water through the mains. Even the rich half usually have to wait days before anything tickles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink.Half usually have to wait days before anything tickles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink.According to the state-owned Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, the city needs more than 2,500 million litres of water each day. The board currently supplies 1,650 million litres of which nearly 40 per cent is lost from leaks—and theft. Leaks are dime a dozen to water utilities the world over, but theft?Karachi’s unlikely water pirates turn o ut to be ordinary families struggling to get adequate supplies of one of life’s necessities. Stealing water takes many forms. The simplest is to buy a suction pump and get it attached to the water pipe that feeds your house from the mains. This should maximize your share of water every time the board switches on the supply. When the practice started 20 years ago, the pumps would be carefully hidden or disguised as garden ornaments. These days people hardly bother. The pumps are so widespread and water board inspectors so thin on the ground that when officials do confiscate a pump its owner simply buy a replacement.Insisting that people obey the law won’t work because most households have littlealternative but to steal. For its part, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board says it would dearly like to make life easier, but finds itself mired in debt because most residents either won’t pay water charges or can’t afford to the Urban Resource Centre, a Karachi-based think tank, of the 1.2 million known consumers of water only 750,000 are billed, of whom just 163,000 actually pay for their supplies. The board makes a perpetual loss, and there is no money to improve the system or even plug the leaks. Worse, the board increasingly relies on international loans from institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, which only makes its debt worse.The joke is that the owners of the suction pumps end up with little—if any—extra water. Your house is in a line with 20 other households all tapping into one horizontal pipeline. All you can end up doing, given you have pumps of equal strength, is redistribute each other’s entitlement and pay higher electricity bills into the bargain.Back home in London, I’ll remember not to complain about the water meter, or the hosepipe ban.练习：1．According to the passage, people in Karachi today suffer from a short supply of water becauseA. the water supply network built in 1947 has stopped to function.B. the city has become much larger than before.C. old networks can not meet the need of the city’s greatly-increased population.D. other city is longer a part of British India.2. Now people in Karachi do not hide or disguise the suction pumps they use to steal water becauseA. the pumps are no longer wanted as garden ornaments.B. water supply board officials no longer confiscate them.C. it does not cost much money to buy a new one.D. many households have them and there are very few inspectors around to try to find them.3. Confronted with a severe shortage of water supply, the city’s Water and Sewerage BoardA. tries to improve the water supply system with borrowed money.B. is not making any effort to improve the situation.C. urges the consumers to obey the law.D. charges the consumers more for the water they use.4.Which of the following is true of the owners of the suction pumps, if their neighbors have equally powerful pumps as they do?A. They get some extra water.B. They only pay more for electricity.C. They share what they can get with their neighbors.D. They replace their pumps with new ones.5. Which of the following is true about the author when he is back home in London?A. He misses the days he spent in Karachi.B. He forgets the complaints he made in Karachi.C. He is content with the water supply in London.D. he complains about the water supply in London.。

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第43篇Forecasting Methods（非2013新增文章）是2013年理工A的真题，2014应该不会考到。

第40，,4篇为2012新增未考，需要重点注意。

重点复习带加号文章15篇。

+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses （病毒电池）水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。

病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。

在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。

他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。

病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。

安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。

在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。

在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。

贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。

哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。

”许多电池已经很小了。

A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。

硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。

然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。

这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。

理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。

现在，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。

但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。

这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。

这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。

练习：1.According to the first paragraph，people try toA.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc.B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.2.What is Belcher’s team doing at present?A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses..B.It is mass-producing microbatteries.C.It is making batteries with viruses.D.It is analyzing virus genes.3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5 ?A.Broaden.B.Spread.C.Extend.D.Expand.4.Which of the following is true of Belcher’s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A.It is made of metal.B.It is a kind of watch battery.C.It can only be seen with a microscope.D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part?A.Its width is one tenth of a hair.B.It equals the width of a hair.C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.D.Its width is too tiny to measure.+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （植物效能2013理工B真题）太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。

几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑。

但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。

绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量。

这种转换过程叫做光合作用。

可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。

因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。

一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。

例如，玛丽亚·奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。

她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。

一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。

在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。

在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉。

奇若蒂说：“但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀粉。

”例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。

这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。

藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。

这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。

但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。

只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。

尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。

随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。

研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。

藻类这种生物极易存活，他们可以在几乎任何地方成长。

奇若蒂说，：“你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛。

”练习：1. What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy?A) Plants are 'the real experts in producing solar energy.B) Plants have been used to produce solar energy.C) Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.D) Plants have been a source of solar energy.2. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches?A) Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches.B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.C) Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.D) Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.3. According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen?A) When there is a lot of oxygen in the air.B) When there is no oxygen in the air.C) When photosynthesis is taking place.D) When enough starch is stored.4. Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty?A) It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment.B) It is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen.C) It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen.D) It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5. What is NOT true of algae?A) They are easy to grow.B) They can be a very good fuel source.C) They are cheap to eat.D) They can be used in many ways.+第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning（听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警）英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土壤振动提供早期山崩预告。