管理经济学07

7 - 14
• Since the terrorism scare of August 10, 2006, British low cost carrier EasyJet has cancelled 500 flights and Ireland’s Ryanair ahs cancelled more than one-third of its daily departures. • These cancellations are not due to lack of business but due to new airport security rules at the British airports. • An airline can loose as much as $190,000 a day in lost revenue if an aircraft were to sit on the ground • The low cost airline business model calls for the planes to be in the air within 25-30 minutes of its landing • Result – Significant underutilization of the assets.
Source: Business Week Online, August 16, 2006
Superior Product Reliability and Costs
Increased productivity
Lower rework and scrap costs Lower warranty costs Improved reputation
7 - 13
Increasing Asset Utilization
Realtime pricing Optimize capacity
Efficient scheduling
Asset utilization
Quick turnaround
Asset Utilization in European Airlines
7-5
Productivity and Efficiency
• Productivity: The output produced by a given input. • Productivity = Output/Input
• Productivity of labor: Unit output divided by some measure of labor input. • Productivity of capital: Sales divided by the total capital (money) invested in a business.
7-9
• Mass customization: The ability to customize
the final output of a product to individual customer requirements without suffering a cost penalty.
7 - 10
7-6
U.S. Productivity
Third Quarter, 2006
• In manufacturing, revised productivity increases were: - 6.7 percent in manufacturing, - 9.0 percent in durable goods manufacturing, and - 3.1 percent in nondurable goods manufacturing
Question
Mass customization is possible when an organization is small. As it grows in size, the organization must move to mass production. Do you agree? Explain.
large volumes of a standardized product.
• Continuous flow production: Production systems that
continuously produce a standardized output that flows out of the system.
chapter
7
Managing Operations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Principles of Management © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
7-3
Learning Objectives
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 5, 2006
7-7
Production System
• Production system: How the flow of work is configured.
• Job shop: Production systems used when items are ordered
Hale Waihona Puke 7-8Inflexible/ standardized
Low cost
High cost
New Production Technologies
• Flexible production technology: A set of
methodologies that allows enterprises to produce a wider range of end products from a given production system without incurring a cost penalty.
Source:
7 - 12
Principles of Reengineering
1. Physically place adjacent processes near one another, which can accelerate work flow. 2. Standardize procedures at each step in the work flow, which makes it easier for replacement workers to fill in for an absent individual. 3. Eliminate loop backs in which work returns to a previous stage for further processing. 4. Balance work loads across different stages to make sure there are no bottlenecks and no stage has insufficient work. 5. Separate nonroutine complex and pass them to specialists so the flow of routine work is not slowed down by the need to deal with a complex transaction.
7 - 11
Mass Customization
• Unto This Last – Selling directly to customers, this
European company manufactures the furniture to the customer’s measurement, in one week, at a mass customized price. The company utilizes the latest 3D modeling software to design and produce innovative and inexpensive furniture
individually.
• Small batch: Production systems used when customers order
in small batches but when each order is different.
• Assembly-line production: Systems used to mass-produce
Production Systems – Costs and Flexibility
Flexible/ standardized
Nature of technology/product New production technologies Small batch Assembly line Continuous flow Job shop
7 - 15
Improved product reliability
Lower costs and higher profitability
Greater sales volume
Scale economies
7 - 16
Best Products of 2005
• Pontiac Solstice Roadster • – Photo Stamps • Nokia N90 Cell Phone • Yamaha Morphous Scooter • Candygram – My M&Ms
1. Explain how operational excellence can lead to competitive advantage. 2. Describe different operating strategies managers can pursue. 3. Explain the role of operations in an enterprise. 4. Outline how the design of production systems and strategies for asset utilization, improving product quality, managing inventory, managing supply chains, and developing products can all improve the efficiency of an organization. 5. Describe the methodologies for improving operating processes, and explain how improvements in processes over time can lead to competitive advantage.