烟草专业英语考试地地总结
选修六unit3知识点
选修六unit3知识点选修六 Unit 3 知识点一、重点词汇1、 cigarette：名词，意为“香烟；纸烟”。
例如：He lit a cigarette and sat down（他点燃一支香烟，然后坐了下来。
）2、 alcohol：名词，意为“酒；酒精”。
例如：Alcohol is bad for your health（酒精对你的健康有害。
）3、 abuse：名词，意为“滥用；虐待；辱骂”。
动词，意为“滥用；虐待；辱骂”。
例如：Drug abuse is a serious problem（滥用药物是一个严重的问题。
）He abused his power（他滥用职权。
）4、 stress：名词，意为“压力；重音；强调”。
动词，意为“强调；着重；使紧张”。
例如：She's under a lot of stress（她压力很大。
）The teacher stressed the importance of reading（老师强调了阅读的重要性。
）5、 ban：名词，意为“禁令；禁止”。
动词，意为“禁止；取缔”。
例如：There is a ban on smoking in public places（公共场所禁止吸烟。
）The government banned the use of certain chemicals（政府禁止使用某些化学物质。
）6、 due：形容词，意为“到期的；预期的；应得的”。
例如：The rent is due at the end of the month（租金月底到期。
）His success is due to hard work（他的成功归功于努力工作。
）7、 tough：形容词，意为“困难的；强硬的；坚韧的”。
例如：It's a tough problem to solve（这是个很难解决的问题。
）He's a tough guy（他是个硬汉。
专业英语四级模拟试卷260(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语四级模拟试卷260(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 3. CLOZE 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 5. READING COMPREHENSION 6. WRITINGPART I DICTATION (15 MIN)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minute 1．正确答案：The Historical Significance of American Revolution The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, / in which modern England became conscious of itself, / and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. / It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, / but only in the North American colonies could a straggle for civic liberty/lead also to the foundation of a new nation. / Here, in the popular rising against a “tyrannical” government, / the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. /They included the growth of a nation horn in liberty by the will of the people, / not from the roots of common descent, / a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. / With the American nation, /for the first time, a nation was born, /not in the dim past of history/but before the eyes of the whole world.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN)Directions: In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSDirections: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.听力原文：W: You’re an expert on urban problem, Mr. Cross. [1] I wonder how you would describe the characteristics of these enormous cities which have sprung up in Asia and Latin America?M: The first point to make is that they are different from large cities in Europe and America.W: Surely all large cities are essentially similar.M: It’s true that in all large cities there are the same problems of provision of housing and services, but the difference lies in the time factor.W: Surely some of the cities we areconsidering are just as old and, in some cases, much older, than cities in the United States, for instance.M: Very true, but the large cities of Europe and the United States grew relatively slowly. [2] London had a population of more than a million at the beginning of the nineteenth century and this number grew for more than a hundred years until it reached its maximum of more than eight million. And this growth was parallel to industrial growth throughout the country. The same is true of New York, for example.W: But this is not true of Mexico City or Buenos Aries?M: No, it is not. [3] Throughout Latin America and in parts of Asia, cities have grown much faster than industry, or agriculture for that matter. Some of these cities have quadrupled in size in less than two decades, while industrial growth over the same period may only have reached thirty or forty percent.2．Where have many large cities sprung up according to the conversation?A．In Latin America, Europe and Asia.B．In Latin America and Europe.C．In Latin America and parts of Asia.D．In Europe and America.正确答案：C解析：对话开始部分女士说到，她想知道Mr. Cross对在亚洲和拉丁美洲涌现的大城市特点有何看法，由此可知正确答案为C。
烟草专业英语考试总结教学内容
Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科combustibility 可燃性度nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟Bright tobacco ：浅色烟Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟disease resistance：抗病性plant's physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产smoke chemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing 晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草专业英语考试总结
Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科combustibility 可燃性度nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟Bright tobacco ：浅色烟Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟disease resistance：抗病性plant's physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产smoke chemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing 晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. T obacco differs from other crops in that it is usedmostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草英语测试题目及答案
烟草英语测试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the main ingredient in cigarettes?A. AlcoholB. NicotineC. CaffeineD. Sugar2. Which of the following is not a health risk associated with smoking?A. Lung cancerB. Heart diseaseC. High blood pressureD. Improved immune system3. What does the abbreviation "WHO" stand for?A. World Health OrganizationB. World Health OrganizationsC. World Health OfficerD. World Health Online4. The term "secondhand smoke" refers to:A. Smoke inhaled by the smokerB. Smoke exhaled by the smokerC. Smoke inhaled by non-smokers in the vicinity of smokersD. Smoke produced by burning cigarettes5. Which of the following is a method to quit smoking?A. Gradual reductionB. Cold turkeyC. HypnosisD. All of the above6. What is the term for the act of smoking without inhaling the smoke?A. Passive smokingB. Social smokingC. Non-smokingD. Secondhand smoking7. The addictive substance in tobacco is:A. CaffeineB. NicotineC. AlcoholD. Heroin8. Which of the following is a common side effect of smoking cessation?A. Weight gainB. Increased appetiteC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B9. The "Tobacco-Free Generation Campaign" aims to:A. Increase tobacco salesB. Promote smoking as a social activityC. Encourage young people to smokeD. Prevent young people from starting to smoke10. In many countries, tobacco products must carry a warning label stating:A. "Smoking is cool"B. "Smoking is harmful to your health"C. "Smoking is a status symbol"D. "Smoke to relieve stress"二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. Smoking is the leading cause of ________ diseases.12. The ________ is an international organization that works to improve public health.13. ________ is a legal requirement in many places for tobacco products to display health warnings.14. The ________ is a program designed to help smokers quit.15. The term "thirdhand smoke" refers to residual tobacco smoke contaminants that remain on surfaces long after the tobacco has been smoked.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. What are some of the social consequences of smoking?17. Describe the process of addiction to nicotine.18. Explain why smoking cessation is beneficial for health.19. Discuss the role of public health campaigns in reducing smoking rates.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）20. Discuss the impact of tobacco advertising on society and the measures that can be taken to control it.21. Analyze the challenges faced by individuals attempting to quit smoking and the support systems available to them.答案：一、1. B2. D3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. C9. D10. B二、11. preventable12. WHO13. plain packaging14. Quitline15. pollutants三、16. Social consequences of smoking include stigmatization, reduced social interactions, and increased healthcare costs.17. Nicotine addiction begins with regular use, leading to physical dependence and psychological cravings.18. Smoking cessation is beneficial as it reduces the risk of various diseases, improves overall health, and extends life expectancy.19. Public health campaigns raise awareness, promote cessation services, and influence policy to reduce smoking rates.四、20. Tobacco advertising can glamorize smoking and target vulnerable groups. Control measures include banning ads, imposing plain packaging, and raising taxes.21. Challenges include withdrawal symptoms and social pressures. Support systems include counseling, medication, and community programs.。
技能认证烟草基础知识考试(习题卷11)
技能认证烟草基础知识考试(习题卷11)说明：答案和解析在试卷最后第1部分：单项选择题，共108题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。
1.[单选题]下列属于设备操作“四项要求”内容的是（ ）。
A)点检B)保管C)维修D)清洁2.[单选题]以下对品牌定位知觉图描述不正确的是（ ）。
A)描述现有产品或品牌在整个市场中所处的地位B)定位图的空白部分，能显示出来市场的潜在需求C)在定位知觉图中可用定位点作为参照D)知觉图最多只能使用两个因子3.[单选题]烟草广告中出现未成年人形象的，由广告监督管理机关责令停止发布，对于负有责任的广告主、广告经营者、广告发布者可以并处以（）以下的罚款。
A) 一万元B) 三万元C) 五万元D) 十万元4.[单选题]方案首先应针对所要达成的目标，制定具有可操作的措施，这一要求体现了方案的哪一原则( )A)适用、有效性原则B)合理、先进性原则C)及时、全过程原则D)系统、全方位原则5.[单选题]甲省X县烟草专卖局与毗邻的乙省Y市烟草专卖局就某起案件发生了管辖权争议,应报请哪个部门指定管辖?( )A)Y市烟草专卖局B)甲省烟草专卖局C)乙省烟草专卖局D)国家烟草专卖局6.[单选题].省级烟草专卖局经国家烟草专卖局批准，可以委托地（市）级烟草专卖局代签国产的卷烟、雪茄烟、烟丝、烟叶、复烤烟叶、（）、滤嘴棒和烟用丝束的烟草专卖品准运证。
A). 卷烟纸B). 烟草专用机械C). 醋酸D). 商标纸7.[单选题]政务公开主要体现了烟草专卖行政执法沟通中的()原则。
A)执行政策、讲求公平B)实事求是、讲求实效C)平等民主、双向交流D)情为先导、情理结合8.[单选题]烟叶收购计划由()根据国务院计划部门下达的计划下达。
A)县级以上地方人民政府B)省、自治区、直辖市人民政府C)各级烟草专卖行政主管部门D)省级烟草专卖行政主管部门9.[单选题]运输下列( )不必持有烟草专卖品准运证？A)雪茄烟B)复烤烟叶C)烟用丝束D)烟草专用机械零配件10.[单选题]下列()属于法人机关中的代表机关。
大学英语专业,综合英语,第二单元考点整理
U21.Board n. 董事会(on the board)；木板；甲板；膳食vt. 上（飞机、车、船等）；用板盖上(on board)；给提供膳宿vi. 寄宿My father and I only board here.Exercise: The old couple plans to _______some students from the university.2.Conceivably adv. 令人信服地；可相信地；想得到地Eg. Conceivably, this might work-but what an outrageous gamble it would be.可以想象，这种做法可能会行得通，但它将是极大的赌博.The master claimed he had a book that contained everything one could conceivably know about god.大师声称，他有一本包罗人们所能想象到的关于上帝的书。
3.Deceased adj. 已故的n. 死者；[法]被继承人vi. 死亡（decease的过去式）Be deceased 已故They are counting for the deceased and missing.他们正在统计死亡和失踪人数。
4.Executive adj. 行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n. 经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员•executable可执行的；可实行的•executorial遗嘱执行人的•n. execution执行，实行；完成；死刑executive officer 行政主任，执行官Eg.The president of the United States is the executive head of the government.美国总统是政府的行政首脑。
Exercise: All of our supplies are supposed to ensure prompt ________of orders.5.Lineup n. 阵容；一组人；电视节目时间表Lineup star 主打星Starting lineup 首发阵容Eg. This lineup helped turn around the club’s economic fortunes.这个阵容帮助扭转了俱乐部的经济状况。
烟草专业英语词汇
烟草专业英语词汇烟草专业常用英语词汇1. 与烟草栽培技术有关的专业英语词汇发芽期buding stage十字期period of cross shaped苗床期period of plant bed成苗期time of seedling for transplant移栽期transplanting period生根期rooting stage伸根期root stretching stage团颗期rosette stage旺长期prosperously growing stage现蕾期flower budding stage，budding period stage 开花期flower stage打顶期topping stage成熟期maturing stage品种species, variety栽培种cultivar育种breeding of seed假植presetting漂浮育苗floating seedling移栽transplant密植close grown施肥spread manure中耕cultivation培土earth up表层土topsoil底层土subsoil除草weed除草剂herbicide，weedicide 灌溉irrigate打顶topping现蕾打顶topping at button stage初花打顶(见花打顶) topping at initial-flower stage 盛花打顶（抽苔打顶）topping at fully-flower stage 烟杈sucker烟杆stick抹杈smearing sucker from stalk留杈keep suckers on stalk抑芽剂suckercide成熟度maturity未熟immature假熟premature田间成熟ripe生理成熟，欠熟mature工艺成熟fully mature完熟、适熟mellow过熟over mature采收harvesting, prime采摘pluck产量yield产值output value鲜烟叶fresh tobacco leaves干重dried weight干烟叶dried tobacco leaves茎围stem girth断茬stubble打包bale木质化woody2. 与烟草根，茎，叶有关的英语专业词汇根root根毛root hair根系root system须根haring root，fibrous roots气生根parasitic root根基部lower portion烟茎stalk主茎main stem茎叶角度leaf angle to stem顶芽terminal bud侧芽axillary bud烤烟叶the flue-cured tobacco leaves叶尖leaf tip叶基leaf base叶位stalk position脚叶sand leaf，sand lugs，priming leaf 下二棚lugs leaves上二棚leaf leaves顶叶tips leaves上部叶upper leaves中部叶middle leaves下部烟叶down-stalk tobacco腰叶cutters叶形form leaf shape叶宽leaf width, width of leaf叶长leaf length, length of leaf叶片密度density of leaf叶色leaf color叶肉leaf body叶表面leaf surface叶腋leaf arils叶脉leaf vein主脉，烟筋midrib枯叶dead tobacco熏叶smoked青叶，鲜叶green leaf废叶trash花flower开花blossom花瓣petal花药anther花粉pollen花丝filament花序inflorescence花冠corolla花萼calyx雄蕊stamens雌蕊pistil胚珠ovules子房ovary柱头stigma胎座placenta同株异花allogamy异株异花xemogamy异化授粉cross-pollinate自花授粉self-fertilization种子seed卵圆形种子ovate seed心形种子cordate shape seed 椭圆形种子oblong seed果皮pericarp维管组织vascular tissues3.与烟草调制，醇化和发酵有关的专业英语词汇复烤redrying打叶stemming展叶fanned leaf打叶复烤green leaf threshing and redrying 打叶去梗stemming threshing去茎stripping烤房curing burn调制curing晾制air curing晒制sun curing密集烘烤compact curing火管烘烤flue curing焙烘toasting堆积烘烤bulk curing堆积变黄bulk yellowing挂灰scalding灰烟heavy scalded leaf烤红variegated red，variegated scorch烤焦scorching通风ventilation温度temperature湿度humidity含梗率midrib proportion发酵fermentation,醇化aging，mellowing醇化过程mellowing process回潮conditioning，reordering润叶reconditioning干筋stem drying干筋期killing out分级grading加湿回潮ordering卷包making加香flavoring吡啶pyridine衍生物derivatives降烟碱nornicotine烟酸nicotinic acid氧化烟碱oxynicotine生物碱alkaloids烟碱nicotine4.与烟草感官评吸有关的英语专业词汇感官评吸panel test外观质量鉴评, 感官检验sensory inspection 辛辣pungent刺激性irritating涩味astringent粗糙harsh杂气offensive taste香气aromatic smoke芳香，香气aroma香气质quality of aroma香型flavor type香气量volume of aroma浓郁full flavored香气浓郁heavy fragrant aroma香味清雅舒适clearly comfortable flavor香气清雅fresh and graceful柔和mild醇和mellowing香气饱满aroma-fullness香气浓郁aroma full flavored香气醇厚aroma full mild taste香味flavor醇厚full-mild taste，mellowy余味after-taste吃味taste纯净clear清新freshly充实fullness浑厚fullness and thickness香味浓郁wealthy flavor，aroma full flavored 释放delivers 发霉molding持火率fire-holding or apacity酸性acidity碱性alkali浓度concentration劲头physiological strength燃烧性combustibility灰色ash color颜色均匀uniform color颜色加深darker color褪色depigment，fade5.烟草种植生态环境气候climate天气weather光照light水分moisture上壤soil细纱土壤fine sandy loam黏土heavy clays沙性壤土sandy loam粘性壤土clay loam粉沙土壤silt loam养分nutrition环境environmental霜frost无霜期frost-free period冰雹hail雨水rainfall干旱drought风wind淹水drowned热带tropical损伤damage潮湿wet温暖warm适宜suitable季节season纬度latitude海拔高度altitude，height above sea level逆境adversity胁迫stress6.与烟草病虫害防治有关的英语专业词汇烟草野火病bacterial leaf spot of tobacco 烟草瘿蛾tobacco stem borer马铃薯麦蛾tobacco split worm 烟草环斑病tobacco ring spotvirus烟草皱屈病tobacco rattle virus 烟草花叶病毒tobacco mosaic virus烟草花叶病tobacco mosaic disease 烟草花叶病蛋白质tobacco mosaic protein 烟潜叶蛾tobacco leaf miner 烟草霜霉病tobacco downy mildew白斑病tobacco cercospora leaf spot 烟草黑胫病tobacco black shank烟草枯萎病tobacco wilt 烟草角斑病tobacco angular spot野火病tobacco wild fire 烟草空胫病tobacco hollow stalk烟草畦烟病tobacco frogeye spot 小地老虎black cutworm烟蓟马tobacco thrips 斜纹夜蛾tobacco caterpillar赤星病brown spot 根黑腐病black root rot青枯病Granuville wilt 烟草黄瓜花叶病cucumber mosaic烟草根结线虫病Root-knot nematode 炭疽病Anthracnose白粉病powdery mildew 烟蚜Green peach aphid烟粉虱tobacco whitefly 异色瓢虫Leis axyridis防治prevention and cure 病虫害plunt diseases and insect pests病菌germs 病因cause of disease烟草蛙眼病frogeve leaf spot of tobacco 猝倒病damping off 烟蚜Green peach aphid 烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis烟实夜蛾tobacco budworm 烟草甲tobacco beetle病原causal 侵袭subject病原微生物causal organisms 感染，传染infection烟青虫budworms 天蛾幼虫norn worms跳甲flea beetles 蚜虫aphids金针虫wireworms 农药残留pesticide residues农药chemicals 涝害drowing旱斑病drought spot 黑火病black fire根肿病club root 烟草锈病ruct预防protect 根瘤crown gall从顶病bushy top 气候斑weather fleck昆虫insects 土壤害虫soil pests引起induce 烟草抗虫植物tobacco plants resistant toinsects 危害damage 细菌bacteria土壤杀菌soil sterilization 蛙眼病frog-eye病害发生diseases occur 控制防治control。
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Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科combustibility 可燃性度nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟Bright tobacco ：浅色烟Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟disease resistance：抗病性plant's physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产smoke chemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing 晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine,belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. T obacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物，烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。
Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users (i.e. manufacturers). It is based primarily on curing method (air-, sun-, fire- and flue-curing), locality of production (growth) and the way in which the leaf is to be used (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化，因此，制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。
先按烟草的调制方法（晾、晒、熏、烤）、生产区域和使用方式（卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等）进行分类，然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。
3. 简答根据烟草的调制方法，使用方式把烟草分为几类？（至少写五种，每种一分，共五分）Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigartobacco雪茄烟Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟Chapter2alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶stalk茎秆suckering抹叉ripeness 成熟premature未成熟的Chapter 31.单词翻译light air-cured：浅色晾晒型dark air-cured：深色晾晒型sun-cured：晒(烟)cigar filler：雪茄芯烟binder (雪茄烟)内衣；(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶) wrapper (雪茄烟)外衣；(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross：杂交gene mutations：基因突变broad terms：广义breeder：育种人员；育种工作者；cultivar品种germplasm sources：种质资源genotypes：基因型outlining tests概述测试trait：特征attribute属性handling处理lamina (烟叶)叶片midvein：(烟叶叶片)中脉filling：填充值harsh (烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬bitter苦pungent辛辣aroma香气mass selection：混合选择allele：等位基因. pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent：轮回选择haploid：单倍体tissue culture techniques：组织培养技术doubled haploids：双单倍体inherited trait：遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable：基因变异recombination基因重组black root rot：黑腐病crop failure：粮食欠收sensory properties：感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis杂种优势长句子翻译In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing. In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished. Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits. Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort. The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished. 概括地讲，现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。
在计划制定阶段，育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。
一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷，或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。
另外，计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源，选择最佳的育种方法，鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术，以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。
品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。
There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years. Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality andresistance to several diseases. In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized. This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements. Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在过去的几年里，烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。