国际贸易实务双语教程(第四版)unit-01
国际贸易实务_双语教案_附术语中英文对译
国际贸易实务教案Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介1。
1 Reasons for international trade1。
1。
1Resources Reasons（1）Natural resources.(2) Favorable climate conditions and terrain.（3）Skilled workers and capital resources。
（4) Favorable geographic location and transportation costs.1.1。
2Economic Reasons(1）Comparative advantage(2) Strong domestic demand(3) Innovation or style1。
1。
3Political Reasons1.2 Problems Concerning International Trade1。
2。
1Cultural Problems(1）Language。
（2) Customs and manners.1。
2.2Monetary Conversions1。
2.3Trade BarriersIndividual countries put controls on trade for the following three reasons:（1）To correct a balance—of-payments deficit.（2）For reasons of national security.(3）To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods。
Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements，countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports. Some of these are:(1) requiring import licenses that permit only specific volumes or values imports;(2）setting quotas that limit the total value or volume of a product to be imported；(3）limiting government purchases to firms within the country；（4）applying standards for safety，consumer protection, or other reasons, which foreign products may not be able to meet;(5）making special payments called export subsidies to encourage local exporters to increase foreign sales；（6）targeting—-a new term meaning the imposition of a package of measures to give certain local industries a competitive advantage in export markets. It might include export subsidies，technical assistance，subsidies for research and development，and financial assistance；（7）requiring licenses to obtain foreign currencies by those who want to buy goods from abroad——thus limiting the quantity of imports they can buy；（8）reducing the value of a nation’s currency in relation to that of the rest of the world so that its exported goods cost less in other countries and its imports cost more；（9) imposing conditions on foreign products such as requiring that their goods contain a certain amount of locally produced products;（10）restricting trade in banking，insurance, and other service professions。
国际贸易实务双语教程
国际贸易实务双语教程第一章：国际贸易概述1.1 什么是国际贸易国际贸易是指不同国家和地区之间进行的商品和服务的交流与交易活动。
它是全球经济发展的重要组成部分，促进了各国之间的合作与发展。
1.2 国际贸易的重要性国际贸易为各国提供了更多的选择和机会，促进了资源的合理配置和优化利用。
它可以推动经济增长、创造就业机会，提高人民生活水平，并促进各国之间的和平与稳定。
1.3 国际贸易的主体国际贸易的主体包括国家、企业和个人。
国家通过制定贸易政策和法规来引导和管理国际贸易活动，企业和个人则通过进出口、外贸合作等方式参与国际贸易。
第二章：国际贸易的基本原则2.1 自由贸易原则自由贸易原则是国际贸易的基石，主张各国在贸易活动中自由、平等地开展合作，避免设置不合理的贸易壁垒和限制措施。
2.2 最惠国待遇最惠国待遇是指各国之间在关税和非关税措施方面享受相互对待的待遇。
即一国对某一国家给予的优惠待遇应当同样适用于其他所有成员国。
2.3 国民待遇原则国民待遇原则要求各国对本国产品和外国产品一视同仁，不对外国产品设置额外的贸易壁垒或歧视性规定。
第三章：国际贸易的主要方式3.1 进口和出口贸易进口贸易是指国家从其他国家购买商品和服务，出口贸易是指国家向其他国家销售商品和服务。
进出口贸易是国际贸易的主要方式。
3.2 外商直接投资外商直接投资是指一个国家的企业或个人在其他国家投资并经营企业。
它可以带来资金、技术和管理经验的引进，促进经济发展和产业升级。
3.3 跨国公司合作跨国公司合作是指不同国家的企业通过合资、合作等方式共同开展经营活动。
它可以整合各方资源，提高竞争力，实现共赢发展。
第四章：国际贸易的相关政策和机构4.1 贸易政策贸易政策是国家为了调整和管理国际贸易活动而采取的政策措施。
包括关税政策、非关税壁垒、贸易协定等。
4.2 关贸总协定（GATT）与世界贸易组织（WTO）关贸总协定是国际贸易领域的多边协议，旨在促进贸易自由化和公平竞争。
国际贸易理论和实务双语教程第一章 国际贸易理论及政策 共75页
Trade Bilingual course
教学用课件
主编：傅龙海 郑佰青 罗治前 副主编：周宝玉 傅安妮 林晓怡
林晓怡 杨文华 对外经济贸易大学出版社
Chapter 1 International Trade Theories and Policies 国际贸易理论及政策
3.3 Entrepot Trade 转口贸易
An Entrepot is a business involving 3 parties which are the country of production, the country of consumption and the country of making entrepot trade. Sometimes, the merchandise is transported to the country of consumption from the country of the production though the 2 countries are not in direct business relationship as the third country has the business relationship with the 2 countries respectively.
3.2 Indirect Trade间接贸易
The indirect trade is the business trade made by the producing country and the consuming country through the third country. For some reasons such as political reasons and the inconvenience of communication between the 2 countries, the negotiation, contract conclusion and settlement in the business cannot be carried out directly between the export country and the import country without the involvement of the third country, the indirect trade is necessary .
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 1
Warming-up Exercise Part A English Tex Part B Bilingual Tex
Chapter One Warming-up Exercise
Answer the following questions.
Chapter One Part A English Tex
Packing of Commodity
Types of Packaging Transport Packaging Transport packing is also called shipping packing, outer packing or big packing. It is classified into unit packing and collective packing. Unit packing is the smallest shippable unit of cargo. In unit packing, goods are put in different forms of containers such as cases, cartons, drums, bales, bags, bundles, etc. Collective packing (also group shipping packing) means a certain number of units of cargo are grouped together to form a large collection. In collective packing, goods are put in flexible container, pallet and container. Sales Packaging Sales packaging is also called inner packaging, small packaging, immediate packaging or marketing packaging. It focuses on the design and beauty of the package, aiming at promoting sales. Sales packaging is divided into carrying packaging, easy-open packaging, hang-up packaging, spraying packaging, gift packaging, etc.
Key_to_Unit_1.___A_brief_introduction国际贸易双语教程
Key_to_Unit_1.___A_brief_introduction国际贸易双语教程Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade KeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition anddiversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms as follows: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment, and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States )and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often gethigher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which thecompany must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested ina firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII T ranslate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use butcumbersome in Western countries. It was really a badtranslation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.T ranslate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the twois clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritimefleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling aparticular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.。
国际贸易双语教程(英文版)
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade KeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition anddiversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms as follows: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports andImports, Investment, and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested ina firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of。
国际贸易英文Unit 1
continuance revenue
n. 持续 n. 收入；收益
Part Ⅱ
II. Why international trade occurs and what are its benefits?
There are various reasons why international trade occurs. Basically, advantageous trade can occur between countries if the countries differ in their technological abilities to produce goods and services, in resource endowments such as the skills and abilities of a country’s workforce, the available natural resources, etc. and if demands or preferences differ between countries. On the other hand, the existence of economies of scale in production is sufficient to generate such advantageous trade, while government tax and subsidy programs can be sufficient to generate advantages in production of certain products.
advantageous
a. 有利的
Part Ⅱ
国际贸易实务第四版
本。
贸易术语的变更与谈判
01
02
03
在国际贸易中，贸易术 语的变更通常需要经过 买卖双方的协商和谈判
。
考虑变更贸易术语对交 易成本和风险的影响， 以及是否符合双方的利
益。
在谈判中，应充分了解 各种贸易术语的特点和 风险，以便更好地维护
自己的利益。
03
国际贸易交易流程
询盘与发盘
询盘
是交易一方对另一方提出货物和交易 条件，询问对方是否愿意按照这些条 件进行交易的行为。询盘的内容可以 涉及商品名称、规格、价格等。
国际商会于2000年修订的贸易术 语解释通则，包括13个贸易术语， 如EXW、FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF 等。
贸易术语的使用与选择
01
根据交易的具体情况和需求选择适当的贸易术语。
02
考虑运输、保险、关税和税收等因素对贸易术语选择的影响。
在国际贸易中，使用贸易术语可以简化交易程序，减少交易成
03
国际贸易的重要性
促进全球资源优化配置
01
国际贸易使得各国可以发挥自身比较优势，实现全球资源的最
优配置。
推动经济增长
02
国际贸易可以促进商品和服务的流通，增加贸易双方的经济效
益，进而推动经济增长。
增进国家间交流与合作
03
国际贸易是各国之间经济合作的重要方式，有助于增进国家间
的交流与合作。
国际贸易的发展历程
贸易术语解释通则
Incoterms 2020
国际商会于2020年修订的贸易术 语解释通则，包括11个贸易术语， 如EXW、FOB、CFR、CIF等。
Incoterms 2010
国际商会于2010年修订的贸易术 语解释通则，包括11个贸易术语， 如FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF等。
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(INTERNATIONAL Business Practice)
清华大学出版社
Chapter 1 A brief introduction to
international trade
Definition (P1)
• International trade, also called world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and / or services across national boundaries.
(国际收支平衡) 6. Other reasons
1. Resource Acquisition (寻求资源 P2)
Resource distribution around the world is uneven.
No nation has all the economic resources it needs. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy them from other countries .
Section One Reasons for international trade (从事国际贸易的动机)
1 Resource Acquisition (寻求资源) 2 Benefits Acquisition (追求利润) 3 Diversification (多种经营) 4 Expand sales（扩大销售） 5.International balance of payments
• Using three units of PR (productive resource) to produce 1,000 computers in the United States requires sacrificing the production of 150 cars.
• Using four units of PR to produce 1,000 computers in Brazil requires sacrificing only 100 cars.
• A country can benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at a lower cost .
Question: Why can trade create benefits?
Question: Do you think every country can produce the same type of product at the same cost?
Example 1
Hours of Labor required to produce Country Cloth (100 bolts) Wine (100 barrels)
In international trade, business people must pay close attention to different local customs and Business norms (商业准则).
2. Money Conversion 货币兑换问题 (fluctuation in exchange rate)
trade surplus (贸易出超) occurs when the value of a nation’s export exceeds that of its import.
When the value of a nation’s import exceeds that of its export, an unfavorable balance of trade （贸易逆差）or trade deficit(贸易入超) occurs.
Balance of payment
• The international balance of payment is the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country.
• A favorable balance of payment (国际收支顺
Theory of Comparative Advantage
比较优势理论
Or: Comparative Cost Theory比较成本理论 （by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John
Stuart and other economists in the 19th century）
French francs(法郎) US dollars(美元) British pounds(英镑) Deutsche Mark(马克) Japanese yen(日元) Danish krone(克朗)
Euro (欧元)
3. Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒P6）
Is there a completely free trading system in any country?
Scotland
30
120
Portugal
100
20
1. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cloth?
2. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing wine?
3.What should they specialize in respectively?
absolute advantage?
Example 2
units of PR (productive resource)
product 100 cars 1000 computers
U.S.A 2 3
Brazil 4 4
1) In which product does U.S.A have an absolute advantage?
6. Other reasons (P4)
1)Satisfying a large domestic demand
满足国内大量需求
2)Preference for innovation and style
对创新和款式的追求
3) For political reasons
政治原因
Exercises
Keys
9. European Union 10. favorable balance of payment 11. unfavorable balance of payment 12. visible (tangible) trade 13. invisible (intangible) trade 14. trade in goods 15. trade in service
Section Two Problems Concerning International Trade
Problems
Culture Differences 文化差异
Monetary Conversion 货币兑换
Trade Barriers 贸易壁垒
1. Cultural differences 文化差异问题(P5)
Trade policies come in many forms ----tariffs or subsidies, quantitative restriction or encouragements on imported or exported goods, services and assets.
1) the number of consumers 2) the capacity of purchase of
consumer
5. International balance of payments 国际收支平衡 (P4)
BOP--- balance of payment BOP account 收支平衡账户 BOP sheet 收支平衡表
差) means more money is flowing into a country.
• An unfavorable balance of payment（国际收 支逆差） means more money is flowing out of a country.
Balance of trade A favorable balance of trade (贸易顺差) or
2) In which product does Brazil have a comparative advantage?
3) What should the two countries specialize in?
• Americans have an absolute advantage in producing both cars and computers.
Fact: Some countries has no absolute advantage in producing any products.
Question: Can these countries make profits by doing business with those who has
What are resources?
Natural resources : mineral, water, weather, soil, forest, etc.