HAM入门手册-业余无线电台入门手册

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HAM术语——精选推荐

HAM术语——精选推荐

“HAM”一词又有“火腿”的意思,所以,我国的业余无线电爱好者有时也风趣地自称为“火腿”很多车友在刚刚购买设备后,都急切的想按下发射键说点什么。

殊不知,良好的通联习惯就在此刻即将养成。

“一步错、满盘输”,没有正确的通联习惯,后果是相当严重的。

轻则招致其它HAM的反感,减少了通联次数;重则破坏正常的通联秩序,受到法律法规的制裁。

以下简单介绍几种日常通联(胶州车友交流频率438.300MHz)的规范用语及操作方法。

首先,要在频率上“守听”。

打开机器后,无论在哪个频率,都要等待几秒钟,听听是否有其它朋友正在使用该频率。

如果有朋友正在通联,应该等他们说完。

确认暂时没有朋友使用频率,可以开始呼叫了。

正确的呼叫用语:“CQ、CQ、CQ,这里是BG4OTL(此为呼号)呼叫,并等待回应。

” 听到有朋友回答:“BG4OTL,这里是BG1OBO(另一呼号),抄收您的信号,您请讲。

” 这时,您就可以将所要说的事情讲出,注意语句一定要简短。

例如:“您好BG4OBO,这里是BG4OTL,我想询问。

” 通联过程中,不必每句都重复双方呼号,但至少在通联四、五句以上时重复一下,以便其它在频率上守听的朋友可以知道是谁在使用,也使通联对象清楚您是在和谁讲话。

通联结束后,应该礼貌的报出结束语:“BG4OBO,这里是BG4OTL,很高兴与您通联,73!再见。

”至此,一段正确的通联结束如果在守听的过程中,对其它朋友通联的事情很有兴趣,或是想加入他们的通联,可以选择“插入”。

正确的方法是:在双方谈话的间隙,最好是一件事情说完的时候呼叫:“插入、插入、插入”。

等待通联的任意一方提出:“插入的朋友请讲”后,方可加入通联。

最好首先感谢通联双方,然后再说出自己的事情。

通联结束,还应该再次感谢通联双方,并讲话语权交还给他们。

如果想在频率上呼叫某一位HAM(对方呼号是BG4OBO),在呼叫时不要呼叫“CQ”,应该直接呼叫对方呼号。

例如:在确认频率暂无人使用时:“BG4OBO、BG4OBO、BG4OBO,这里是BG4OTL.”,对方抄收到您的信号,通联正式开始。

业余无线电入门手册

业余无线电入门手册

安徽火腿服务组-业余无线电台入门手册(1)业余无线电家是尊重他人的……他从来不故意用影响他人快乐的方式进行操作。

(2)业余无线电家是忠诚的……他们对其它无线电爱好者、地方俱乐部和在国内外代表本国的国家协会表现忠诚、鼓励和支持。

(3)业余无线电家是上进的……他的知识与科学发展同步,因此精心制作。

效率卓越的电台及操作是不会丢脸的。

(4)业余无线电家是友爱的……应要求缓慢而有耐心地发送,对初学者友好地指导和讨论。

为他人的利益提供善意的帮助、合作和考虑。

这些是业余精神的标志。

(5)业余无线电家是平衡发展的……无线电是业余爱好,不容许妨碍他的家庭、工作、学校或社会应负的责任。

(6)业余无线电家是爱国的……他的电台和技能时刻准备为他的国家和社会服务。

The Radio Amateur is:CONSIDERATE... never knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.LOYAL... offers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally.PROGRESSIVE... with knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach.FRIENDLY... slow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginners; Kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.BALANCED... radio is an avocation. Never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school, or community.PATRIOTIC... station and skill always ready for service to country and community.-the original Amateur's code was written by Paul M.Segai, W9EEA, in 1928.目录:字母解释法呼号和信号报告通信基本程序及规则U/V段传播规律设备和通信中常见名词含义部分常见设备使用方法及亚音的设置天线选择和天馈系统(本书如侵犯到您的权益,请与我联系―――BG6AGF)字母解释法字母解释法是为了在通讯条件不好的情况下,正确的抄收对方的内容,也是为了分辨容易混淆的呼号而制定的字母解释规则,比如,N、M、F等字母,在通联的时候就可能听错。

业余无线电基础知识--1 中继器--它们是什么以及如何使用它们说明书

业余无线电基础知识--1 中继器--它们是什么以及如何使用它们说明书

Repeaters – what are they and how to use themMore hams use frequency-modulated (FM) voice than any other communications mode. Most hams have an FM rig of some type. They use it to keep in touch with their local friends. Hams often pass the time during their morning and evening commute talking on the air. In most communities, amateurs interested in a specialized topic (such as chasing DX) have an FM frequency where they meet regularly to exchange information. At flea markets and conventions, hand-held FM units are in abundance as hams compare notes on the latest bargain.Generally, it's a good idea to use VHF or UHF for all local communications. The HF bands should be reserved for longer-distance contacts to reduce interference on the HF bands.VHF and UHF FM voice operation takes two forms: simplex and repeater. Simplex operation means the stations are talking to each other directly, on the same frequency. This is similar to making a contact on the HF bands.FM voice operation is well-suited to local VHF/UHF radio communication because the audio signal from an FM receiver is not affected by static-type electrical noise. Car engines and ignition systems produce quite a bit of static electrical noise, and many hams like to operate their FM radios while they are driving or riding in a car. (This is called mobile operation.) An AM or SSB receiver is affected much more by static-type electrical noise.The communications range for VHF and UHF FM simplex is usually limited to your local area (5-15 miles). If you live high on a mountain and use a high-gain directional antenna, you may be able to extend your range considerably. Unfortunately, most of us do not have the luxury of ideal VHF/UHF operating conditions. Often, we want to make contacts even though we live in a valley, are driving in a car or are using a low-power, hand-held transceiver.Enter repeaters. A repeater receives a signal and re-transmits it, usually with higher power and from a better location, to provide a greater communications range. Often located atop a tall building or high mountain, VHF and UHF repeaters greatly extend the operating range of amateurs using mobile and hand-held transceivers. If a repeater serves an area, it's not necessary for everyone to live on a hilltop. You only have to be able to hear the repeater's transmitter and reach the repeater's receiver with your transmitted signal.A repeater receives a signal on one frequency and simultaneously retransmits (repeats) it on another frequency. The frequency it receives on is called the input frequency, and the frequency it transmits on is called the output frequency.To use a repeater, you must have a transceiver that can transmit on the repeater's input frequency and receive on the repeater's output frequency. The input and output frequencies are separated by a predetermined amount that is different for each band. This separation is called the offset. For example, the offset on 1.25 meters is 1.6 MHz. A repeater on 1.25 meters might have its input frequency on 222.32 MHz and its output on 223.92 MHz. Repeater frequencies are often specified in terms of the output frequency (the frequency you set your receiver to listen on) and the offset. Your transmitter operates on a frequency that is different from the receive frequency by the offset amount.Most transceivers designed for FM repeater operation are set up for the correct offset. They usually have a switch to change between simplex operation (transmit and receive on the same frequency) and duplex operation (transmit and receive on different frequencies). So, if you wanted to use the repeater in the preceding example, you would switch your transceiver to the duplex mode and dial up 223.92 to listen to the repeater. When you transmit, your rig will automatically switch to 222.32 MHz (1.6 MHz lower in frequency), the repeater input frequency.When you have the correct frequency dialed in, just key your microphone button to transmit through ("access") the repeater. Most repeaters are open -- that is, available for use by anyone in range. Some repeaters, however, have limited access. Their use is restricted to exclusive groups, such as members of a club. Such closed repeaters require the transmission of a continuous subaudible tone or a short "burst" of tones for access. These are called CTCSS (continuous tone-coded squelch system) or PL (Private Line PL is a Motorola trademark) tones. There are also some repeaters available for use by everyone that require the use of special codes or subaudible tones to gain access. The reason for requiring access tones for "open" repeaters is to prevent interference from extraneous transmissions that might accidentally key the repeater. If you wish to join a group that sponsors a closed repeater, contact the repeater control operator.Finding a RepeaterMost communities in the United States are served by repeaters. While the majority of repeaters (over 6000) are on 2 meters, there are more than 1600 repeaters on 222 MHz, more than 5000 on 440 MHz, over 70 on 902 MHz and more than 200 on 1270 MHz. More repeaters are being put into service all the time. Repeater frequencies are selected through consultation with frequency coordinators -- individuals or groups that recommend repeater frequencies based on potential interference and other factors.a comprehensive listing of repeaters throughout the activity, theCertain segments of each band are set aside for FM operation. For example, on 1.25 meters, repeater inputs are found between 222.32 and 223.28 MHz. The corresponding outputs are between 223.92 and 224.98 MHz.Frequencies between 223.42 and 223.9 MHz are set aside for simplex operation. On 23 cm, repeater inputs run between 1270 and 1276 MHz, with corresponding outputs between 1282 and 1288 MHz. Simplex operation is between 1294 and 1295 MHz.Repeater OperatingBefore you make your first FM repeater contact, you should learn some repeater operating techniques. It's worth a few minutes to listen and familiarize yourself with the procedures used by other hams in your area. Accepted procedures can vary slightly from repeater to repeater.Your First TransmissionMaking your first transmission on a repeater is as simple as signing your call. If the repeater is quiet, just say "N1GZO" or "N1GZO listening" -- to attract someone's attention. After you stop transmitting, you will usually hear the unmodulated repeater carrier for a second or two. This squelch tail lets you know that the repeater is working. Someone interested in talking to you will call you after your initial transmission. Some repeaters have specific rules for making yourself heard. In general, however, your call sign is all you need.Don't call CQ to initiate a conversation on a repeater. It takes longer to complete a CQ than to transmit your call sign. (In some areas, a solitary "CQ" is permissible.) Efficient communication is the goal. You are not on HF, trying to attract the attention of someone who is casually tuning across the band. In the FM mode, stations are either monitoring their favorite frequency or not. Except for scanner operation, there is not much tuning across the repeater bands.To join a conversation in progress, transmit your call sign during a break between transmissions. The station that transmits next will usually acknowledge you. Don't use the word "break" to join a conversation --unless you want to use the repeater to help in an emergency. To make a distress call over a repeater, say "break break" and then your call sign to alert all stations to stand by while you deal with the emergency.A further word about emergencies: Regardless of the band, mode or your class of license, FCC Rules specify that, in case of emergency, the normal rules can be suspended. If you hear an emergency call for help, you should do whatever you can to establish contact with the station needing assistance, and immediately pass the information on to the proper authorities. If you are talking with another station and you hear an emergency call for help, stop your QSO immediately and take the emergency call.To call another station when the repeater is not in use, just give both calls. For example, "N1II, this is N1BKE'' If the repeater is in use, but the conversation sounds like it is about to end, wait before calling another station. If the conversation sounds like it is going to continue for a while, however, transmit only your call sign between their transmissions. After you are acknowledged, ask to make a quick call. Usually, the other stations will stand by. Make your call short. If your friend responds, try to meet on another repeater or on a simplex frequency. Otherwise, ask your friend to stand by until the present conversation ends.Use plain language on a repeater. If you want to know someone's location, say "Where are you?" If you want to know whether someone you're talking with is using a mobile rig or a hand-held radio, just ask: "What kind of radio are you using?" You get the idea.Courtesy CountsIf you are in the midst of a conversation and another station transmits his or her call sign between transmissions, the next station in line to transmit should acknowledge the new station and permit the new arrival to make a call or join the conversation. It is impolite not to acknowledge new stations, or to acknowledge them but not let them speak. The calling station may need to use the repeater immediately. He or she may have an emergency to handle, so let him or her make a transmission promptly.A brief pause before you begin each transmission allows other stations to break in -- there could be an emergency. Don't key your microphone as soon as someone else releases theirs. If your exchanges are too quick, you can prevent other stations from getting in.The courtesy tones found on some repeaters prompt users to leave a space between transmissions. The beeper sounds a second or two after each transmission to permit new stations to transmit their call signs in the intervening time. The conversation may continue only after the beeper sounds. If a station is too quick and begins transmitting before the beeper sounds, the repeater may indicate the violation, sometimes by shutting down!Keep transmissions as short as possible, so more people can use the repeater. Again, long transmissions could prevent someone with an emergency from getting the chance to call for help through the repeater. All repeaters encourage short transmissions by "timing out" (shutting down for a few minutes) when someone gets longwinded. The time-out timer also prevents the repeater from transmitting continuously, due to distant signals or interference. Because it has such a wide coverage area, a continuously transmitting repeater could cause unnecessary interference. Continuous operation can also damage the repeater.You must transmit your call sign at the end of a contact and at least every 10 minutes during the course of any communication. You do not have to transmit the call sign of the station to whom you are transmitting.Never transmit without identifying. For example, keying your microphone to turn on the repeater without saying your station call sign is illegal. If you do not want to engage in conversation, but simply want to check if you are able to access a particular repeater, simply say "N1KB testing."Fixed Stations and Prime TimeRepeaters were originally intended to enhance mobile communications. During commuter rush hours, mobile stations still have preference over fixed stations on some repeaters. During mobile prime time, fixed stations should generally yield to mobile stations. When you're operating as a fixed station, don't abandon the repeater completely, though. Monitor the mobiles: your assistance may be needed in an emergency. Use good judgment: Rush hours are not the time to test your radio extensively or to join a net that doesn't deal with the weather, highway conditions or other subjects related to commuting. Third-party communications nets probably should not be conducted on a repeater during prime commuting hours.Simplex OperationAfter you have made a contact on a repeater, move the conversation to a simplex frequency if possible. The repeater is not a soapbox. You may like to listen to yourself, but others, who may need to use the repeater, will not appreciate your tying up the repeater unnecessarily. The easiest way to determine if you are able to communicate with the other station on simplex is to listen to the repeater input frequency. Since this is the frequency the other station uses to transmit to the repeater, if you can hear his signals there, you should be ableto use simplex. If you want to perform an on-the-air test of a pair of hand-held radios, you should select an unoccupied simplex frequency.The function of a repeater is to provide communications between stations that can't otherwise communicate because of terrain, equipment limitations or both. It follows that stations able to communicate without a repeater should not use one. That way, the repeater is available for stations that need it. (Besides, communication on simplex offers a degree of privacy impossible to achieve on a repeater. On simplex you can usually have extensive conversations without interruption.)Select a frequency designated for FM simplex operation. Otherwise, you may interfere with stations operating in other modes without realizing it. (The reason for this is simple: Changing to a simplex frequency is far easier than changing the frequencies a repeater uses.) To see if you and the other station can communicate on a simplex frequency, listen on the repeater input frequency. If you can clearly hear what's going into the repeater, you don't need the repeater to communicate.Common VHF/UHF FM Simplex Frequencies2-Meter Band 146.52* 146.535 146.55146.565 146.58146.595 147.42147.435 147.45147.465 147.48147.495 147.51147.525 147.54147.555 147.57147.5851.25-Meter Band223.42223.44223.46223.48223.50*223.5270-cm Band446.0*33-cm Band906.5*23-cm Band1294.5*1294.0001294.025Every 25 kHz to 1295* National simplex frequencyAutopatch: Use it WiselyAn autopatch allows repeater users to make telephone calls through the repeater. To use most repeater autopatches, you generate the standard telephone company tones to access and dial through the system. The tones are usually generated with a telephone-type tone pad connected to the transceiver. Tone pads are available from equipment manufacturers as standard or optional equipment. They are often mounted on the front of a portable transceiver or on the back of a fixed or mobile transceiver's microphone. Whatever equipment you use, the same autopatch operating procedures apply.There are strict guidelines for autopatch use. The first question you should ask is "Is the call necessary?" If it is an emergency, there is no problem -- just do it! Calling for an ambulance or a tow truck is okay. Otherreasons may fall into a gray area. As a result, some repeater groups expressly forbid autopatch use, except for emergencies.Don't use an autopatch where regular telephone service is available. One example of poor operating practice can be heard most evenings in any metropolitan area. Someone will call home to announce departure from the office. Why not make that call from work before leaving?Never use the autopatch for anything that could be considered business communications. The FCC strictly forbids you to conduct communications in Amateur Radio for your business or for your employer. You may, however, use Amateur Radio to conduct your own personal communications. The rules no longer forbid you to use the autopatch to call your doctor or dentist to make an appointment, or to order food, for example.Don't use an autopatch just to avoid a toll call. Autopatch operation is a privilege granted by the FCC. Abuses of autopatch privileges may lead to their loss for everyone.You have a legitimate reason to use the autopatch? Here's how most systems operate. First, you must access (turn on) the autopatch, usually by pressing a designated key on the tone pad. Ask the other hams on a repeater how to learn the access code. Many clubs provide this information only to club members. When you hear a dial tone, you know that you have successfully accessed the autopatch.Now, simply punch in the telephone number you wish to call.Once a call is established, remember that you are still on the air. Unlike a normal telephone call, only one party at a time may speak. Both you and the other person should use the word "over" to indicate that you are finished talking and expect a reply. Keep the call short. Many repeaters shut off the autopatch after a certain time.Turning off the autopatch is similar to accessing it. A key or combination of keys must be punched to return the repeater to normal operation. Ask the repeater group sponsoring the autopatch for specific information about access and turn-off codes, as well as timer specifics. Don't forget to identify your station. Most groups expect you to give your call sign, the date and time just before accessing the autopatch and just after turning it off.。

HAM入门【业余无线电基础入门】

HAM入门【业余无线电基础入门】

HAM入门业余无线电基础入门世界公认的无线电爱好者准则体谅(Considerate)他从来不故意用影响他人快乐的方式进行操作。

忠诚(Loyal)他对其他无线电爱好者、地方俱乐部和代表本国的国家协会表现忠诚、鼓励和支持。

进取(Progressive)他的知识与科学发展同步,因此精心制作设备、使用效率卓越的电台及用心的操作是引以为豪的事情,不会因水平不高丧失进取心。

友爱(Friendly)应对方的要求缓慢而耐心的发送、对初学者友好的指导和讨论,为他人的利益提供善意的帮助、合作和考虑,这些事业与精神的标志。

适度(Balance)无线电是业余爱好,不容许因此妨害他的家庭、工作、学业和社会应尽的义务。

爱国(Patriotic)他的电台和技能时刻准备为国家和社会服务。

---这个为全世界几百万业余无线电爱好者所共同遵循的准则,最早是由美国的Paul M.Segal,W9EEA在1928年提出的,现在被世界各个国家爱好者所公认业余无线电家礼仪互谅互解—凡是让人不舒服的事我不干:进行CQ呼叫或是履行约定通讯之前,是不是要提前准备先倾听一阵子?确定频率上无人使用之后,再进行呼叫。

碰到频率使用权纷争时,是不是能尽量给对方方便?而不是高谈阔论,以「根本无人有权拥有频率」等语相应,或只是一味地坚持你是优先使用者。

如果友台指出自己有技术上的瑕疵,是不是应该马上停止操作,就这些问题先解决?而不是若无其事的继续操作。

使用中继台时,有没有考虑到可能随时有人需要使用,或者是紧咬着中继台不放?如果对方提出交换QSL卡时,是不是应尽速履行实现?产生射频扰问题时,是不是能彻底反躬自省,即使知道射频扰问题根本与自己的通讯设备无关?面对远征电台讯号时,是不是要完全配合对方的呼叫指示;或者只顾自己就缺这个国家地区通讯而显得不耐烦,或者是表现出「丛林战术」以对?高贵情谊—以高中的情操支持并鼓舞业余无线电同好、地方性及全国性的业余无线电社团;我是不是已经加入了地方性的业余无线电社团,或者是以单飞的姿态对应?如果我使用了公共资源(例如中继台、QSL卡服务),是不是心存回馈?如果对于所属社团有意见或不满,是不是应透过适当管理表达,或者迳自在空中发炮,散播自己的情绪与不满?是否意识到无线电波无远弗届,你的一举一动,世界各地都有可能监听到,不管监听的是一般人士或者是业余特定监听站,都有可能影响到业余无线电家的形象?日新又新—集优良科学素养、有效率的电台设备与操作习惯、及水准以上的业余家精神于一身。

业余无线电爱好者实用手册

业余无线电爱好者实用手册

业余无线电爱好者实用手册目录一:法规汇编01楼目录02楼《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》03楼《个人业余无线电台管理暂行办法》04楼《北京市无线电台设置使用管理规定》05楼《无线电管理处罚规定》06楼《中华人民共和国业余无线电台操作证书等级标准》二:新手入门07楼中国无线电运动协会章程08楼什么是个人业余电台?09楼什么是业余电台?10楼我国业余无线电的历史11楼如何取得合法使用业余电台资格?12楼业余无线电家礼仪13楼业余无线电真谛14楼火腿入门15楼您准备好加入“中国业余无线电运动协会”了吗?三:基础知识16楼业余无线电爱好者准则17楼业余电台的通话联络18楼HAM--火腿19楼“73”的起源20楼关于信号报告21楼业余无线电通信常用缩语22楼允许各等级业余无线电台操作员使用的频率23楼业余电台的通信方式24楼CW——摩尔斯电码表25楼全国各省、自治区、直辖市业余电台呼号后缀分配表26楼全国业余电台频率中继、直发一览表27楼业余电台的QSL卡片和电台日记28楼什么是“最好”的天线?29楼业余通讯常用Q简语30楼天线与传播(上)31楼天线与传播(下)32楼水平偶极天线的架设方法33楼完全天线手册34楼如何使用驻波比表35楼天线与通信36楼业余电台通信中的字母解释法37楼天线的增益是从哪里来的?38楼谈谈天线的业余制作39楼亚音的解释40楼火腿器材葵花宝典(完整版一)41楼火腿器材葵花宝典(完整版二)42楼《CW初学者手册》上部43楼《CW初学者手册》中部44楼《CW初学者手册》下部45楼关于VHF和UHF信号的远距离传播46楼CQ世界分区图四:购机指南手持电台47楼ICOM-IC-T90A48楼八重洲Yeasu-5R49楼八重洲Yeasu-VX-7R50楼八重洲Yeasu-VX-2R(适合女性)51楼健伍KENWOOD TH-G71A52楼北峰5118A车载电台53楼ICOM:IC-2720H54楼ICOM:IC-208H55楼ICOM:IC-207H56楼Yaesu FT-8900R57楼Yaesu FT-7800R58楼Yaesu FT-85759楼Yaesu FT-89760楼常用电台中文说明书下载链接61楼选择短波设备的几个误区62楼——63楼业余无线电百年回顾02楼中华人民共和国无线电管理条例(国务院、中央军委一九九三年九月发布)第一章总则第一条为了加强无线电管理,维护空中电波秩序,有效利用无线电频谱资源,保证各种无线电业务的正常进行,制定本条例。

业余无线电入门教程word资料75页

业余无线电入门教程word资料75页

业余无线电通讯入门教材第一节什么是业余无线电活动业余无线电顾名思义是“无线电爱好者出于个人爱好,不以商业为目的,利用工作余暇时间,自已研制或购买无线电收发设备,通过空中电波与其他无线电爱好者的联络,进行技术探讨”。

现在世界各国,不分职业,不分种族,也不分男女老少,已经有数以百万计的人参加这项活动。

这项深受各国业余无线电爱好者欢迎。

并倍受各国政府重视的业余活动,不仅仅是一种单纯的技术活动。

而且还是一项丰富人民生活的体育、文化活动。

业余无线电台间的交往活动,对于增进各国人民之间的相互了解和友谊也起到很重要的作用。

由于无线电通信技术的特殊性,业余无线电对社会的服务,大致可分为二方面:一是发生意外灾难,像洪水、风暴、地震与火灾等,协助灾难地区做好对外的联络;二是参与探险、越野竟赛、航行的联络。

特别是对普及科学技术知识,培养有动手能力的科技后备力量与军事后备人员的培训,其效果也是十分明显的。

业余无线电通信活动,从本世纪初到现在已有八九十年的历史,这种联络从简单的电报与调幅电话发展到今天的单边带、调频、电传、电视等一系列技术复杂而又极为生动有趣、富有吸引力的活动。

业余无线电台不仅进行视距范围点对点的甚高频/特高频通信,而且利用电离层对高频的反射和业余家自已架设的无线电中继站,进行着全世界范围的通信,随着航天技术的发展,业余无线电活动已利用卫星通信多年,至目前为止全世界已经发射了十几颗业余通信卫星,如表1-1所示。

还有不少业余家完成了从地球发射电波到月球,再借月球反射回到地球接收的E-M-E通信,有些业余家在设备上已经采用包括电子计算机在内的各种最新的高级技术设备与最先进的电子通信新技术。

国际电信联盟(ITU)制定的“国际无线电规则”规定,业余无线电通信活动属于业余业务(Amateur Service)范畴,即“业余爱好者,经正式核准的,单纯地由于个人兴趣有志于无线电技术的人员,不是为了营利而举办的,用以自我训练、相互通信和进行各种技术探讨的业务”。

业余无线电手册

业余无线电手册

业余无线电手册无线电通信作为一种重要的通信方式,在现代社会得到了广泛的应用和发展。

作为业余爱好者,学习和了解无线电的原理和操作方法是非常有必要的。

本手册将为业余无线电爱好者提供一份简要而全面的业余无线电指南。

第一章:无线电原理在开始学习业余无线电之前,我们首先需要了解一些基本的无线电原理。

1.1 电磁波电磁波是无线电通信的基础,是由电场和磁场相互作用而产生的。

电磁波具有频率和波长的特性,不同频率的电磁波在空间中传播的方式和特性也不同。

1.2 调频和调幅调频(FM)和调幅(AM)是两种常见的无线电调制方式。

调频通过改变电磁波的频率来传递信息,而调幅则是通过改变电磁波的振幅来传递信息。

1.3 天线天线是将电磁波转换为电流或从电流转换为电磁波的装置。

天线的设计和选择对无线电通信的效果具有重要影响。

第二章:设备和操作了解无线电的基本原理后,我们需要了解无线电设备和操作方法。

2.1 无线电设备业余无线电所用的主要设备包括发射机、接收机和天线。

发射机用于将电信号转换为电磁波发送到空中,接收机则用于接收并解码从空中传来的信号。

2.2 业余无线电频段业余无线电频段是由国际电信联盟在不同的频率范围内为业余无线电爱好者所分配的。

不同的频段用于不同的通信方式和用途。

2.3 业余无线电操作在进行业余无线电通信时,我们需要严格遵守无线电操作规程。

这些规程包括频率的选择和占用、通信的礼仪和用语等。

第三章:应用和实践业余无线电不仅仅是一种爱好,还可以应用于许多实践和应急场合。

3.1 业余无线电通信业余无线电爱好者可以利用业余无线电设备与世界各地的其他爱好者进行通信交流,扩展人际网络,增进友谊。

3.2 天气报告和预警业余无线电爱好者可以利用业余无线电设备获取和传播天气报告和预警信息,为社区和个人提供及时的天气信息,提高预防和应对灾害的能力。

3.3 紧急通信在灾害和紧急情况下,传统通信设施可能会受到破坏或中断,而业余无线电设备可以提供备用通信手段,帮助救援人员进行紧急救援和组织工作。

CW电报初学者手册

CW电报初学者手册

《CW电报初学者手册》完全版CW 初学者手册Jack Wagoner WB8FSV 著——前言业余无线电所覆盖的范围非常广。

业余无线电也叫HAM RADIO,这种叫法似乎追溯不到什么起源。

从做DX通讯、卫星通讯、到慢扫描电视甚至和全世界的新老朋友谈天说地,就像你我正在做的,都是业余无线电的范畴。

作为一名铁杆HAM,我最擅长的就是用摩尔斯电码与其他的HAM交流。

神奇的摩尔斯电码实在是一种很COOL的通联方式。

摩尔斯电码也叫CW(等幅波电报)。

在这篇《CW初学者手册》中,我将给那些刚刚接触CW的HAM们一些建议和指导:如何寻找通联的对象、在CW通联中到底该说些什么、如何应付QRM、如何结束CW通联、如何得到大量的QSL 卡片以及很多实用的技巧。

这篇手册是我以一名美国HAM的身份写的,所以在文中的一些诸如可用频率、传播情况的例子都带有一些美国地域性。

不过绝大多数CW操作技巧都是全世界通用的。

——学习电码HAM们对摩尔斯电码的了解有点两极分化,一些人非常热衷于它,而另一些人根本就不了解它。

在过去的几十年里,随着语音通信和数字通信的发展CW已经失去了它原有的光彩。

尽管如此,当你扫描业余频段的时候仍然会发现成千上万的HAM依旧在运用这种古老的通信方式。

FCC(联邦通讯委员会)还是要求在考取短波操作执照的时候进行速度为5WPM 的摩尔斯电码抄收测验。

我认为学习和运用摩尔斯电码非常类似于学习一门外语。

可别像我刚开始学习电码的时候那样,在脑子中列出一张表,上面写着A是“滴答”、B是“答滴滴滴”。

这种方法会降低你的学习速度而且会给你带来挫败感。

最理想的情况就是,当你耳朵听到“滴答”后,你的意识中马上就能反应出这是A。

如果这中间插入了第三个环节:当听到“滴答”后,你还要在记忆中的那张列表中查询一下——“滴答”等于A,这样的话就会使很多人觉得学习摩尔斯电码非常的困难。

我这里有一些能帮助你学习摩尔斯电码的建议:·分组学习,首先学习完全由点组成的字母,再学习完全由划组成的字母,最后学习既包含点又包含划的字母。

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绝对超强,入门HAM必看:电台魅力-业余无线电台入门手册(原作者:BG1OES)引言电台,业余无线电,已经越来越多的进入了大众的视野。

从街头随处可见的汽车上树立的电台天线,到见诸各大媒体的无线电应急救援事件,无线电台(对讲机)已经越来越多的进入大众生活,不再是警察、军队的神秘装备了。

与此同时,“业余无线电”也已经伴随着中国汽车文化的发展传播成为了大众越来越关心的一项时尚运动。

大多数入门的朋友可能是通过周围的朋友初步了解业余无线电的,然而,汽车俱乐部群体只是带动业余无线电发展的传播途径之一,业余无线电的真正意义也远不止于结伴驾车出行通讯。

从业余无线电爱好者“体谅、忠诚、进取、友爱、适度、爱国”的六大准则出发,我们能够看到更多属于这个群体的积极向上的意义。

无论是频率上互相传递无线电知识技术,还是一呼百应的凤凰岭迷路山友救援,业余无线电爱好者所具有的互助精神、热心与不依赖电信网络的通信技术将可能在突发事件、灾害等特殊情况下为社会提供通讯保障力量。

业余电台是经过国家主管部门正式批准,业余无线电爱好者为了试验收发信设备、进行技术探讨、通信训练和比赛而设立的电台。

业余无线电,是一项蕴含丰富知识的通讯技术。

业余无线电群体(HAM,火腿),是一个高尚、团结、热心的群体。

如果您曾经见过身边的朋友在把玩业余无线电台、研究无线电通讯技术,您何不一同加入到这个群体,领略空中电波魅力?汽车上“林立”天线的背后在路上,我们能够看到越来越多的车上安置了长短不一、粗细不同的车载天线。

各个汽车俱乐部结伴出行的车队中,车载天线和车内的电台几乎快成为了“标配”,现在,就连很多出租汽车的后备箱盖、车顶上也都能够发现无线电台天线。

在每一支天线的背后,都链接着一部电台。

然而,在操作这部电台的,却不一定是业余无线电爱好者!既然本文希望邀请您踏入业余无线电的大门,就一定请您先一起了解真正的业余无线电世界、掌握基本的法律、法规、知识,而不是简单的告诉您如何拿起电台、安上电台就能说话云云。

万事皆有规矩,无线电的使用也有法律法规以及规范、常识。

作为一项占用国家无线电资源的通讯活动,业余无线电是要遵守国家相关法律法规、业余无线电操作规程的,这些是成为一名真正“火腿”的根本。

而我们目前看到的车上“林立”的电台天线背后、正在操作无线电台设备的人,却并不都是真正的业余无线电爱好者“HAM”,也许因为不懂相关知识,仅仅通过朋友知道了电台设备,安装上就开始发射使用者大有人在。

而这些不懂法规、规矩的“电台使用者”目前也被社会大众“算做”了HAM,而他们中的一些恶意捣乱者在频率上进行的恶意干扰、污言秽语的发射正在败坏所有电台使用者的形象。

这些非法使用无线电设备进行发射的电台使用者是根本不能被称为“HAM,火腿”的——当您具备了业余无线电相关知识后,就能偶将这些人与真正的HAM区分开了。

本手册的目的,是要让更多的朋友了解业余无线电知识、法规、规范,通过学习、实践成为一名真正的业余无线电爱好者(火腿、HAM)。

真正的HAM——1,遵守国家无线电使用的相关法律法规及无线电活动相关法规进行活动。

2,具备以下“两证儿”:经过无线电操作员资格考试,取得“业余无线电台操作证”。

经过国家无线电管理部门的设备检验,取得“电台执照”,并获得全球唯一的无线电台呼号。

3,恪守“体谅、忠诚、进取、友爱、适度、爱国”六大准则,维护HAM群体的荣誉。

4,不断的钻研无线电通讯技术、知识,积极参与、开展无线电相关的活动,为中国无线电运动发展努力。

5,愿意将自己的知识、热心奉献给更多的HAM朋友,乃至社会。

其实,还有更多……真心的希望您能够成为一名真正的业余无线电爱好者,拓宽视野、学习知识,领略业余无线电的魅力。

汽车、电台、与对讲机对讲机,通常就是指“手持电台”,也有称“步话机”,有很多朋友误以为“对讲机”要“成对”使用,实际上是错的。

车载台,也称车载电台,其实和“手持电台”一样,都是无线电收发设备。

它们之间的区别在于,手持电台使用电池供电,便于携带使用,但功率较小。

而车载电台从汽车获取电源,具备更大的发射功率,通常要安装在车上。

当然,也有为了获得大功率发射和良好的接收,将车载电台搭配专用通信电源在固定位置使用的。

当然,还有专门用于固定位置使用的更大体积的基地电台,为航空器、舰船等移动交通工具设计的专用电台等等,都属于无线电台。

只要工作频率相同、工作模式一样、设置对应,这些不同类型的电台能互相通过无线电波通讯。

只要记住:“无线电台”这个概念可以囊括通常我们所说的这些无线电通信设备——它们都是电台。

电台相关的一些入门级概念下面的一些概念是入门业余无线电所需要了解掌握的:1,什么是电台、无线电?让我们从“频率/频点/频道”开始,想想大家平常听的97.4、103.9MHz, 就是频率了,说频点也对,说频道有点牵强了,但经常就有说“103.9频道,97.4频道”,实在是有点误导的嫌疑。

实际上我们天天听的广播就是无线电,只不过那个是由“广播电台”发射的,广播电台功率很大,发射天线位置好,覆盖范围广,于是在它覆盖范围内的接收机(就是收音机)都可以接收到它的信号,并转换成声音播放出来。

现在设想一下你和你的朋友车上/手里各有一台收音机(radio receiver) +“微型广播电台”(radio transmitter) , 就是大家正在讨论的电台了。

电台同时兼备发射和接收的功能,于是可以通过电波的传播互相通话、通讯。

(补充:无线电不仅仅用来通话,有其他更多的数据、电报、图像等传播应用)“无线电”本身具备很宽泛的概念范围,囊括了电波传播、相关设备等很多概念,但有时候也可以狭义的等同于俗语中的“匣子”。

而“电台”这两个字在国人的耳朵里似乎总有着和“敌特”有着千丝万缕的联系,其实它通常所代表的是“具备发射能力的无线电设备”。

我们平常所说的“对讲机”“手持电台”“车载台”“电视发射塔”“广播电台发射设备”都是“电台”。

2,业余电台/专业电台/收音机的区别及简单概念收音机就不多说了,用来收听其他发射台发射出来的信号,通常的收音机具备调频(FM)/调幅(AM)两个部分,是两种不同的调制方式,相对应的,在电台里,也有这两种调制方式的(目前入门级HAM常用的是支持430MHZ 段的的FM调频电台),而国际航空的空管则是使用的110MHZ-130MHZ之间频率,采用AM调制方式。

当然,电台除了FM 、AM 调制方式以外,还有CW等幅电报、SSB单边带等其他调制方式,在探索短波电台远距离通讯以及更多电台通讯技术的时候,您将会了解到这些概念。

再来说“业余电台”“专业电台”之间的一些简单区别有一层意思是说(按照支持频段划分)业余电台是支持业余频段的电台——比如支持(包含)144-146或430-440MHz这个业余频段或其他业余频段的电台,专业电台是支持某些其他特定频段的电台。

另一层意思是(设计取向、应用方向不同)业余电台的功能方面注重于“玩儿”,对各个相关参数的调整,包括调整发射功率/搜索有信号的频点/储存多个不同的频点/可以随时手动变更储存的频点/调整不同的静噪值/有信号强度表——总之可以用来试验不同的设置能够产生的不同通讯效果。

而,专业电台则更加注重使用的稳定性,所以对于操作的复杂性要求相对较低,而对电池的耐久/发射功率的稳定等性能要求高些。

对比起来,专业台通常不能随意调整发射功率/没有搜索频点的功能/能存储少量的频点并只能显示频道号码而不能显示频点值/需要用电脑和专用软件及连线才能调整每个频道内储存的频率及相关功能/通常也没有信号强度表显示。

并且,专业电台可能在设计上还会增加一些诸如跳频、信令控制等措施,或者支持集群、分组、管理等功能。

白话说,你就想保安、建筑工地之类的所谓“专业应用”,他们拿个台子,知道哪个是开关音量,按着哪个说话,拧到几频道能“对上”就完了,要是拿个功能花哨的业余电台给JC,保他晕菜。

当然,对于真正需要专业应用的群体,如警察,为了实施通讯管理、分组、内部通讯、终端定位等目的,当然有真正具备专业功能的系统来为他们服务。

3,频率/频点/频段97.4MHz是音乐台的频点,103.9MHz是交通台的频点,144.800MHz就是重庆业余无线电爱好者可以合法使用的发射接收频点了。

(重庆中继接收频率145.670)显然大家的调频收音机是不支持144兆赫兹接收的(好象调频部分是86~107MHZ之间),所以,如果想在144.800MHZ 频率上发射和接收信号,得要有专用的设备,也就是需要大家平常所说的“支持业余频段的车台/手台/基地台”等等。

如果说438.500是频点的话,那么它同时是属于430MHZ频段的,HAM们通常把430.000-439.999叫做UHF业余频段,也叫UHF业余70CM(厘米)波段(是波长的说法),因为这个频段是业余无线电爱好者可以作为“次要业务”进行使用的,当然,使用过程中也要注意遵守各个地区的地方性频率使用法规及应急通讯、卫星通讯等使用划分规则。

初级HAM接触比较多的可能还有大家常说的“2米波段”,也叫VHF业余波段或者叫“140兆赫兹业余频段”就是144.000-145.999MHZ之间,也是HAM可以使用的频率范围。

144.800 是频点/频率,144.000-145.999 则是频段。

4,中继台(Repeater) / 差频(OFFSET)与直发可能有人会问“中继”是什么,通俗的说,在高处有那么一个或者一对天线和特殊的转发电台,负责把一个频点上收来的信号转发到另外一个频点上,于是在它覆盖范围内的台子都可以和它联系,也就是通过它和其他人联系。

还晕?这么说吧,由于建筑物/地形等的遮挡,在地面上的2个电台之间的信号可能无法互相传送到,但2个人和这个很高的,位置很好的中继台都可以很好的通联,于是大家就通过中继台达到覆盖更广的范围,帮助小功率设备把信号传播到更远。

通常的中继转发台需要使用一对频点,一个接收来自使用者手台或车台的信号(上行信号,如重庆大家使用的145.670), 当收到时,在另一个频点上广播出去(下行信号,如重庆的144.130)。

由于中继台必须占有比较好的地理位置,同时可能有比较大的发射功率,所以通过中继台能够联络到更多的人。

差频(OFFSET)刚才说的145.670(使用者收听的频点,下行频点)和144.130(使用者发射的频点,上行频点)之间的差就是差频,我们可以看到,发射的频点是接收频点减去1.54MHZ (-1.54MHZ),所以叫做“下差1.54MHZ”。

对于某些电台,可以直接设置上行频点和下行频点然后保存到一个频道里方便使用,有些电台的设置方法则是先设接收频率,然后设置差频数值及方向,保存到某个频道内。

设置方法并不重要,只要了解了中继台/差频的概念,剩下的事情可以通过看设备的说明书解决。

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