英美文学欣赏课程笔记
English上古及中世1.An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature纪英国文学简介The period of Old English :450~1066Genesis A 创世纪甲本,Genesis B 创世纪乙本and Exodus 出埃及记based on the Old Testament 旧约全书The Dream of the Rood 十字架之梦comes from the New Testament 新约全书Beowulf 贝奥武甫the national epic poemThe Wan derer, Deor 流浪者，狄奥尔；The Seafarer 航海者,The Wife ' s Comp la妻子的抱怨Medieval period 中世纪from 1066 up to the mid-14th centurySir Gawain and the Green Kinght高文爵士与他的绿衣骑士John Gower约翰高厄Piers Plowman农夫皮尔斯William Langland 威廉兰格伦The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集Geoffrey Chaucer 吉奥弗雷乔叟The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇；The Lege nd of Good Wome n 好女人的故事Joh n Dryde n约翰德莱顿called Chaucer the father of English poetry2.The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期I .Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞(1552-1599)The Shepheardes Calender 牧人日记Epithalamion 新婚喜歌The Faerie Queene 仙后The five main qualities of Spenser ' s poetry are 1)a perfert melody;2)a rare sense of beauty;3) asplendid imagination;4)a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and 5) a dedicated idealism,he also uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increases the rustic effectn .Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)克里斯托夫马洛Tamburlaine (1587-1588) 帖木儿Dr. Faustus (1589)浮士德博士的悲剧The Jew of Malta(1590) 马耳他岛的犹太人Edward II(1592-1593) 爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安得耳The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘Translation : Amores 爱的艺术---Ovid 奥维德in . William Shakespeare (1564-1616)威廉莎士比亚Frist period -five history plays:Henry VI,Parts l,ll,and III 亨利六世(上，中，下)；RichardIII理查三世；Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼；four comedies:The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧；The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士；The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记；Love's Labour ' s Los爱的徒劳；Second period -five histories: Richard II 理查二世；King John 约翰王；Henry IV, Parts I andII 亨利四世 (上，下)；Henry V 亨利五世；six comedies:A Midsummer Night ' s Dream#夏夜之梦；The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人；Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非；As YouLike It 皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night 第十二夜；The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们；two tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶；Julius Caesar 裘利斯凯撒Third period -his greatest tragedies:Hamlet 哈姆莱特；Othello 奥赛罗；King Lear 李尔王；Macbeth 麦克白；Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利奥佩特拉；Troilus and Cressida 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达；Coriolanus 科里奥拉那斯and his so-called dark comedies：All 's well That Ends Well 终成眷属；Measure for Measure 一报还一报The last period - principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles 伯里克利；Cymbeline 辛白林；The Win ter ' s Ta冬天的故事；The Temp est 暴风雨；two final plays: Henry VIII 亨利八世；The Two Noble Kinsmen 两位贵族亲戚Two long narrative poem: Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯(1593) ；The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克里丝受辱记( 1594)Sonnet 18 第18号十四行诗one of the most beautiful sonnetsIV.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)弗兰西斯培根philosopher scientist and essayistThe Advancement of Learning (1605) 学术的进展Novum Organum(1620) 新工具an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of LearningEssays 散文集of Studies 论读书the most popular of Bacon ' s 58 essaysApophthagmes New and Old (1625) 新旧格言集The History of the Reign of Henry VII(1622) 亨利七世的统治The New Atlantis 新大西岛；unfinishedMaxims of Law 法律原理The Learned Reading upon the Statue of Uses(1642) 法令使用读本V. Joh n Do nne (1572-1631)约翰邓恩meta physical poetry 玄学派诗歌The Elegies and Satires 挽歌与讽刺；The Songs and Sonnets 歌与短歌Farewell to Love 告别爱情Holy Sonnets 圣歌集；A Hymn to God the Father 圣父赞美诗The Sun Rising 升引的太阳Death, Be Not Proud 死神，休得狂妄written in the strict Petrarchan pattern 彼特拉克筍.John Milt on 约翰•弥尔顿(1608-1674)Paradis Lost (1665)失乐园the only generally acknowledge epic in English literature since BeowulfParadise Regained (1671)复乐园Samson Agonistes (1671)力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in EnglishLycidas (1637)利西达斯composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由his most memorable prose3.The Neoclassical Period★ Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual ' s feeling and experiences.I .Joh n Bun ya n 约翰•班杨(1628-1688)The Pilgrim ' s Progi天路历程The Vanity Fair 名利场n . Alexander Pope 亚历山大蒲柏(1688-1744)The Dunciad 群愚史诗An Essay on Criticism(1711) 论批评The Rape of the Lock (first version 1712) 夺法记An Essay on Man(1733-1734) 论人类Eloisa to Abelard(1717) 埃洛伊斯致亚伯拉德Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)Translate: Homer' sIliad(1720) 荷马伊利亚特Odysey(1726) 奥德赛；some Shakespeare ' s plays(1713-1726)m .Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)丹尼尔笛福The Shortest Way with the Dissenters ( 1702)成为异教徒的捷径The True-born Englishman ( 1701)地地道道的英国人Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记Captain Singleton (1720) 辛利顿船长Moll Flanders(1722)莫尔弗朗德斯Colonel Jack(1722) 杰克上校Roxa na(1724)罗克萨那A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) 灾疫之前的日记Great Plague in 1664-1665 1664 年到1665 年大瘟疫IV.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔森特斯威夫特A Tale of a Tub (1704)桶的故事The Battle of the Books(1704) 书籍的战斗Gulliver ' s Traveft726)格列佛游记The Drapier ' steLrse(t1724-1725) 德莱皮尔的信A Modest Proposal ( 1729)一个温和的建议V.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)亨利•菲尔丁Coffee-House Politician (1730) 咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736)巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737) 1736 年历史年鉴The Historical of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams (1742)约瑟夫安德鲁与亚伯拉罕亚当斯历险记written in imitation of the manner of CervantesThe History of Jon athan Wild the Great (1743)伟大的乔纳森怀尔德传记The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)汤姆•琼斯，一个弃儿的故事The History of Amelia(1751) 阿米莉亚传记W .Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔约翰逊(1709-1784)London (1738) 伦敦The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) 人类欲望的虚幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759) 拉塞拉斯的历史，阿比西尼亚王子Irene (1749)艾琳The Rambler and The Idler 随笔闲谈Lives of the Poets(1779-1781) 诗人传A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) 英文大词典the author of the first English dictionary by an EnglishmanTo the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信VD .Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)理查德-比谢拉丹The Rivals ( 1775)情敌The School for Scandal (1777)造谣学校St.Patrick 's Day = the Scheming Lieutenant (1圣77帕5)特里克日The Duenna (1775) 杜安纳The Critic (1779) 批评家Pizarro(1799) 皮扎罗Vffl .Thomas Gray (1716-1771) 托马斯格雷 Horace Walpole 沃尔波 The OldCastle of Otranto 奥特兰多古堡Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751) 写在教堂墓地的挽歌 the Graveyard School 墓地 诗歌Ode on the Spring (1742) 春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College(1747) 伊顿公学展望Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (1748) 爱猫之死Hymn to Adversity(1742) 逆境的赞歌Translation : The Descent of Odin (1761) ；奥丁的血统 The Fatal Sisters (1761)命运姐妹4. The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期I .William Blake (1757-1827)威廉 布莱克 Poetical Sketches(1783) 诗草The songs of Innocence(1809)天真之歌 “ The Chimney Sweeper ”His Songs of Experience (1794) 经验之歌 “The Chimney SweeperMarriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) 天堂与地狱的结合The Book of Urizen(1794) 尤莱森之书The Book of Los(1795) 洛斯之书The Four Zoas(1796-1807) 四个挪亚Milton(1804-1820) 弥尔顿The Tyger 虎n . William Wordsworth (1770-1850)威廉华兹华斯Robert Southey ，Samuel Taylor Coleridge ；致蝴蝶 ; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如行云独自游； An Evening Walk 傍晚漫步 ; My Heart Leaps up 我心飞动；Tintern Abbey 厅特恩教堂； The Thorn 荆棘；The Sailor ' s M 水手e 的 母亲 ； Michael 麦克尔 ；The Affliction of Margaret 玛格丽特所受的折磨 ；The Old Cumberland Beggar 老坎伯兰的乞丐 The Idiot Boy 白痴男孩 ；The Solitary Reaper 孤独的收割者 ；To a Highland Girl 致高地的姑娘； The Ruined Cottage 被摧毁的茅屋Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特桥即景 1802 年 9 月 3 日 Lucy pomes 露西： She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways 独自幽居『Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)塞特 科勒津治扫烟囱小男孩 ” 扫烟囱小男孩 Lake Poets 湖畔诗人 Lyrical Ballads (1798) 抒情歌谣集 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔 WordsworthA Phantom of Delight (1802)快乐的化身Descritptive Sketches, an Evening Walk(1793) 描绘速写，黄昏漫步The Prelude(1790-1805) 序曲Poems in Two Volumes (1807) 双卷诗 Ode: Intimations ofImmortality Resolution and Independence 决心与独立autobiographical narrative The Excursion (1814) 远足Poems: The Sparrow ' s 麻est 巢;To a Skylark 致云雀；To the 泰勒科勒津治and 颂歌：永存的暗示； 致杜鹃 ; To a ButterflyLyrical Ballads (1798) 抒情歌谣集The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古航海家之歌Kubla Khan 忽必烈汉Christabel 克丽斯塔贝尔Frost at Midnight 子夜寒霜The Nightingale 夜莺Dejection, an Ode 沮丧，一段颂歌Remorse 忏悔( 1813) tragic dramaBiographia Literaria ( 1817 )文学传记proseIV. George Gord on Byro n (1788-1824)乔治戈登拜伦Edin burgh Review 爱丁堡评论周刊Hours of Idleness 闲散的时光( 1807)English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)英格兰诗人与苏格兰诗评家Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage812)恰尔德哈洛尔德游记Oriented Tales 东方故事集Childe Harold 哈洛尔德游记The Prisoner of Chillon ( 1816)齐伦的囚犯Manfred(1817) 曼弗雷德Don Juan (1818-1823 )唐璜The Isles of Greece 哀希腊Cain (1821) 该隐verse dramaThe Island (1821)岛narrative poemThe Vision of Judgment (1822)审判的幻景attack on Southey ，political satireSong for the Luddites 路德党人之歌V.Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)珀比雪莱The Necessity of Atheism (1811 )无神论的必然性The Spirit of Solitude(1816) 孤独之精神Hymn to Intellectual Beauty(1816) 内秀之咏Mont Blanc(1816) 蒙特布兰卡Julian and Maddalo (1818) 朱利安与麦达罗The Revolt of Islam(1818) 伊斯兰的起义The Cenci (1819)钦契一家Prometheus Unbound (1819)解放的普罗米修斯Adonais (1 82 1 )阿多那伊斯Hellas(1822)赫拉斯A Defence of Poetry (1822)诗辩Love for freedom and hatred toward tyanny: Ode to Liberty 自由颂; Ode to Naples 那不勒斯颂Sonnet: England in 1819 十四行诗：英格兰1819；Men of England 致英格兰人民--- greatest political lyricsThe Cloud (1820)云之歌To a Skylark (1820)致云雀Ode to the West Wind (1819) 西风颂W . John Keats (1795-1821)约翰-济慈On First Looking into Chapman ' s Honri读恰普曼译荷马published in ExaminerSlee p and P oetry(1817)睡与诗Endymion (1818)安狄弥翁Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and Other Poems (1820)拉米亚 伊莎贝拉， 圣阿格尼 斯节前夕及其他诗歌： Ode on Melancholy; 忧郁颂 Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂 ; Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂 Ode to Psyche 普赛克颂 ;To Autumn(unfinished)VD .Jane Austen (1775-1817)简 奥斯汀Sense and Sensibility(1811) 理智与情感 first novelPride and Prejudice ( 1813)傲慢与偏见 =First ImpressionsMansfield Park (1814 )曼斯菲尔德花园Emma ( 1815)埃玛Persuasio n(1818)劝告Northanger Abbey(1818) 诺桑觉寺Incomplete works: The Watsons (1923)沃特森一家 FragmentPlan of a Novel ( 1926)小说的构思 I .Charles Dickens(1812-1870查尔斯 狄更斯 Sketches by Boz(1836) 勃兹的速写The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传( Oliver Twist(1837-1838) 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby(1838-1839)尼古拉斯 尼克尔比The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield (1849-1850)大卫 科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1845)马丁 瞿述伟Dombey and Son ( 1846-1848)董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities(1859) 双城记Bleak House(1852-1853) 荒凉山庄Little Dorrit(1855-1857) 小多利特Hard Time(1854) 艰难时刻Great Expectations(1860-1861) 远大前程Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865) 我们共同的朋友n .The Bronte Sisters 勃朗蒂姐妹 Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)夏洛特•勃朗蒂 Emily Bronte (1818-1848)艾米丽 勃朗蒂 Ann Bronte(1820-1849)安妮 勃朗蒂 The Professor 教授 (1847)；Charlotte ； rejected by the publisher ；1857 published posthumously Jane Eyre(1847)简爱 CharlotteAngrian 安格里昂 Charlotte and their brother BranwellGondal 刚朵儿 Emily and AnnePoems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell 科勒尔 艾丽斯 贝尔特诗集( 1845) Charlotte Emily Anne Wuthering Heights (1847) 呼啸山庄 EmilyAgnes Grey(1847) 阿格尼斯 格雷 AnneThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall(1848) 维尔德费尔 霍的佃户Shirley 雪莉( 1849) CharlotteVillette 维莱特( 1853) Charlotte秋日颂 ； Hyperion 希波里恩 of a Novel (1925) 小说的未完稿5.The Victorian Period维多利亚时期1836-1837)rn .Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)阿尔弗雷德 丁尼生 (1850)Chiefly Lyrical (1830) 抒情诗集Poems ( 1832)诗集Poems ( 1842)诗集 Ulysses 尤利西斯 dramatic monologue; epic narrative ; Dora 朵拉 exquisite idylls; The Gardener The Princess ( 1847)公主 blank verse 无韵体； Tears, IdleTears 泪水，无聊的泪水； Come down, O Maid 来吧，美人； The Splendor Falls 壮美的瀑布； Sweet and Low 甜蜜与低缓 In Memoriam(1850) 悼念Maud 摩德抒情短歌集 monodramaRizpah 里兹帕Enoch Arden 伊诺克阿顿Merlin and the Gleam 魔法师与灵光Crossing the Bar 跨越沙洲 the fearlessness towards deathIdylls of the King 国王诗歌集( 1842-1885)Break, Break, Break 浪花啪、啪、啪 in memory of Tennyson 's best friend Arthur Hallam IV . Robert Browning (1812-1889)罗伯特•布朗宁Pauli ne(1833)保林Sordello(1840) 索德罗Dramatic Lyrics(1842) 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(1845) 戏剧浪漫诗与抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates (1846)铃铛与石榴树Men and Women (1855)男人与女人Dramatic Perso nae(1864)戏剧人物The Ring and the Book(1868-1869) 指环与书Dramatic Idylls(1880) 戏剧田园诗Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗 Mrs.BrowningDramatic mo no logue 戏剧独白：Pippa P asses 匹帕 帕索斯;My Last Duchess 我前一位公爵夫 人；Fra Lippo Lippi 芙拉 丽波 丽匹；The Bishop Orders His Tomb 主教下令修陵；Porphyria ' s Lover 波菲莉娅的情人；A Grammarian ' s Fun 语法学家的葬礼；The Ring and the Book 指环 与书；Meeting at Night 夜晚幽会Parting at Morning 清晨告别V .George Eliot (1819-1880) 乔治 艾略特translation ：Leben Jesu(life of Jesus) 耶稣的一生 ；Ethics 伦理学 Spinoza ； Das Wesen des Christentums(The Essence of Christianity) 基督教的精髓Scenes of Clerical Life 牧师生活一瞥Adam Bede(1859)亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss(1860) 弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner(1861)织工拉斯 马奈尔Romola (1863)罗摩拉Felix Holt, the Radical 菲利克斯 霍特，一个激进派 only novel on English politics Middle march (1872) 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda (1876)丹尼尔？德隆达 a preachment against anti-SemitismW .Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)托马斯 哈代Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人 Morte d ' Arthur 摩尔特亚瑟 's 园丁au 的女etDesperate Remedies( 1871)计出无奈Under the Greenwood Tree( 1872)格林伍德的绿林荫下Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874)远离尘嚣Tess of the D rb'er U villes(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德The Dynasts 列王a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic WarsThe Return of the Native(1878) 还乡The Trumpet Major(1880) 号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长The Woodla nders(1887)林地居民6.The Modern Period 现代时期I .George Bernard Shaw 乔治•萧伯纳(1856-1950)Cashel Byron ‘ s Profession(18卡歇尔•拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931) 九十年代的英国戏剧Widower ' s Houses(1892鳏夫的房产Mrs . Warren ‘ s Profession(1893~1 沃伦夫人的职业Can dida(1895)堪迪达Caesar and Cleopatra(1898) 凯撒与克利奥佩特拉St . Joan (1923) 圣女贞德Man and Superman(1904) 人与超人Back to Methuselah(1921) 回归玛士撒拉The Apple Cart(1929) 苹果车about politicsJohn Bull ' s Other Island(19约翰•布尔的另外岛屿about racial problemPygmalion(1912) 皮格马利翁about culture and artabout the problem of family and marriage ：Getting Married (1908) 结婚；Misalliance(1910) 不合适的婚姻；Fanny' s First Play (1911) 法妮的第一场戏The Doctor ' s Dilemma (1906医) 生的进退两难about the ignorance，incompetence, arroganceand bigotry of the medical professionToo True to Be Good(1932) 难以置信How He Lied to Her Husband 他是怎样欺骗她的丈夫的n .John Galsworthy (1867-1933)约翰•高尔斯华绥From the Four Winds (1897) 来自四位吹奏者a volume of short storiesThe man of Property(1906) 财主The Silver Box (1906) 银盒The Forsyte Saga I 弗尔塞特世家三部曲 I : The Man of Property 财主；In Chancery(1920) 骑虎难下；To Let (1921) 出租；The Forsyte Saga n : A Modern Comedy(1929)现代戏剧The Forsyte Saga 川:End of the Chapter (posthumously 1934 )篇章末尾m . William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)威廉•巴特勒•叶芝The Lake Isle of Innisfree 茵尼斯弗莉的湖中沙洲The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland 梦想仙境的人No Second Troy 没有第二个特洛伊September 1913 1913 年9 月Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭Leda and the Swan 丽达与天鹅The countess Cathleen(1892) 凯瑟琳伯爵夫人Cathlee n ni Houliha n(1902)凯瑟琳•尼•霍利翰The Land of Heart ' s Desire(1 心9欲的土地The Shadowy Waters(1900)布满荫影的水域Purgatory( 1 935)炼狱Down by the Salley Gardens 来到柳园= An Old Song Resung 老歌新唱IV . T.S.Eliot (1888-1965) T - S •艾略特The Criterion (1922)标准the editor;Nobel Prize; the Order of MeritThe Love So ng of J.Alfred P rufrock (1915) J • A •布鲁富劳克的情歌The Egoist (1917-1919)自我主义者The Waste Lan d(1922)荒原Poems 1909-25(1925)1909 至1925 年诗歌总集Prufrock and Other Observation(1917) 布鲁富劳克与其它情况Prufrock 布鲁富劳克a poem of dramatic monologueGerontion 衰老The Hollow Men 空洞的人Ash Wedn esday(1930)星期三的烟灰Four Quartets(1944)四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral(1935) 教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion(1939) 家人团圆The Cocktail Party(1950) 鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk(1954) 机要人员The Elder Statesman(1 959)年长的政客Tradition and Individual Talent 传统与个人天才essayV.D.H. Lawrenee (1885-1930)戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯Sons and Lovers(1913)儿子与情人autobiogra phical novelThe White Peacock(1911)白孔雀The Tres passer(1912)过客The Rainbow(1915) 虹Women in Love(1920) 恋爱中的女人Aaron ‘ s Rod(1922亚伦神杖Kangaroo(1923) 袋鼠The Plumed Serpent(1926) 羽蛇Lady Chatterley ' s Lover(1查泰莱夫人的情人Short stories:St. Mawr 圣摩尔;The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿;The Horse Dealer ' s Daughter 贩马人的女儿；The Captain ‘ s D船长的娃娃;The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官；The Virgin and the Gypsy 贞女和吉卜赛人The Lawrence trilogy: A Collier ' Fsriday Night(1909) 矿工的周五夜晚;The Daughter-in-Law(1912)儿媳;The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed(1914) 守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人W .James Joyce 詹姆斯•乔伊斯(1882-1941)Dubliners(1914) 都柏林人Araby 阿拉比A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ( 1916)艺术家年轻时代的肖像Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯Finn ega ns Wake(1939)菲尼根斯•韦克American1. The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期I . Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859) early Romantic writer in theAmerican literary history and Father of the American short storiesThe Letters of Jon athan Oldstyle, Ge nt. (1802-1803)江奈生•欧德斯黛尔先生书信集A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809) 自古至荷兰人占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book(1819-1820)见闻札记“ RipVan Winkle 瑞普•凡•温克尔” TheLegend of Sleepy Hollow 睡”谷的传说Bracebridge Hall(1822) 布雷斯桥之厅堂Tales of a Traveler ( 1 824)一个旅行者的故事The Alhambra(1832) 艾尔哈布拉Spanish Sketch bookn .RaIph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生a transparent eyeball 透明眼球Nature(1836)论自然first little bookThe Dial 日晷edit for a time the Transcendental journalEssays(1841)散文集” TheAmerican Scholar ( 1837)论美国学者；” SeRelianee 论自助；” The Over-Soul ”论超灵Second Series(1844)散文续集” The Poe论诗人；” Experienee论经验Thoreau (1817-1 862) embraced Emerson ' s idea Wa(ldei54)沃尔登in .Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔•霍桑(1804-1864) interior of the heart ;most ambivalent writerTwice-Told Tales(1837) 尽人皆知的故事a collection of short storiesMosses from an Old Manse(1846) 古屋青苔The Scarlet Letter(1850) 红字The Custom-House 海关a n introductory note to The Scarlet LetterThe Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales(1851) 雪的形象及其他尽人皆知的故事The House of the Seven Gables(1851)有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance(1852) 福谷传奇The Marble Faun(1860) 玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗The Minister ' s Black 甘牧师的黑面纱The Birthmark 胎记Rappaccini ' s Daugh拉帕西尼的女儿IV .Walt Whitman 沃尔特•惠特曼(1819-1892) both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil WarLeaves of Grass 草叶集Drum Taps(1865) 鼓点When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 小院子丁香花开时There was a Child Went Forth 有个孩子在长大Cavalry Crossing a Ford 骑兵过河the Drum-Taps sectionSong of Myself 自我之歌V .Herman Melville 赫尔曼•麦尔维尔(1819-1891)Moby-Dick(1851)白鲸Chapter 135 . The Chase -Third Day 第135 章：追鲸----第三天Billy Budd 比利•伯德(1924)Typ ee(1846)泰比Omoo(1847)奥穆Mardi(1849) 玛地Redburn(1849)雷得本semi-authobiographicalWhite Jacket(1850)白外衣P ierre(1852)皮埃尔Bartley, the Scrivener 文书巴特勒比Short storyBenito Cere no 本尼托•切利诺no vellaThe Confidence-Man 自信人( 1857)2.The Realistic Period 现实主义时期Local colors: Mark Twai n; Sarah Orne Jewett 沙拉•奥恩•朱威特;Jose ph Kirkla nd 约瑟夫•克科兰德；Hamlin Garland汉姆林•加兰德；I . Mark Twain 马克•吐温(1835T910) H.L. Mencken consider “the true fatherof our national literature ”The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country (1865) 加拉维县有名的跳蛙frontier tale Innocents Abroad (1869) 傻瓜出国记Roughing It (1872) 含辛茹苦The Gilded Age (1873) 镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)汤姆•索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi(1883) 密西西比河上的生活Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)哈克贝利•芬历险记A Connection Yankee in King Arthur C ourt ('18s89) 亚瑟王宫廷中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd ' nhead Wilson (189丁•海德威尔逊的悲剧The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger (1916) 神秘的陌生人n .Henry James 亨利•詹姆斯(1843~1916) the first American writer to conceivehis career in international termsThe American(1877) 美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西•米勒In The Europeans(1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of A Lady (1881) 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Princess Casamassima (1886) 卡撒玛西玛公主Short fiction:The Private Life(1893) 私生活；The Death of a Lion (1894) 狮之死；The MiddleYears (posthumously 1917) 中年Another Short fiction:Turn of the Screw(1898) 螺丝在拧紧；The Beast in the Jungle (1903)丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows(1897) 梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove(1902) 鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903)专使The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗Essay: The Art of Fiction 小说的艺术m .Emily Dickinson ( 1830-1886)艾米莉•狄金森1775 poems ,only seven appeared during her lifetime; letter to the worldThis is My Letter to the World 这是我给世人的书信I heard a Fly buzz---when I died--- 我死时听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣I like to see it lap the Miles--- 我喜欢看它舔食着一路向前Because I could not stop for Death —因为我不能为死神停下IV .Theodore Dreiser 西奥多•德莱赛(1871-1945) one of American' sliterary naturalist Short fictions: Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫;Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗高姆和他的特丽萨; Sister Carrie(1900)嘉莉妹妹The Way of the Beaten:A Harp in the Wind 失败者之路：寒风中的竖琴Jennie Gerhardt (1911)詹妮•杰哈特TRILOGY of Desire: 欲望三部曲The Financier(1912) 金融家；The Titan (1914) 巨头；The Stoic (posthumously 1947) 斯多葛The Genius (1915)天才An American Tragedy (1925) 美国悲剧Dreiser Looks at Russia ( 1 928 )德莱塞眼中的俄国3. The Modern Period 现代时期I . Ezra Pound 埃兹拉？庞德 (1885-1972) Imagist Movement 意像主义运动The translations of Ezra Pound (1953) 埃兹拉?庞德译诗集Confucius ( 1969)孔子Shih-Ching (1954) 诗经The Cantos (1917-1959 )诗章Collect of Early Poems of Ezra Pound (1982) 埃兹拉?庞德早期诗集Personae (1909) 人物Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) 休.赛尔温.莫伯利In a Station of the Metro 地铁站一瞥The River- Merchant ' s Wife: A Lette河商的妻子A Pact 盟约Critical essays ：Make It New (1934) 推陈出新；Literary Essays (1954) 论文散文集；The ABC of Reading (1934) 阅读入门；Polite Essays(1937) 论礼教文集n .Robert Lee Frost 罗伯特？李？弗洛斯特(1874-1963) Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasionsThe Road Not TakenA Boy ' s Will (1913)一个男孩的愿望North of Boston ( 1914)波斯顿以北Mending the Wall 补墙Home Burial 家葬Moun tai n In terval (1916 )山间低地“ The Road Not Taken ”没有走的路“ Birches ” 白桦；New Hampshire (1923)新罕布什尔“ StoppingDy Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪野林边停First Pulitzer PrizesWest-Running Brook (1928) 西流之溪Collected Poems (1930) 诗集Second Pulitzer PrizesA Further Range (1935)更远的境界Third Pulitzer PrizesA Witness Tree (1942)证人树“The Gift Outright ”直率的礼物Fourth Pulitzer PrizesA Masque of Reason (1 945)理性假面剧A Masque of Mercy (1947) 怜悯假面剧After Apple-Picking 摘苹果后The Road Not Taken 未选择的路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪夜林边停in . Eugene O Neill 尤金？奥尼尔(1888T953)the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize Bound East for Cardiff (1916) 驶向东边的卡尔笛福Beyond the Horizon ( 1920)天外边First Pulitzer Prize 普利策文学奖The Straw (1921) 草Anna Christie (1921 )安娜?克里斯蒂1920-1924 symbolic expressionism 象征表现主义：The Emperor Jones(1920) 琼斯皇帝；The Hairy Ape(1922) 毛猿；All God 's Chillun Got Wings (1924)所有上帝烟斗都有翅膀；Desire Under the Elms (1924) 榆树下的欲望Non-realistic forms 非现实主义：The Great God Brown (1926) 伟大的布朗；Lazarus Laughed (1927) 拉扎拉斯笑了Strange Interlude(1928) 奇怪的幕间戏Third Pulitzer PrizeThe Iceman Cometh ( 1946)冰人来了Long Day 's Journey Into Night (1956)直到夜晚的漫长的一天IV .F .Scott Fitzgerald F.司格特.菲茨杰拉德(1896~1940)Literary spokesman of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise(1 920)人间天堂The Beautiful and Damned(1922) 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby( 1925)了不起的盖茨比Tender Is the Night (1934 )夜色温柔The Last Tycoon (1940)最后的巨头unfinishedShort-story: Flappers and Philosophers (1921) 吹捧者与哲学家;Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 爵士时代的故事; All the Sad Young Men (1926) 所有悲惨的小伙子; Taps andReveille (1935)里维尔的鼓点; Babylon Revisited 重访巴比伦V.Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特.海明威(1899-1961)In Our Time (1925) 在我们的时代里The Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照样升起first true novelA Farewell to Arms(1929) 永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海Men Without Women (1927) 没有女人的男人，collection of short stories, 败的“ The战不defeated ”人；” The Killers杀手；” Fifty Grand五'十个大人物；In Death in the Afternoon (1932) 死在下午The Green Hills of Africa(1935) 美国的绿山The Snow of Kilimanjaro (1936) 乞力马扎罗之雪Have and Have Not (1937) 有钱人和没钱人Indian Camp 印第安人营地one of fourteen short stories collected under the title of InOur Time. W .William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳(1897~1962)The Marble Faun(1924) 玉石雕像Soldiers ' Pay926) 士兵的薪水Sartoris (1929) 萨托黑斯The Sou nd and the Fury (1929)喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Light in August(1932) 八月之光Absalom, Absalom!(1936) 押沙龙，押沙龙！Wild Palms(1939) 疯狂的手掌The Hamlet (1940) 小屋Two novels consisting of stories which are thematically interwoven: The Unvanquished(1938) 未被征服者；Go Down, Moses(1942) 摩西，走下去Intruder in The Dust (1948) 红尘入侵者；anti-racist ；Nobel PrizeRequiem for a Nun(1951) 修公安魂曲The Fable (1 954)寓言The Town (1 957)城镇The Mansion(1959) 豪宅A Rose for Emily 给爱米莉的玫瑰。
英美文学选读自学笔记
English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。
学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。
本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。
如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。
这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。
最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450—1066)two groups: religious –-on biblical themes ----<The Dream of the Rood > Secular ---- heroic age ---- <Beowulf >--- a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes—feudalism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously )--- French, Latin, English(co-existed language )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ‘The epic reflects a heroic age ,the romance reflects a chivalric one’ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from<The Canterbury Tales>),2 verse : <The Canterbury Tales> first use 'heroic couplet' , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)<The Legend of Good Women> first use rhymed 'heroic couplet'<The Romaunt of the Rose > octosyllabic 八音节诗3.novel: <Troilus and Criseyde> the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th—17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England‘s Go lden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissanceflourishing-------first introduced printing into England andtranslated books in English(by William Caxton) Traits of humanistic poetry: meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England) Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon(the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet’s poet(他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”)选读<The Faerie Queene> (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur—the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ‘Fierce Wares and faithful loves’.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ‘University Wits’. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ‘s characters are rather pale)Plays: <Tamburlaine> (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. Bydepicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读<Dr. Faustus> (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)<The Jew of Malta>affection for his love.)<Edward II>Poetry:<the Passionate Shepherd to His Love>(It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure <Hero and Leander>III. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)Background:from merchant’s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。
第一节英美文学课堂笔记
第一节英美文学课堂笔记(部分) 2012/2/29What is literature?For centuries, writers, literary historians, and others have debated about but failed to agree on a definition for this term. Some assume that literature is simply anything that is written, thereby declaring a city telephone book, a cook book, and a road atlas to be literary works along with David Copperfield and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Derived from the Latin litterae, meaning “letter”, the root meaning of literature refers primarily to the written word and seems to support this broad definition. However, such a definition eliminates the important oral traditions on which much of our literature is based, including Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey, the English epic Beowulf, and many Native American legends.To solve this problem, others choose to define literature as an art, thereby leaving open the question of its being written or oral. This further narrows its meaning, equating literature to works of the imagination or creative writing.To emphasize the imaginative qualities of literature, some critics choose to use the German word for literature, W ortkunst, instead of the English equivalent, forW ortkunst automatically implies that the imaginative and creative aspects of literature are essential components of the word literature itself. By this definition, written works such as a telephone or cook book can no longer be considered literature, being replaced or superseded by poetry, drama, fiction, and other imaginative writing. Although such a narrowing and an equating of the definition of literature to art seemingly simplifies what can and cannot be deemed a literary work, such is not the case. Should Madonna’s book Sexes and the lyrics of the rap song “Cop Killer” be called literary works? If so,can or should either be considered a work of literature? Defining and narrowing the definition of literature as being a work of art does not immediately provide consensus or a consistent rule concerning whether a work should be called a work of literature.Still other critics add the test-of-time criterion to their essential components of literature. If a work such as Dante’s Divine Comedy withstands the passage of time and is still being read centuries after its creation, it is deemed valuable and worthy to be called literature. This criterion also denotes literature’s functional or cultural value: If people value a writtenwork, for write ever reason they often declare it to be literature whether or not it contain the prescribed elements of a text.What this work may contain is a peculiar aesthetic quality — that some element of beauty — that distinguishes it as literature from other form of writing. Aesthetics, the branch of philosophy that deals with the cone of the beautiful, strives to determine the criteria for beauty in a work of art. Theorists such as Plato and Aristotle declare that the source of beauty inherent within the art object itself; other critics say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. And some twentieth-century theorists argue that one’s perception of beauty in a text rests in the dynamic relationship between the object and the perceiver at a given moment in time. Wherever the criteria for judging beauty of a work of art finally resides, most critics agree that a work of literature does have an appealing aesthetic quality.While distinguishing literature from other forms of writings, this appealing aesthetic quality directly contributes to literature’s chief purpose: the telling of a story. Although it maysimultaneously communicate facts, literature’s primary aim is to tell a story. The subject of this story is particularly human, describing and detailing a variety of human experiences, not stating facts or bits and pieces of information. For example, literature does not define the word courage, but shows us a courageous character acting courageously. By so doing, literature concretizes an array of human values, emotions, actions, and ideas in story form. And it is this concretization that allows us to experience vicariously the stories of a host of characters. Through these characters we observe people in action, making decisions, struggling to maintain their humanity in often inhumane circumstances, and embodying for us a variety of values and human characteristics that we may embrace, discard, enjoy, or detest.。
英美文学选读 笔记
英美文学选读笔记+考题Lecture 1 William Shakespeare1. Introduction of the course(1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week we'll meet each other two times.(2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, it's also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and I'll help you understand them.(3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes.(4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, I'll give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writer's works and one piece of American writer's works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester.(5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise it'll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class.2. William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)(1) Historical BackgroundA. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalismB. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer.(2) Life(Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writer's life.)A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding "Four Great Tragedies". ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth") He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as "Romeo and Juliet", but today we'll learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies - "The Merchant of Venice", which we'll talk about a little bit later.C. Shakespeare's sonnets are also very good. We'll first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare.(3) Sonnet 18A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.)B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poem's rhyme scheme.)Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets.C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约;complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast;D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend(4) The Merchant of VeniceA. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youthB. Setting: Venice, the Middle AgeC. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters)Portia: Shakespeare's ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of RenaissanceShylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy)D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4.E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice.F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, we'll learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia)G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostlyblank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems.(5) Recommended ReadingSonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream3. Homework1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton.2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem "To Cyriack Skinner" on P23.Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 0 1674)(Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.)1. Historical Background(Discussion: Any important event happened during Milton's life time in Britain )English Bourgeois RevolutionThe conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the ParliamentProfound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New CapitalismIn religion: The Anglican Church and the PuritanThe consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 - 1649)The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished.Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship (1649 - 1660)The Restoration: Charles II and then James IIGlorious Revolution (1688)2. Lifeborn in a rich and cultured family - handsome and hardworking - graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree - six years' private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain - writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth - blind in 1652 - arrested and fined after restoration - produced three great poems in plain lifeMost important works - three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one we'll learn today.3. To Cyriack Skinner(Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd)(1) Form: Sonnet(2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeare's sonnets)(3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence(4) (Discussion) Theme: the author's positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.)4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》)(1) Milton's masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language*epic(史诗): it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic.(2) It's a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible.*Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的Authorized Version至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.Plot: (paragraph two on P24) revolt of Satan and some other angels 0 their defeat and throwing into the Hell 0 temptation of Adam and Eve 0 expulsion of Adam and Eve(3) Theme: "to justify the ways of God to man" (submission to the Almighty) (Discussion: Is this the real theme of the poem )Real theme: praising the rebellious spirits against the despot(4) CharacterizationGod: the despot, selfish, cruel and unjust (King of Britain)Satan: real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)(Milton is a pious Christian. This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief. )(5) (P26 Learn a short excerpt from Paradise Lost) Form: blank verse(6) Explain the excerpt sentence by sentence.(7) (Do you think John Milton's works difficult ) Miltonic style: to express the sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur style(Latin words and Latin sentence structure, inversion, archaism, long sentence and mostly formal words, thus the style formed and his English rather difficult)5. Recommended ReadingJohn Milton's two sonnets: On his blindness; On his deceased wife6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter including the life of Daniel Defoe, the introduction of Robinson Crusoe and the excerpt Chapter VIII from P33 to P37.Lecture 3 Daniel Defoe (1660 0 1731)(He is a very famous novelist around the world because of his popular novel Robinson Crusoe.) 1. Historical Background(1) Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.(2) The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The Tory and the Whig, as two major parties in England, competed with each other in politics. (Discussion: What do you know about the Whig and the Tory )* 辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年,当议会讨论詹姆士公爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时,议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为"托利",反对的人则被对方称为"辉格".渐渐地,双方各自都以此自称.后来,双方的观点都发生了变化,辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度,因为"光荣革命"后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场,因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之,国王发现,无论是辉格党还是托利党,当其中一个在议会中占多数时,就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣,内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期,辉格党在政治上占优势,是议会多数党,故此,辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期,托利党才得以执政.工业革命以后,两党的主张发生一些变化.大约在19世纪30年代,托利党改称保守党(Conservative),辉格党改称自由党(Liberal).不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了,现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和工党,英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党(Labor Party)的.(3) England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century. In a series of wars, England proved her power of naval force.(4) (Discussion)With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes:A. Political writing: depending on patrons to working for either party in order to help them win more votes;B. Newspapers and journals: for parties and also for the rising middle classC. Due to the development of science and philosophy, (Issac Newton) reason rather than emotion played a more important role in the age. Thus the age was called the Age of Reason. Church's influence was greatly weakened.(5) The rise of the English novel①The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes' "Don Quixote". (西班牙,塞万提斯,《唐吉诃德》)②The rise and growth of the realistic(现实主义作家,以描写现实生活为主要目的) novel is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature. And from Defoe, the pioneer novelist in English literary history, we will meet several great novelists in the following chapters. (Forerunner of English realistic novels)2. Life (P29 Paragraph 1 and 2)(1) born in a butcher's family; father was a dissenter(2) graduated from a dissenting academy but did not want to be a clergyman(3) once a prosperous merchant; bankrupt and got into a heavy debt(4) writing all kinds of books including political pamphlets and trade books for a living(5) questionable political character because served both parties(6) versatile person contributing a lot to journalism ("The Review"; father of modern journalism) and trade(7) When he was 60 years old, he published Robinson Crusoe and then a series of novels which made him a major novelist in English literary history.3. Major works: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders etc. (P30)most important: Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders (1722)Moll Flanders: Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature. And it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center of attention in order to expose how the social system victimized them. The heroine is a woman living by stealing and cheating. It is also a tradition in English novel but the author's purpose is not showing her tricks. His purpose is satirizing the social system.4. Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(1) Background: a real incident; 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship. He lived there alone for 5 years. Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information.The first translation wad done by Lin Shu in 1905 and became quite popular in China.(2) Plot: run away from home →become a sailor →a planter in Brazil →to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck →made a living there all by himself →save a negro named Friday who became his servant →back to England →visit the remote island again and Friday was killedOriginal name of the novel: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoea picaresque novel with a little change (main character is different)(3) (Discussion) Robinson Crusoe's characterization: typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles(4) (Discussion) Theme: praising labor and man's courage and effort to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery (Friday)(5) (Ask some questions about the excerpt)What is the first thing mentioned in the excerpt done by Robinson (The first paragraph) (keeping his calendar)How Robinson made a home for himself step by step on the remote island(Finding some useful thing from the wrecked ship - making a little pale around his tent - making a hut with the roof - enlarging his cave and making it like a storehouse - making a chair and a table - making large shelves - keep everything in order(6) (Discussion) Style: journalistic truth with many vivid details, simple and plain sentence structure and language, first person point of view, natural order in narration, making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classes5. Recommended Reading: Robinson Crusoe (the complete novel)6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter, especially the Chapter VIII from P50 to P56. Try to answer question 4 and 5 on P59 after your preview.Lecture 4 Jonathan Swift (1667 0 1745)(He is a master satirist famous for his Gulliver's Travels.)1. Life(He lived in the same age with Daniel Defoe, so we needn't introduce the historical background again.)①He was born in a poor family in Dublin, Ireland. His father died before his birth.②He graduated from Trinity College in Dublin but he was a rebellious student there. He didn't want to join the church.③He worked in a nobleman's house (Sir Temple, his distant relative) and it was a bitter experience for him because he was treated as a servant.④He first supported Whig and then Tory and then left the political circle. He was good at political writing and once a very popular character. (Review the introduction of Whig and Tory.)⑤After he left political circle he returned to Ireland and became a dean. He wrote a lot of pamphlets to protest the unjust policies of English government to Ireland.⑥Because of a brain disease, Swift became insane and died miserably.2. Works(Read the first paragraph on P43)①"A Modest Proposal"?Climax of his pamphlets on Ireland?It was a bitter satire and in this small book Swift suggested the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich. (Irony)?这本小册子除了是对英国政府对爱尔兰的剥削政策的讽刺之外,也是对一些projectors的讽刺,Swift在写这本小册子时就以一个projector(献策者)自居.本文流传很广,是Swift最有名的政论文章,也是历来英国散文选必选之文章.(《英国文学名篇选注》)*Irony(反讽):This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term "irony", there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. ②"Gulliver's Travels"(《格列佛游记》)?Background: famous as a book for children but actually an important satirical book; took the form of a travel book because this form was popular at that time?Central character: Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship?Four voyages: Lilliput to Brobdingnag to Laputa to the country of Houyhnms (Read the introduction on P43)?(Discussion) Do you think Swift designed these strange stories only for fun(Answer: no, the purpose is making a bitter satire on English politics and other vices in the society at that time.)?(Turn to P50 and see the excerpt) This is a chapter taken from the last part of the book. It is mainly about the country of Houyhnms. In Gulliver's Travels, before each chapter begins, you can find several sentences telling you the main ideas of the chapter.(Answer the question 4 and 5 on P59.)(Discussion) What are the implied ideas the author tried to convey by this chapter(The author believed Reason was very important for human being. If human's desires aren'tcontrolled by reason, human will become disgusting like yahoos one day in the future. Notice the special historical background of the book - Age of Reason.)?(Discussion) Style of Swift's prose: His prose style is simple, clear and vigorous. His famous saying "Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style" influenced a lot later writers.3. Recommended ReadingGulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal4. HomeworkPreview chapter 6 (P70 A Red, Red Rose) and chapter 7 (P75 London).Lecture 5 Robert Burns and William Blake(Today we will meet two interesting poets. They lived in the later part of the 18th century and each has some special characteristics which make them have a peculiar position in the English literary history.)1. Robert Burns (1759 0 1796) (罗伯特彭斯) (He was called the national poet of Scotland. But he mainly lived a hard life and died when he was only 37 years old.)(*Scotland: 1707 为英格兰吞并,1745发生过大规模反英起义,曾经是一个独立的国家,有自己独特的民族传统,著名电影Brave Heart)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 on P69)A. He was born in a poor peasant family and only received two and a half years of regular schooling.B. He has been a poor peasant for nearly half of his life.C. He had an intimate knowledge of Scottish folk songs and ballads.D. He decided to go to Jamaica to make a living. He published his poem collection for passage money. The collection called Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect became popular soon so Burns cancelled his plan.E. He has been a lower rank official in the rest of his life. And he collected and published lots of Scottish folk songs and ballads but refused any payment.F. He died when he was 37. All his life he lived in poverty and illness.(2) Poems(His poems can be divided into several groups according to their themes.)A. On love and friendship"A Red, Red Rose", "Auld Lang Syne"(友谊地久天长)etc.B. On patriotism"Scots Wha Hae" etc.(3) Sample: "A Red, Red Rose"A. Background: wrote in 1794 and published in 1796, based on a Scottish folk song, a famous English love poemB. (Discussion) Q1: Rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Who is speaking in the poemQ3: To whom is the poem addressedQ4: What is the theme of the poemC. (Answers) Q1: "ballad meter": in each stanza the odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic trimesters and the rhyme scheme is abcbQ2: first-person "I", a person in love with a girlQ3: the lover, girlfriend of the poetQ4: showing the deep love to the loverD. Explain several difficult points of the poemA Red Red RoseO, my luve is like a red, red rose, (luve即标准英文中的love,这里是苏格兰方言)That's newly sprung in June,(sprung是spring的过去式,发芽的意思)O, my luve is like the melodie,(melodie: sweet music)That's sweetly play'd in tune.(in tune: harmoniously)As fair art thou, my bonie lass,(fair美丽;art thou: are you;bonie lass: pretty girl)So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,(still: always, forever)Till a'the seas gang dry. (until all seas become dry; a': all; gang: go)Till a'the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o'life shall run. (as long as I live; sand指古代计算时间用的沙漏)And fare thee weel, my only luve, (fare you weel也就是farewell or good-bye to you)And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my luve,Tho' it were ten thousand mile! (tho': though)一朵红红的玫瑰(王佐良译)啊!我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;啊!我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏的合拍又和谐.我的好姑娘,多么美丽的人儿!请看我,多么深挚的爱情!亲爱的,我永远爱你,纵使大海干涸水流尽.纵使大海干涸水流尽,太阳将岩石烧作灰尘,亲爱的,我永远爱你,只要我一息犹存.珍重吧,我惟一的爱人,珍重吧,让我们暂时离别,但我定要回来!哪怕千里万里!E. (Discussion) Features: using of Scottish dialect; form of folk song and ballad (rhyme scheme and repetition); musical quality; plain but passionate language(4) Recommended Reading"Auld Lang Syne"; "John Anderson, my jo" or some other poems written by Burns2. William Blake (1757 - 1827)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 and 2 on P73)A. born in a poor family in London; received a little formal education on drawingB. first an apprentice of an engraver and later an engraver himself nearly all his lifeC. a pious Christian and died in obscurity and poverty(2) WorksA. Songs of Innocence (1789): pictures of merry nature and innocent children; everything in harmony; only some minor vicesB. Songs of Experience (1794): contrast; pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the poor; showing the change of the author's world view and also showing the change of the social background(3) Sample: London (P75)A. (Discussion) Q1: Do you think this poem is taken from Song of Innocence or Song of ExperienceQ2: Did the author love the London described in the poemQ3: What is the rhyme scheme of the poemQ4: What is the theme of the poemB. (Answer) Q1: Song of ExperienceQ2: No. (He once loved London very much and wrote such lines "golden London and her silver Thames" but London gradually degenerated in the poet's heart)Q3: abab; iambic tetrameterQ4: criticizing the dark sides of English society and showing the sufferings of common people (The poem has been called "mightiest brief poem" because it employs only several images to describe some deep-rooted social vices vividly.)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.* Chinese version伦敦(王佐良译)我走过每条独占的街道,徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边,我看见每个过往的行人有一张衰弱,痛苦的脸每个人的每声呼喊每个婴孩害怕的号叫每句话,每条禁令都响着心灵铸成的镣铐多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫震惊了每座熏黑的教堂不幸士兵的长叹像鲜血留下了宫墙最怕是深夜的街头又听年轻妓女的诅咒它骇住了初生儿的眼泪又带来瘟疫,使婚车变成灵柩D. Features: vivid images to make the poem picturesque; short, clear and concise; simple and fresh words; mysterious atmosphere and difficult symbolism in some poemsE. Conclusion: a precursor of Romanticism (pay more attention on inspiration and emotion rather than reason and neat form of the poem)(4) Recommended ReadingThe Chimney Sweeper; The Tyger; Holy Thursday etc.3. HomeworkPreview Chapter 8 (Composed upon Westminster Bridge) and Chapter 12 (On the Grasshopper and Cricket).Lecture 6 William Wordsworth and John Keats1. Age of Romanticism(1) Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)(2) Essence: shift from reason to emotion(3) Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution (1789 Bastille) and American Independence War (1776 win): revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)": great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor(4) FeaturesA. Subjectivism ("Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"): poetry expresses poets' minds.B. Spontaneity: opposing rules and regulations, free choice of formC. Enlarging the subject matter: countryside life; supernatural; natural beauty etc.D. Simplicity of languageE. For English literature, it was an Age of Poetry. (lots of famous poets)2. William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)(1) Life (P79 Paragraph 1 - 4)A. born in a lawyer's family but lost both of his parents when he was youngB. was educated in a school in the beautiful lake district thus developed an interest in natureC. graduated from Cambridge and a supporter of French RevolutionD. gradually grew conservative and became Poet Laureate*lake poets: three poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey; they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They were friends and traversed the same path in politics and in poetry.(2) PoemsA. Collection: Lyrical Ballads (1798) (cooperated with Coleridge) (in the Preface proposed some different views on poetry) (mark the beginning of romanticism)B. Two categories according to themeHe is mainly famous for his poems on nature, such as "I wandered lonely as a cloud".He also wrote lots of poems on common people's life, such as "The solitary reaper", "She dwelt among the untrodden way", "We are seven" etc.(3) Sample: Composed upon Westminster Bridge (P82)A. (Discussion) Q1: form and rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Tell the name of the city and the river described in the poemQ3: What is the theme of the poemQ4: Did the beautiful scenery of the city influence the authorB. (Answer) Q1: sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd (note 1 on P83)Q2: London; ThamesQ3: praising the beauty of the scenery of London in morningQ4: It made the author felt a deep calm. (This can be found from the poem)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.*西敏寺桥上人间没有比这更美好的景象,它是那样庄严,又那样辉煌谁能经过它身边而无动于衷这城市此刻批着美丽的晨光像穿着睡衣;坦露而又安详,那些船舶,楼阁,剧院,教堂,直伸向田野,又深入高空一切在明朗的空中熠熠闪光璀璨的朝阳从未这样美丽地照耀过大地上的峡谷和山冈我从未看到或感到这般沉静河水正在欢快的自由流淌亲爱的主啊!万物似在安睡那伟大的心灵也停止了跳荡D. (Discussion) Question 2 on P83(Answer) different social position of the poet; different aspect to observe London(4) Recommended Reading"I wandered lonely as a cloud", "The solitary reaper" or other poems written by Wordsworth.3. John Keats (1795 - 1821)(He was a genius in poem creation but lived a short and tragic life.)(1) LifeA. He was born in a poor family. And when he was very young, both his parents died.B. He had been an apprentice to a surgeon and then assistant in hospital.C. He loved to read poems. After two collections of poems' publication, Keats gave up his career in hospital.D. Because of Keats' friendship with those radical writers such as Hazlitt, Hunt and Shelley, his works were severely attacked by conservative critics.E. All his life time, Keats lived in poverty. And because he took care of his brother who got consumption, he himself was stricken by same kind of disease, which cannot be cured at that time. And because of the disease, Keats cannot marry the girl he loved deeply. All the misery made a shadow in Keats' poetry.F. In 1821, when Keats died in Rome because of consumption, he was only 26 years old.(2) Poems(Keats wrote some nice long poems, but he was mainly famous for his short poems.)①SonnetsKeats' famous sonnets include "When I have fear", "Bright Star", "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "On the Grasshopper and Cricket" and so on.②Odes* Odes: A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanza structure. 颂诗His famous odes include "Ode to Autumn", "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and so on.。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
英美文学学习笔记-Period-EL
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodA basic introduction to the neoclassical period.1) What we now call the neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 17982) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one.3) Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world. It had become the work-shop of the world, her manufactured goods flooding foreign markets far and near.Briefly discuss "Enlightenment Movement" ---4) The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centures. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth," "eternal justice' and natural equality."5) They called for a reference to order, reason and rules: the enlighteeners advocated universal education; They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. If the masses were well educated, they thought, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.1) What is "neoclassicism"? ---1) In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about (导致)a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendenchy is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of contemporarhy French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary experssions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.1) The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form--- the modern English novel, which, contray to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This --- the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century---is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class. Among the pinoeers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias, George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.2) Gothic novels: mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.3) Robert Burns and William Blake also joined in, paving the way for the flourish of Romanticism earlyu the next century.4) In the theatrical world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights. And of the witty and satiric prose, those written by Jonathan Swift are especially worth studying, his A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.Daniel Defoe1) It's a real wonder that such a busy man as Defoe would have found time for literary creation. The fact is that, at the age of nearly 60, he started his first novel Robinson Crusoe, Which was an immediate success. In the following years, he wrote four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana, apart from the second and thethird part of Robinson Crusoe and a pseudo-factual account of the Great Plague in 1664-1665, A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)2) Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.RobinsonCrusoe 1) Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit orthe external beauty of language but to pay soecial attention to True Wit which is best setin a plain style.2) The poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exertedgreat influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules andpopularizing the meoclassicist tradition in England.3)(节选) Some to conceit alone their taste confine, And glittering thoughts struck out atevery line; Pleased with a work whre nothing's just or fit, One glaring chaos and wildheap of wit. Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace, The naked nature and the livinggrace, With gold and jewels cover every part, And hide with ornaments their want ofart, true wit is Nature ot advantage dressed, What oft was thought, but ne'er so wellexpressed.An Essay on CriticismJohn Bunyan1) In prison he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress, which was published in 1678 after his release.2) Bunyan's other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim's Progress, Part II.3) The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally in structive.4) Vanity Fair seels all kinds of merchandise such as hourses, lands, honors, titles, lusts, pleasures. It symbolizes the society where everything becomes goods and can be bought by money.Alexander Pope1) As a representative of the Englishtenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.2) Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.The Dunciad , generally considered Pope's best satiric work took him over ten years for final completion.1) Robinson Crusoe is supposed based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island for five years. Actually, the story is an imagination.2) In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive nad artless youth into a shrewd and handened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.3) In the novel, Robinson is a real hero and he is an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mid-eighteenth century England.4) Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. so it verysuccessfulTo the RightHonorable theEarl ofChesterfield.1) The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, and The History of Amelia. The foremer is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.2) Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Nove." fo his contribution to theestablishement of the form of the modern novel. Of all the 18 century novelists he was the first to set out,both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose." the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.1) Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, is generallyconsidered Fielding's masterpiece.2) For a time, tom became a national hero. People were fond of this young fellow withmanly virtues and yet not without fault-honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits. In a way, the young man stands for a wayfaring everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to gothrough hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness.3) Tom Jones brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer." By this, Fielding hasindeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."Tom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones Samuel Johnson1) As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the firstg English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.2) Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.Jonathan Swift1) Jonathan Swift, in 1726, he wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver's Travels.2) Swift is a master satirist. His A Modest Proposal" is generally taken as a perfect model. By suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making hte most devastating protest aginast the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class.3) Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. "Proper words in proper places."4) SWIFT'S CHIEF WORKS ARE: A taleof a Tub, The Battle of the Books, The Drapier's Letters,Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal1) Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work, was published in 1726, under thetitle of Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, by Samuel Gulliver. Thebook contains four parts, each dealing with one particular voyage during which Gullivermeets with extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met withshipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune.2) As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms andsatires of all aspects in the then English and European life---socially, politically,religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. its social significance is greatand its exploration into human nature profound." My gentleness and good behaviour had gained so far on the Emperor and his count,and indeed upon the army and people in general, that I began to conceive hopes ofgetting my liberty in a short time, I took all possible methods to cultivate this favorabledisposition."Gulliver's TravelsHenry Fielding1) In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of humanlife with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk withthe great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.2) Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.Elegyh Written in a Country Churchyard Richard Brinsley Sheridan1) The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.2) Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially The Rival and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.3) Besides The Rivals and The School for Scandal, Sheridan's other works included: St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, a two-act farce; the Duenna, a comic opera; The Critic, a burlesque and a satire on sentimental drama; and Pizarro, a tragedy adapted from a German play.The School for Scandal.1) The School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharpsatire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and, above all, on the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-soundingmoral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. Nowonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.Thomas Gray1) Horace Walpole, author of the famous Gothic novel The Old Castle of Otranto2) Thomas Gray declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.3) His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially " the Graveyard School." hHis poems, as a whole, are mostlhy devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life,past and present.4) His other poems include "Ode on the Spring, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Hymnb to Adversity, and two translations from old Norse: the Descent of Odin,and The Fatal Sisters.。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文学怎么做笔记
英美文学怎么做笔记全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英美文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，对于学习者来说是一个必不可少的课程。
而在学习英美文学的过程中，如何做好笔记是至关重要的一环。
只有通过认真整理和总结所学内容，才能更好地掌握知识，提高学习效率。
下面将介绍一些关于英美文学如何做笔记的方法，希望能够对大家有所帮助。
1. 做好预习在开始学习一本英美文学的时候，首先要做好预习工作。
可以在课前阅读相关的资料、课文内容，对要学习的内容有一个初步了解。
同时也可以在预习过程中对一些重点内容进行标记，为后期的学习做准备。
预习可以让学习者更好地掌握学习的重点，有针对性地进行学习。
2. 分块笔记在学习英美文学时，可以将每个文学作品或者每个文学时期的内容进行分块笔记。
这样不仅可以方便学习者后期复习时查找信息，也可以让学习者更好地理清思路，明确重点。
分块笔记是一种比较常见的笔记方式，可以使学习者的笔记更加有条理，易于回顾。
3. 制作思维导图在做笔记的过程中，可以尝试使用思维导图来帮助整理内容。
将各种知识点以树状图的方式展示在纸上，可以清晰地展现出各个知识点之间的联系和层次。
通过制作思维导图，学习者可以更好地理解知识，加深印象，提高学习效果。
4. 记录重点内容在学习英美文学的过程中，学习者需要抓住重点，将重要的知识点、思想观点等内容进行记录。
可以在笔记本上用不同颜色的笔或者标记器来标注重点内容，突出重要性。
这样不仅可以方便后期复习，还可以加深对知识点的记忆。
5. 做好总结在每节课或者每个学习阶段结束后，学习者可以对所学内容进行总结。
可以从主题、人物、文学手法等角度展开，归纳整理所学知识，形成一个较为完整的总结。
通过总结，可以帮助学习者更好地理解知识，加深记忆，提高学习效果。
6. 多维度考虑在做笔记的过程中，学习者可以从多个维度考虑问题，将知识点进行横向和纵向的联系，形成一个较为完整的体系。
可以从文学作品的内容、作者的背景、历史背景等方面入手，全面理解文学作品的内涵和意义。
英美文学选读第三章笔记Romantic period
第三章I.Multiple choice1.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thoughtthat designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to seethe individual as the very center of all life and all experience在文學歷史上，浪漫主義認為個人應是生命及實踐的中心。
我們還可以說浪漫主義是將人們的注意力從外部世界---社會文明移到內部世界---人類自已的精神文明的實質2.The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake ,wordsworth,coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the marjor poets. Theystarted a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regardas the peotic revolution浪漫主義是詩歌的時代，代表詩人有布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟慈. 他們發起了對新古典主義的反判，這便是後世所稱“詩人革命”3.In the romantic period, Poetry is the most prosperous 繁榮literary form浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代4.in the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry intomaturity?Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的結合一詩標志著威廉布萊克創作上的成熟, 該詩創作於法國大革命高潮期間，並擔負諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色，在這首詩中，布萊克探索了對立事物之間的關系，吸引與排拆，理智與精力，愛與恨等對立事物都對人類生存有著舉足輕重的作用，布萊克認為生活就是不斷的對立沖突，如給與和索取，善與惡，天真純樸與經驗世故，肉體與精神等，他認為沒有對立的矛盾，就不會有社會與個人的進步，婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，並非一方從屬另一方5.The declaration that “ I know that This World is a World ofImagination&Vision” and that “ the Nature of my work is visionary orimaginative” belong to which of the following writingWilliam Blake生活在革命啟示光輝中的布萊克熱切的宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻象6.In William Blake’s peotry, the father (and any other in whose he saw theimage of the father such as God&his Priest, &King) was usually a figure oftyranny 專治7.the Lone of literature in “Songs of Experience” by William Blake is doleful經驗之歌描寫了一個充滿苦難，貧窮，疾病與戰爭的世界而天真之歌描寫了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管著這世界偶有苦難與罪惡8.William Wordsworth is reagrades as a “worshipper of nature”華爾華茲從少年時代，他就對大自然充滿愛戀, 被稱為“大自然的膜拜者”，我如行雲獨自遊“一詩是英國詩中的奇葩，把我們帶入華茲華斯詩歌宗旨的核心9.Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I wandered lonely as a cloud 我如行雲獨自遊posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特橋上有感C.The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者D.The Chimney Sweeper 掃煙窗的孩子william black10.Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems aboutnature and poems about human life按照主題，華的短詩可以分為兩大類，關於自然的關於人類生活的11.Which of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?Iyrical Ballads(抒情歌謠集) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and WilliamWordsworth科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集, 革命與獨立則成為抒情歌謠集中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次12.Coleridge’s peoms”the rime of the ancient mariner, christabel and kublakhan are known as Demonic group包括他的三部代表作古航海家之歌，克麗斯特貝爾以及忽必烈汗這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象，詩歌的背景都設在詩人的記憶與夢幻之中，故事的發生，發展與絲毫不受理性的羈絆，這類詩歌的他作目的是將詩人自覺的意識與神的寬恕相調和13.Place me on Sumium’s marbled steep 讓我登上蘇尼姆大理石般的懸崖Where nothingSave the waves and I 那裡隻有海浪與我May hear our mutual murmurs sweep 能聽彼此的喃喃低語掠過There,swan like, let me sing and die 在那裡，象天鵝一樣，讓我歌唱後死亡A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine 一個奴棣的國家永遠不是我的國家Dash down you cup of Samian wine 把那杯薩莫斯的酒摔下These lines are taken fromThe Isles of Greece Byron拜爾的西臘島, 節選自唐璜14.“Don Juan” is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19thcentury唐璜是19世紀初斯的著名諷刺史詩15.In his lyrics 抒情詩such as “Ode 頌to Liberty”” Ode to Naples”, PercyBysshe Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny 專治，暴政雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如自由頌，那不勒斯頌16.Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere 狂野的精靈，你吹遍四方Destroyer and preserver 毀滅者和保存者，Hear, O hear! 聽啊聽Two lines are found inOde to the west wind by shelley 西風頌，雪萊17.In Shelley’s “ To a Skylark”致雲雀the bird , suspended between realityand poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the Poet Both celestial rapture and human limitation18.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic dramaPrometheus Unbound雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇—解放了的普羅米修斯, 詩劇源於希臘神話及古希臘悲劇家埃斯庫羅斯的劇作“被縛的普羅米修斯”，普羅米修斯為人類的生存盜取天火，被刀神之王宙斯拴縛在高加索山上，飽受折磨，雪萊在序言中指出，他雖然沿用埃斯庫羅斯的情節，卻改變了普羅米修斯與宙斯和解的結局，而是將暴君趕下寶座，換來新生的宇宙天地，詩中普羅修斯與天帝的鬥爭表現了法國大革命失敗後，英國與歐洲資產階級革命家對封建反動勢力的不滿與反抗情緒。
英美文学笔记2
美国文学史及选读（第二册）笔记The Literature of Realism陈银2014/3/7 Lecture 2 Teaching Aims• 1. To learn Walt Whitman and Harriet Beecher Stowe' s life and career• 2. To understand Walt Whitman's contribution and his poems'feature• 3. To understand Harriet Beecher Stowe' s——Uncle Tom’s CabinWalt Whitman(1819 –1892)•American poet, essayist ,journalist, and humanist• A part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism•The father of free verseLife and CareerBorn in 1819 on Long Island, New YorkPoor & Semiliterate(半文盲的）parents, only 5-6 years formal education, self-educated Worked as office boy, printing worker, school teacher(1836), free-lance writerIn 1842 he was editor of the Aurora [ɔ:'rɔ:rə] and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the Brooklyn EagleSupported slavery abolishing, dismissed from his jobServed as a volunteer nurse during the Civil WarDied in 1892, unmarried all his lifeMajor Works of Whitman•Leaves of Grass草叶集•Drum-Taps桴鼓集•Song of Myself自我之歌•I Sit and Look Out坐观世间•O Captain, My Captain!船长，我的船长•When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候•I hear America Singing我听见美国在歌唱Leaves of Grass 草叶集First published in 1855 with only 12 poemsNine editions and last edition includes more than 400 poemsCelebrates the ideals of equality, democracy, the dignity, self-reliant spirit and joy of common peopleGrass---the most common thing with the greatest vitality, as a symbol of the rising AmericanWalt Whitman’s Contribution•He believes the American poets would create both new forms and new subjects matter for poetry.•In terms of poetic form, he advocated a completely new and completely American form of expression----free verse.•In terms of contents, most of his poems are about man and nature, especially common people and ordinary Americans. He wanted his poetry to be for the common peopleMajor Themes in His Poetry•Equality of things and beings•Divinity of everything•Multiplicity of nature•Self-reliant spirit•Death, beauty of death•Expansion of America•Brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)•Pursuit of love and happinessFeatures of Whitman’s poetry1.The use of a certain pronoun “I”2.Two principles•Parallelism or a rhyme of thought•Phonetic recurrence ( the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end)E.g.I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you3. The adopt of “free verse”---poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme4. The use of colorful words and vivid imagesSong of MyselfThe two principal beliefs embodied in this poem:In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: the theory of universality, which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value. He extols whole universe and the world. He is thinking of the self as a powerful and sensitive instrument for receiving and expressing. He moves from himself to you to others, to all humanity all together about him."Self"In this poem Whitman seems to put himself in the center, but the "self" of the poem's speaker - the "I" of the poem - should not be limited to or confused with the person of the historical Walt Whitman. This is an expansive persona, one that has exploded the conventional boundaries of the self. "I pass death with the dying, and birth with the new-washed babe .... and am not contained between my hat and boots" (section 7).There are several other quotes from the poem that make it apparent that Whitman does not see himself as the voice of one individual. Rather, he seems to be speaking for all:•“in all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less/and the good or bad I say of myself I say of them”(Section 20)•“it is you talking just as much as myself…I act as the tongue of you”(Section 47)•“I am large, I contain multitudes.” (Section 51)•“For every atom belonging to me as good b elongs to you.”(Section 1)Harriet Beecher Stowe（1811-1896）"So you are the little woman who wrote the book that created this great war." -Abraham Lincoln, 1862 upon meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe•Harriet was one of eleven brothers and sisters, many of whom became famous reformers.•Harriet was first a student and then a teacher at Hartford Female Seminary, a school founded by her sister Catherine. At that time, Hartford Female Seminary was one of onlya handful of schools that took the education of girls seriouslyLiterary InfluencesHarriet Beecher Stowe was influenced by many people. The most prominent influences in her life were:•Her father, Lyman, a minister and seminary president•Her sister, Catherine, an innovative educator•Her younger brother, Henry, a minister•Her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe, a professor and strong critic of slavery.Literary Influence and Themes•The author drew from these influences a strong sense of morality, which appears in the Puritan style of her characters, her religious identity, and a belief in the equality of all people, men and women.•When the U.S. government passed the Fugitive Slaves Act(prohibiting assistance to runaway slaves) she felt it was necessary to voice her opinions and began writing Uncle Tom's Cabin.•Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the best-selling novel of the 19th century in the U.S. Literary Themes•Equality of all people•Evil reality of slavery•Christian love can overcome all (even something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings)•The moral power of womenUncle Tom’s Cabin –Main Characters•George Shelby•Uncle Tom•Eliza and her son Harry•Eva and her father, Augustine St. Clare•Simon LegreePlotTwo main stories dominate the novel:1. the story of Eliza and her son Harry2. the story of Uncle Tom.Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Plot•One story serves as an escape narrative, chronicling Eliza and George’s flight to freedom.•The other story is a slavery narrative, chronicling Uncle Tom’s descent into increasingly worse states of oppression.Polarization of North and SouthUncle Tom’s Cabin•Not surprisingly, the action in the escape narrative moves increasingly northward, with Canada representing its endpoint and the attainment of freedom by the escaped slaves.•The action in the slavery narrative moves increasingly southward, with Tom’s death occurring on Legree’s plantation in rural Louisiana, far into the Deep South.•The geographical split in the novel represents the wide gulf between freedom and slavery and plays into Stowe’s general use of parallelism and contrast in making her political points.The Evil Reality of Slavery•Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it illegal for anyone in the United States to offer aid or assistance to a runaway slave.•The novel seeks to attack the Fugitive Slave Act and the institution it protected, advocating the immediate emancipation of the slaves and freedom for all people. Religious Themes –Christian ValuesEach of Stowe’s scenes serves, without exception, to persuade the reader—especially the Northern reader of Stowe’s time—that slavery is evil, un-Christian, and intolerable in a civil society.The Incompatibility of Slavery & Christian Values•Writing for a mainly religious, predominantly Protestant audience, Stowe takes great pains to illustrate the fact that the system of slavery and the moral code of Christianity oppose each other.•In the book, the more religious a character is, the more he or she objects to slavery.The Moral Power of Women•Although Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin before the widespread growth of the women’s rights movement of the late 1800s, the reader can nevertheless regard the book as a exemplar of early feminism.•The text portrays women as morally conscientious, committed, and courageous—indeed, often as more morally conscientious, committed, and courageous than men.Uncle Tom’s Cabin MotifsMotifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.1.Christ Figures•The novel presents two instances of a sacrificial death linked to Christ’s.•Eva and Tom, the two most morally perfect characters in the novel, both die in atmospheres of charged religious belief, and both die, in a sense, to achieve salvation for others. Both Tom and Eva are explicitly compared to Christ.2.The Supernatural and Divine Intervention•Several supernatural instances of divine intervention in the novel suggest that a higher order exists to oppose slavery.•When Eliza leaps over the Ohio River, jumping rapidly between blocks of ice without fear or pain, the text tells us that she has been endowed with a “strength such as God gives only to the desperate,”facilitating her escape from oppression2. The Supernatural and Divine Intervention•Tom’s faith begins to lapse at the Legree plantation because of how badly he is treated.However, he is visited by religious visions that restore it, thus sustaining him in his passive resistance of Legree.•Before Eva dies, she glimpses a view of heaven and experiences a miraculous presentiment of her own death; these occurrences reinforce Eva’s purity and add moral authority to her anti-slavery stance.Homework•Appreciate the woman's power (Eliza) in The Mother's Struggle•Review Emily Dickinson。
[文学]张伯香英美文学选读笔记完整笔记_全面归纳
Chapter I The Renaissance Period一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Brief Introduction to the Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actuall y a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-d iscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geograp hy & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The R enaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the Europe an humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feu dalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early ch urch from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang fr om the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscio us, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on su ch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new le arning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, bu t the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists foun d in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was their s not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beau ty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonder s. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the be st representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iam bic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influ ence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried t o break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neo classic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. Th e imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance her A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Chr istopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and fu ll of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He e mbodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Differen t from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven thr ough salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and cont rives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Re naissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing su ch a spirit.（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。