西方文化概论考试题及答案
(完整word版)西方文化概论

西方文化概论克里特文明1【单选题】克里特文明开始突然衰落是从公元前(C)以后。
A、14世纪B、16世纪C、15世纪D、13世纪2【单选题】根据考古发掘,西方文明是起始于(A)左右以前。
A、4500年B、3000年C、4000年D、5000年3【单选题】以下哪一项是西方文明最早的源头?(A)A、克里特岛B、埃及C、罗马D、以上都对4【判断题】爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明.(×)5【判断题】西方文明的摇篮是希腊文明.(√)迈锡尼文明1【单选题】被称为“英雄时代”,是希腊文明中的(D)。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代2【单选题】以下关于迈锡尼文明时期,北方入侵的三支浪潮的说法正确的是哪一项?(B)A、第一、二支是暴力入侵B、第一支浪潮是和平渗透C、第一、二支是和平渗透D、第一、三支是暴力入侵3【单选题】按照早到晚顺序将几个希腊文明的阶段进行排序,正确的是(A).A、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、黑暗时代、希腊文明B、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代C、迈锡尼文明、克里特文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代D、克里特文明、黑暗时代、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明4【判断题】迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴,也有北方粗狂的特点。
(√)5【判断题】希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
(×)爱琴神话1【单选题】以下哪一位是最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人?(D)A、亚里士多德B、荷马C、柏拉图D、赫西俄德2【单选题】集中在(A)的两个半岛的是希腊最主要的文明。
A、南方B、北方C、东方D、西方3【单选题】最早时期,奥运会是一种(A)。
A、祭祀活动B、体育比赛C、筛选官兵的方式D、娱乐活动4【判断题】神兽同形同性是希腊神话中一个显著的特点。
(×)5【判断题】克里特神话包括“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”.(√)赫西俄德与荷马1【单选题】古希腊神话中,大地之神该亚在未经交配的情况下就生下了(D).A、大海之神和动物之神B、天宇之神和星月之神C、动物之神和山河之神D、大海之神和天宇之神2【单选题】荷马和赫西俄德生活在下面哪一时期?(C)A、城邦文明时期B、克里特文明时期C、黑暗时代将尽D、以上都不对3【单选题】认为(A)有血缘关系是希腊神话的特点之一.A、英雄和神B、老百姓和神C、统治者和神D、士兵和神4【判断题】让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运是希腊悲剧的深刻性所在。
西方文化概论考试题

西方文化概论考试题一、选择题1. 西方文化的起源可以追溯到以下哪个时期?A. 古希腊时期B. 文艺复兴时期C. 工业革命时期D. 当代现代化时期2. 哪位希腊哲学家被认为是西方文化的奠基人?A. 亚里士多德B. 柏拉图C. 西塞罗D. 苏格拉底3. 文艺复兴运动是在哪个国家兴起的?A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国4. 哪本书是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的著作之一?A. 《圣经》B. 《简·爱》C. 《哈姆雷特》D. 《唐吉诃德》5. 哪位科学家被称为现代物理学之父?A. 牛顿B. 达尔文C. 哥白尼D. 欧几里德二、判断题判断下列说法是否正确,正确的在括号内写“√”,错误的写“×”。
1. (√)《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的作品,属于英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。
2. (×)文艺复兴运动对欧洲其他国家的文化影响不大,主要局限于意大利地区。
3. (√)工业革命对西方社会产生了巨大的影响,使之从传统农业社会转变为现代工业社会。
4. (×)西方文化的核心是个人主义和自由,与集体主义和权威主义完全不同。
5. (√)西方文化中的人文主义强调人的尊严和价值,提倡人类的自由发展和个体意识的觉醒。
三、问答题1. 请简要介绍西方文化的主要特点和价值观。
西方文化的主要特点包括个人主义、理性主义、人权和科学精神等。
个人主义强调个体的独立性和个人权利,在人际关系和社会交往中强调个体的意愿和选择。
理性主义崇尚理性思维和科学方法,在知识的获取和问题解决中强调逻辑和分析。
人权是西方文化的核心价值观之一,认为每个人都享有平等的尊重和权利。
科学精神是对客观世界的追求和理解,注重实证和证据的支持。
2. 西方文化中的哪些艺术形式对世界产生了深远的影响?西方文化中的艺术形式包括文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧和电影等。
其中,莎士比亚的戏剧作品被认为是世界戏剧史上的巅峰之作,对后世的文学和戏剧创作产生了深远的影响。
西方文化概论-赵林-样卷答案整理

“西方文化概论”通识课二、论述题1、分析希腊文化、罗马文化与基督教文化之间的内在联系与本质差异。
8A、希腊文化的基本特点是和谐之美,它作为西方文化的摇篮,将一切矛盾的东西都融为一体,灵与肉、理想与现实等矛盾尚未发展到对立的程度,因此希腊文化具有一种原始的或童稚的美感(10分)。
B、罗马文化对希腊文化多有模仿,但是罗马文化却具有独特的文化精神,它把希腊文化的和谐之美片面地推向了物质主义、功利主义的极端,虽然罗马人建立了强大的国家和较为完善的法律体系,但是在精神方面却极为贫乏(10分);C、基督教文化是以一种否定的方式从罗马文化中成长起来的,它的文化精神与罗马文化形成了鲜明的对照,即以一种唯灵主义和彼岸主义与罗马文化相对立。
但是在中世纪基督教文化中,这种唯灵主义的理想并未能真正落实到教会实践中,其结果导致了基督教理想与现实之间的二元分裂和普遍虚伪,最终引发了宗教改革运动(15分);D、罗马文化和基督教文化可以看作是对希腊文化的两种截然相反的片面发展,到了近代,西方文化才走向了一个历史的合题,即试图在一个新的起点上将三种文化辩证地统一起来(5分)。
2、结合新教三大主流教派的具体情况来说明宗教改革运动对于西方文化变革的重大历史意义。
6A、新教的三大主流教派分别是德国的路德宗、英国的安立甘宗和瑞士的加尔文宗(5分);B、路德率先发起宗教改革,打破了罗马天主教一统天下的格局。
路德通过“因信称义”思想倡导了一种精神上的自由,把信仰变成了个人的事情(10分);C、安立甘宗的改革是由英国国王从上至下地进行的,它把国王的权力提升到罗马教会之上,促进了英国民族国家的崛起和立宪政治的发展,并且通过教产还俗推动了英国资本主义原始积累的发展(10分);D、加尔文宗改革的最重要的意义在于,通过“天职”观念使得日常工作获得了一种宗教意义,从而为资本主义经济发展提供了一种合理主义根据(10分);E、新教三大主流教派的上述改革在思想、政治和经济等各个方面改变了中世纪基督教文化的基本状态,客观上导致了西方社会的彻底更新和资本主义文化的产生(5分)。
尔雅下半年西方文化概论期末考试答案分

我的答案:C2希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是()。
(1.0分)我的答案:C7犹太教历史上着名的《出埃及记》讲述的是()率领犹太人逃出了埃及。
(1.0分)我的答案:C12公元1054年,()使希腊和罗马之间的沟壑更加深刻。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:A13()最后导致欧洲中世纪的宗教改革。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:C19下列教堂不属于哥特式的是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:B20希腊最主要的文明集中在()的两个半岛。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:D26最早提出上帝头脑中有个罗格斯的人是()。
(1.0分)我的答案:A 33我的答案:C38文艺复兴时期的人文主义特点是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:B39最早提出地心说观点的是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:D我的答案:B我的答案:D二、判断题(题数:50,共?50.0?分)1再洗礼派盛行于德国、瑞士、荷兰等国的上流阶层。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?×2中世纪封建社会时期,老百姓只认领主不清楚自己属于哪个国家。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√3基督教在罗马的传播最初是以上层人民为主。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?×4尽管薄伽丘是人文主义者,但他写的《十日谈》却开创了一种民间文学。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√5法国的启蒙运动传到德国后变成了思想的大革命。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√6“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”都属于克里特神话。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√7欧洲文艺复兴运动时期的人文主义者并不反基督教,并使基督教变得更加符合人性。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√8希腊人在被罗马人征服的前后都始终瞧不起罗马人,认为他们是一批非常凶悍的乡巴佬。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√9古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突,是善恶相争的结果。
题目-西方文化概论简介练习答案

1.The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependenton its context. Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and eastern Mediterranean with _____ancient Greece_______ and _Ancient Rome___________. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include_Western Europe___________.2.Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks,Romans and Muslims due to the_commercial___________, Scientific, and _industrial revolution___________, and the expansion of the ___christian_________ peoples of Western European empires, and particularly the globe-spanning empires of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since the____age of discovery________ and _columbus___________, the notion of the West expanded to include _the Americas___________, though much of the Americas have considerable pre-Western cultural influence. __Australia__________ and _New Zealand___________ are considered part of Western culture due to their former status as _settler colonies ___________of Western Christian nations.3.In the current political or economic context the term the "West" often includes developed___oriental_________ nations in Asia, such as Israel, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, that additionally have strong political and military ties to Western Europe, NATO or the United States.4.Western culture or Western civilization is a term used to generally refer to most of thecultures of __European__________ origin and most of their descendants. It comprises the broad, geographically based, heritage of __social norms__________, __ethical values__________, __traditional custo ms__________ (such as religious beliefs) and specific artifacts and technologies as shared within the Western sphere of influence.5.The origins of Western culture are often referred to as "three pillars": __ ancientGreece__________ (concretely Greek philosophy) ;the ancient Rome____________ (specifically Roman law);Catholic____________ and Protestant Christianity____________.1.Christianity is a ____ monotheistic _神论________ religion centered on the life and teachings of __ Jesus___________ as presented in the New Testament.2.Adherents of Christianity, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the only begotten _ Son of God____________ and __ the Messiah ___________ (Christ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.3.Christian theology claims that Jesus Christ is a__ a teacher ___________, the model of a __ virtuous life___________, the _revealer __启示者__________of God, as well as an _incarnation 化身____________of God, and most importantly _ the savior 救世主____________ of humanity who suffered, died, and was resurrected to bring about salvation from __ sin ___________.4.Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into heaven, and most denominations教派teach that Jesus willreturn to judge __ the living ___________ and _ the dead ____________, granting everlasting 来世life to his _ followers ____________.5.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel福音,真理_____________.6.Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity is classified as an __ Abrahamic _亚伯拉罕__________ religion.7.Christianity began as a _ Jewish ___________sect in the eastern Mediterranean, quickly grew in size andinfluence over a few decades, and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire.8.Following the Age of Discovery, through_missionary work __传教士__________and __colonization___________, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.9.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at least since the __4th___________ century.10.As of the early 21st century, Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion adherents, representing about_ a quarter to a third of ____________the world's population and is the world's largest religion.11.Most Christian groups see God as the __ eternal being ___________ who created the _universe____________ and all there is _____________.12.God is usually held to have the properties of _ holiness ____________, _ justice __________, omnipotence万能_____________, omniscience, omnibenevolence, omnipresence and __ immortality ___________.13.God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside _ time ____________, andtherefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.14.The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of _ Genesis ____创世纪________.15.Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil_____________, which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.16.In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the _ atonement 弥补,赎罪____________to the sinof Adam.17._Creeds ____________ (from Latin credo meaning " "I believe") are concise doctrinal statements orconfessions, usually of religious beliefs.18.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true __ God ___________and true man_____________".19.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit _____________and born from the _ V irgin Mary ____________.20.In the Biblical narrative, Jesus' method of teaching involved parables __预言___________, __ metaphor__隐喻_________, __ allegory _______寓言________, _ sayings _____语录_______, ____ proverbs _________ and a small number of direct sermons ____布道_________.21.According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, buried within a tomb, and rosefrom the dead ___ three __________ days later.22._ Salvation __拯救__________ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and eternal death.23.The three principal traditions within Christianity are _Protestantism ____________, __ RomanCatholicism ___________ and _ Eastern Orthodoxy ____________.24._ Protestantism ____________is associated with the belief that the _ Bible ____________ is the final sourceof authority for Christians.25.The crucifixion _____________of Jesus is explained as an atoning sacrifice, which, in the words of theGospel of John, "takes away the sins of the world." One's reception of salvation is related to justification. 26.Trinity 三位一体refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternally co-existingpersons; the Father _____________, the Holy Spirit _____________, and ___ the Son __________.27.Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the Old Testament and the NewTestament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by __ human authors ___________under the inspiration of _ the Holy S pirit ____________, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of __ God ___________.28.The Old Testament is about _God and the laws of God__, and the New Testament is about ___thedocturment of Jewish__________. The Word “Testament” means “_ agreement____________”.29.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the " _ "Five Books" ____________" of Moses: _ Genesis _创世纪___________, ___ Exodus __________, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.30.The Torah圣经旧约之首五卷contains the Ten commandments __十诫___________, of God, revealed atMount Sinai _____________.31.Jesus of Nazareth lived in ____奥古斯丁_________ during the reign of the first __罗马大帝___________Emperor Augustus.32.At the beginning Christianity was regarded as a rebellious and disintegrating movement and was subjected tofrequent ________迫害_____.33.Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewarded either with eternaldamnation _下地狱____________or eternal ___ life __________.34.Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of time.35._second coming of Christ ____________ is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with what isbelieved to be the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the end of the world.mon English translations of the word amen阿门include: " __V erily ____真实_______", " __ Truly___________", " So be it _____________", and " _ Let it be ____________."37.The __ The Lord's Prayer _ or Our Father __________ (called Holy _ Communion _圣餐___________, orthe Lord's Supper _____________) is the part of liturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually _ bread ____________ and _ wine ____________.38.Prayer _____________is "the act of communicating with a deity or spirit in worship". Specific forms of thismay include _praise ____________, requesting __ guidance ___________ or assistance _____________, confessing ___ sins __________, as an act of reparation or an expression of one's thoughts and emotions. 39.In Christian belief and practice, a __ sacrament __圣礼_________ is a rite, instituted by Christ, that mediatesgrace, constituting a sacred mystery.40.In Christianity, __ baptism ___________is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted as afull member of the Christian Church.41.The ___ crucifix __________ is a cross with a representation of __ Jesus' body ___________, or corpus. It isa principal symbol of the Christian religion.42.From at least the _____4th________ century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping ofWestern civilization.43.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divided into five main groupings: _Roman Catholicism____________, _ Eastern Orthodoxy ____________, Oriental Orthodoxy, _ Protestantism ____________and Restorationism.复原主义。
西方文化概论1-4章复习题

西方文化概论1-4章复习题Statements1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are consideredto be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman(希腊罗马的)element and the Judeo-Christian (犹太教与基督教的)element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule ofAlexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateursports competition.6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, ledby Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home,island of Ithaca.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.(公民大会)11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today:Sappho and Pindar.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, andEuripides.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King(俄狄浦斯王), Electra(伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex(恋母情结)and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.Euripides(欧里庇得斯)wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache,Medea, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes,who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.Herodotus(希罗多德)is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about thewars between Greeks and Persians.21.Thucydides(修西得底斯)described the war between Athens and Sparta andbetween Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22.Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯)was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things werenumbers.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, outof which everything else had arisen.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other,they are the Cynics(犬儒学派), the Sceptics(怀疑论学派), the Epicureans(伊壁鸠鲁学派), and the Stoics(斯多葛学派).27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook ofgeometry.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric (多利安式)style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic(爱奥尼亚式)style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian(科林斯式)style.30.The Acropolis at Athens(雅典卫城)and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.31.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.32.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.大意:征服者反被被征服者所征服。
西方文化概论(Z01K02)

一、单项选择题1.最早出自罗马的是以下哪一项制度?()A、封建制B、民主制C、共和制D、城邦制答案: C2.被称为“英雄时代”,是希腊文明中的()。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代答案: D3.atom在古希腊被认为是()的意思。
A、本质B、物质C、不可分D、种子答案: C4.在古希腊,以下哪一位是米利都学派的创始人,被誉为自然哲学之父?()A、苏格拉底B、柏拉图C、亚里士多德D、泰勒斯答案: D5.以下哪一项是罗马法的一般性的哲学基础和法理学基础?A、《万民法》B、《公民法》C、《外邦法》D、《自然法》答案: D6.古罗马在公元前450年制定的《十二铜表法》是()。
A、成文法B、习惯法C、公民法D、交易法答案: A7.罗马人认为罗马起源的传说和以下哪一种动物有关?()A、狼B、豹C、狗D、狮子答案: A8.凯撒最终遭到()刺杀而身亡。
A、屋大维B、埃及艳后C、罗马元老D、高卢人答案: C二、判断题1.在罗马历中,将七月献给奥古斯都,将八月献给凯撒。
A、正确B、错误答案:错误2.爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明。
A、正确B、错误答案:错误3.希腊在希波战争之前,是分离主义,战争之后,开始帝国主义。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确4.古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突,体现的是善恶相争的结果。
A、正确B、错误答案:错误5.希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
A、正确B、错误答案:错误6.三权分立的最初模型的形成是在伯里克利时期,雅典民主制度完成时。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确7.法国的启蒙运动传入德国后就变成了思想的大革命。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确8.迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴,也有北方粗狂的特点。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确9.伊斯坦布尔的由来是土耳其入侵罗马帝国后,将君士坦丁堡改名而来的。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确10.罗马的政治中心是东罗马,官方语言是拉丁语。
A、正确B、错误答案:错误11.古希腊时期,立法者吕库古进行了彻底的政治改革,废除了债务奴隶。
《西方文化概论》自考

《西方文化概论》复习题(本部)练习题1、四年一届的(奥林匹亚竞技会)是全希腊最隆重的盛会。
2、(浪漫主义)主义的基本特点就是,用自由和美感来代替义务和功利,用情感的权威来代替理性的权威,用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。
3、卢梭的小说(新爱洛伊丝)是浪漫主义的典范,在这本书中,卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。
4、当“哲学之父”(泰勒斯)宣称万物是从水中产生时,他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。
5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指(米诺斯文明),它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。
6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的(相对论)揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。
7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊(城邦)社会的重要特征。
8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方(共产主义)理论的思想根源。
9、公元前5世纪,(雅典)成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心,成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。
10、人文主义的精神实质就是(人性的解放),它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。
11、“基督教的真正父亲”(保罗)构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。
12、基督教在哲学上对应一种(唯心主义)观点,即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。
13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生,中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的(黑暗时代)或者“英雄时代”。
14、(哥特式)建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世,它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。
15、(《尼西亚信经》)确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义,并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威,成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。
16、公元前8世纪,当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时,与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是(系统叙事诗)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
《西方文化概论》期末作业之一:请以教材各章为中心,就其中你所感兴趣的内容列举十五则思考题,并分别试作简要回答(每题6分且限100字以内,共90分)。
问题一:
两河流域有什么特殊之处导致人类文明在此首先出现?
答案:
根据“地理环境决定论”(1)两河流域自然环境恶劣,农业生产需依靠人工灌溉体系,这促进了群体合作,导致社会分工、职业专门化和新型社会组织形态出现。
(2)两河流域自然资源贫乏,促进了该地区贸易的发展,进而推动了文明进步。
问题二:
尼罗河孕育了灿烂的古埃及文明,谈谈尼罗河对埃及文明特征的影响。
答案:
埃及文明以恒久和宁静著称(1)尼罗河有规律的定期泛滥为来年带来丰收的期盼,使人们有一种稳定和乐观感。
(2)尼罗河特殊的地理位置,使埃及与外部世界相对隔绝,不易遭受外族侵扰,社会生活呈现安宁、稳定和同一的特征。
问题三:
从实用文化层面上,简谈近东文明是从哪些方面对西方文明产生影响的?
答案:
(1)书写艺术(2)技术方面,包括建筑学、测量学,军事技术,制陶、雕刻艺术等(3)科学方面,包括文学、数学、几何学、修辞学等(4)贸易的艺术,钱币的使用,以法组织、规范社会,外交手段的运用都由两河流域和埃及人首创。
问题四:
古希腊文明的特点是什么?
答案:
(1)古希腊指的是一个文化地理概念,没有同一国家的概念。
(2)不存在拥有很大政治权
利和干预世俗生活的宗教力量。
(3)关注人类自身问题,对人本主义和理性精神的不懈追求是希腊文化的根本特征。
问题五:
雅典是如何成为希腊地区一大强盛城邦的?
答案:
雅典被视为希腊民主制的典范,其新形式的政体有两个鲜明特征:任期限制和责任制,将权力与责任联系起来。
雅典所推行的一系列带有首创性的政治改革使其摆脱了长期内政的困扰,经济实力和政治影响均得到加强。
问题六:
戏剧被誉为古希腊文学的最高成就,简述你对希腊戏剧的认识。
答案:
希腊戏剧以一种舞台表演艺术形式出现,包括悲剧和喜剧。
悲剧主要表现的是主人公的英雄行为,其形象高大雄伟,气势壮烈磅礴,具有永恒的艺术魅力和道德教化作用。
喜剧主要取材于现实生活,早期多为政治讽刺剧,对重大社会问题进行抨击。
问题七:
古希腊文明和罗马文明有什么联系?
答案:
“光荣属于希腊,伟大属于罗马!”最初,罗马文明很大程度上受希腊文明的影响;当罗马强大到在政治上取代希腊时,进一步继承和发扬了希腊文明。
然而,希腊人崇尚自由民主,罗马人却注重物质世界建设和现实功利。
问题八:
罗马法对后世的深远影响有哪些?
答案:
罗马法体系完整、法理精深、内涵丰富,是人类法学史上的一件重大事件。
罗马法基于的人人平等,人人都有其自然权利等法理思想,对近代英法新兴资产阶级思想家均有启迪和影响,对资产阶级革命做出了贡献。
问题九:
中世纪为什么被誉为欧洲的“黑暗时代”?
答案:
1)尚未步入文明的日耳曼蛮族的胜利,使希腊—罗马文明中的城市生活遭受了毁灭性打击。
(2)基督教会在中世纪的统治地位,使得自希腊文明形成的理性思想遭到扼杀。
无论物质生活水平还是精神生活水平均有下降。
问题十:
简谈你对中世纪出现的骑士制度的认识。
答案:
骑士制度源于西欧的采邑制和封军封臣制,骑士既是封臣也是战士,主要进行军事训练和打仗。
骑士制度的目的是维护领主的利益。
它所造就的“骑士精神”,以效忠主人、勇敢顽强、注重荣誉、保护弱者、护卫基督教、尊重女性为特征。
问题十一:
拜占庭帝国存在的意义是什么?
答案:
(1)文化上,是古希腊文明的保存者(2)政治上,起到了保护西方不受伊斯兰扩张影响的屏障作用(3)宗教上,使东正教得以发展和留存(4)文化艺术上,很长一段时间内都是中世纪欧洲文化艺术的最高形式。
问题十二:
简谈你对人文主义和文艺复兴运动的理解.
答案:
文艺复兴实质上是一次新兴市民阶层和资产阶级思想解放和要求自我意识的运动。
人文主义包含的是一种以人为本的理性思想,关注的是人和人性,与市民阶层和资产阶级的要求不谋而合。
因此,人文主义的提出和形成成为文艺复兴运动出现的主要标志。
问题十三:
文艺复兴为什么最初在意大利发轫?
答案:。