水泥专业外文翻译---中国散装水泥设施和技术的发展现状及发展趋势

附录（英文翻译原文）Developmental situation and Future Trent of Chinese Bulk Cement Facilities and TechnologyCui Yuan sheng，P.R. ChinaIntroductionIn2000,the output of Chinese cement production had highly reached for 583.19 million .This can be said it is the top among the world .The average bulk cement proportion of the nation, however ,is only 18% of the total output. In a few large cities such as Beijing and Shanghai .the bulk proportion could be higher though. It can reach 50-70%. The average proportion of bulk cement is far behind that in the developed countries. The reasons for this situation may be numerous, but it is one of the most important factors that the equipment and technology of bulk cement is quite antiquated. In order to make the hulk cement have a considerable progress it is a must to improve the quality of bulk cement equipment and raise its standard of technology to the worlds adva nced level. This article will analyse the technical situation of China’s bulk cement facilities, make some comparisons with the advanced bulk cement equipment and technologies applied in foreign countries and approach or probe into the developmental trend of bulk cement equipment and technology in China.Two branches of learning are important for the development of bulk cement facilities ;the transporting engineering and the powder engineering .According to its application it can be categorized into 5 barieties as follows:Loading equipment :including the facilities used for rearranging or discharging silos, loading machine ,dust collector ,etc,:Transporting equipment :including the train for bulk cement, trucks, ships, containers ,compacted large bags, etc.:Storing facilities :including cement silos, terminals, movable tankers ,fixed tanks and the handing device of movable tanks etc,:Metering devices: including railway track scale, weighbridge ,electronic-weighing system, rotor weighfeeder, nucleon-weigher, belt-weigher etc.:Conveying equipment: including screw conveyer, belt conveyer, elevator and varieties of pneumatic conveying devices, etc.The Current Situation and Analysis of Chinese Bulk Cement Facilities and TechnologySince the first set of controlling systems of bulk cement conveying had been completed in Sanmenxia water conservancy project of Yellow River in 1957. China has made her hard efforts for 40 years. It should be said that China has got a great development and formed a great capacity for manufacturing of bulk cement facilities . According to incomplete statistics made by the National Office of Bulk Cement (NOBC), China now has more than 60 enterprises that are concerned with the manufacturing of bulk cement facilities .Among them, more than 30 manufacturers are truck makers that are considerable in scale,6 are train makers,5 are related with air compressors, and the rest 19 are dealing with dischargers, metering appliances and so on .These manufacturers have a certain actual strength, and their technologies and experiences in management, etc. are on a higher level . However when compared with the worlds advanced standard, they have a long way to go .They can not meet the needs of production ,circulation and application for bulk cement .This situation is seriously restricting the development of bulk cement industry in China .To make an analysis from the technology aspect, we could say there are mainly 5 problems existing in the industry of China’s bulk cement facilities.2.1 The Loading and Discharging System of Bulk Cement is Relatively BackwardAt present the controlling systems adopted in China for loading and discharging of bulk cement are relatively backward . They are basically controlled mechanically and manually, and they can not preset or auto-adjust the rate and volume of loading and discharging materials in time.The Body Design of Tank Trucks is Not Quite ReasonableThe effective availability of space of the truck body should be further improved, and the deadweight of the tank remains to be reduced ,too .Besides .the wide application of micro-holes technology based on a fiber knitted plate for air ventilation leads to technical shortage and problems .For example .an inevitable dramatic decrease of discharging rate of materials in tank happens as time goes on ,and the remainder of cement in the tank in considerably increased .Though it is indicated that the tank trucks are of a higher norm ,In fact the performances of them worsen quickly a period of time after being put into action .Theperformances of some of them worsen down to 50%of the design values especially after running for 3 months .It is a common phenomenon that the discharging time is too long ,and the remainder of material in tank is seriously over the standard.2.3 Air Compressor also Affect Discharging PerformanceThe air compressor is the central component of a bulk cement transporting tanker .Nowadays ,the swing link type of air compressor is used extensively in China .The effectiveness of domestic air compressors is low. In general it is just about 65% ,so the energy consumption is very high .At the same time the specific weight of domestic air compressor is 31-45Kg/m3 ,which is 4 times of the quota of compressor produced in developed countries .It is obvious ,the heavier air compressor must lead to the reduction of the loading amount of cement .Moreover ,domestic air compressors are louder and create heavier vibration when running ,and their service life is relatively short .2.4 In General ,Mobile Tanks for Bulk Cement are Made of SteelThe tanks used in China are cumbersome because of their iron and steel body .cranes and other special equipment is needed for handing ,they are inconvenient to operate and cause very high costs .In addition ,tanks made of iron and steel are not suitable to be put in open air poor resistance against oxygen .The whole body of the tanks is often seen in poor appearance with rust spots ,and they requite to be maintained every year .2.5 The Standardization and Systematization Still Require to be StrengthenedThe manufacture of bulk cement facilities has developed with the increase of bulk cement growth .As part of the mechanical manufacturing of industrial facilities ,the fabrication of bulk cement facilities is a new industry in China .Many product standards can not follow up with the growth of production .There are no national standards for the shaft movable tank of bulk cement ,the hulk cement loading machine ,and the loading spout of bulk cement train so far ,a fact that has caused serious difficulties regarding connections or joints. The product structure of air compressors is also irregular or unreasonable and results into additional problems ,such as the shortage of spare parts .Despite NOBC had put forward the proposal of using unified and standard quick-joints of discharging pipe for pneumatic discharging bulk cement tankers in1993 ,it is not coordinated up to now .owing to the lack of taking powerful measures ,which has had a grievous influence on the serializing of products should be further strengthened because the available rangeof facilities of different sizes is incomplete and the scope of selection for customers is quite narrow.The improvement of technical facilities and the ability to offer complete industrial structures is a significant symbol of bulk cement development in China ,which is both ,a material base and a condition necessary for the expanding of bulk cement .The government has always paid close attention to the speeding up of development ad application of bulk cement facilities .In 1985 the State Council issued the document No.27 ,(State Issued[1985]) ,which laid a financial foundation for the development of bulk cement facilities .In1997 the document No.8 issued by the State Council more clearly pointed out that the development and application of new technology for the facilities of production .transportation ,storing and using of bulk cement should be accelerated ,and the efforts for standardization ,serialization and technology should also be intensified .Together with the development of bulk cement ,this will provide a broad prospect for the production of bulk cement facilities .Now we can say that it is the right time for the development of bulk cement facilities in China ,for not only the policies ,but also the markets are excellent .The Basic Trend of Facilities and Technologies of Bulk Cement in China3.1To Improve the Truck or Loading and Discharging ProcessTo adopt the dust free loading and discharging facilities with the aim of reducing the dust when loading and relieving the labor intensity ,to raise the level of automation at every section of loading ,discharging ,meeting ,production and dispatching etc., and to take the advantage of computer intelligence process technology ,all this are development targets of Chinese bulk cement industry in the near future .3.2 To Use Fluidics to Convey and Transport Bulk CementFluidics is a technology which applies the principle of differential pressure for conveying (discharging) ,using a gasification rod generate fluidization when there is enough material in the tank .This technology has numerous advantages ,among them low resistances and absence of stopping up .When the material remains below a certain level ,the micro-holes abreast become jet flow oriented ,forming an air cushion that sweeps the remainder of the material into the front of the feeder ,thus allowing the feeder to absorb and draw it away ,and realizing the purpose of clearing up the residue of material in the tank .Moreover ,a converter for positive and negativepressure is added to replace the original discharge pipe .As long as there is enough material in the tank ,the optimum mixing proportion can be automatically adjusted according to pressure and distance ,thus allowing to effectively convey the material to the desired location .If the Amount of material in the tank falls below a certain level ,the converter is used to switch into the condition of minus pressure suction ,so that the material that comes from the gasification sweeper is drawn into the discharging pipe . This technology has solved the problem of blocking that is caused by the hardpan of powder damped dew formed on the platy-material with micro-holes leading to a great resistance.3.3 Using the Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastics as the Substitute of Iron and Steel MaterialsThe movable storing tank of bulk cement should be made of fibre glass reinforced plastics(GRP).GRP has lots of advantages when compared with iron and steel .It is light in weight and tanks made of GRP are easy to move . GRP is also highly resistant against oxidizing ,simple to process and low in costs .But the gap exists .When comparing the strength and hardness between the products made in China and the ones produced abroad ,it is found that the new material is not quite matured ,nevertheless ,it is possible to apply GRP products to store and transport the bulk cement .The GRP products will substitute the steel ones eventually .3.4 The Truck Structure will be ImprovedWith the quick development of road and bridge construction in China ,the properties of chassis of trucks are increased day by day .The bulk cement trucks tend to take a form of semitrailer ,and the loading capacity is intended to be increased .The semitrailer and heavy-duty trucks have a higher requirement to the road surface ,but they cost less for each ton-kilometer transportation and are capable to take a longer transporting radius. According to statistics the use of semitrailers would result in a decrease of transportation cost down to 20% of the total costs ,and the consumption of oil would diminish to 60% of the present quantity .3.5 The Metering and WeighingThe accuracy of cement metering or weighing at delivery ,during transfer and before application ,influences not only the economic benefits on both sides ,but also the engineering progress and quality .China has imported and developed a new type of balance for bulk cement trucks ,which has basically solved the metering and weighing due to long lasting vibration and driving of trucks .This new type truck balance can show up the readings of weight whether thetrucks are moving or at a standstill .Besides ,another kind of dynamic electrical device for powder materials metering or weighing ,called the WGY model ,has been developed and put into operation .This device consists of a charge-in system connected to the out-side of the cement tank ,the electrical metering and monitoring system, the electrical indicator and the computer data processing system .This system is able to conduct of the output of fixed or variable quantities and can be used for metering of loading and discharging of movable tanks.3.6The Standardization , Systematization and InternationalizationWith the further opening of China to the outside world ,the users and government will realized the necessity ,importance and trend of standardization ,systematization and internationalization of bulk cement facilities in China .We believe ,that this policy and practice will be followed in the next few years .It will be of great convenience to the customers who would have access to a broad selection of products and have a variety of spare parts to exchange and use when the standardization and systematization are put into practice .With China entering into WTO ,we believe that a great progress of development in bulk cement facilities and bulk cement industry must be achieved .The internationalization will definitely increase the prosperity of the common Chinese people and further the development of bulk cement facilities.中文翻译中国散装水泥设施和技术的发展现状及发展趋势1.概述2000年，中国的水泥输出量已高达583190000吨，这可以说是名列世界前茅。