新编英语教程 6 Unit 13 教案
Unit 13TEXT IEUPHEMISMNeil PostmanObjectives: to understand the author’s own opinion on euphemism;to have a better comprehension of the figure of speech‘euphemism’.Pre-reading Questions:1. What is ‘euphemism’? Can you give some e xamples both in English and in Chinese languages? (Lib. W.)(Pre-rd): the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensively harsh or blunt.Ency. Bri. (CD, 98): the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.NEC (Book 4): (an example of) the use of a pleasanter, less direct name for something thought to be unpleasant.or, the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or blunt one. The word is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘to speak favorably’. The Greek prefix eu- means ‘well’.1. Euphemisms are used to replace words associated with subjects that are‘sensitive’ or ‘taboo’, such as death, sex, ma dness and so on. e.g. we avoid saying ‘He died last night’, but say instead ‘passed away’, ‘join his maker’, ‘left us’, ‘kicked the bucket’.2. Sometimes euphemisms are employed out of politeness. The words we use to refer to our natural bodily functions are generally euphemisms. The word ‘lavatory’ is itself a euphemism, derived from the Latin ‘lavatorium’ meaning ‘a place for washing’. The American word ‘rest-room’ is another example. ‘Offal’(Brit) or ‘inside’ (US) is used to refer to a pig’s stomac h, liver, or lungs. Such euphemisms may be stylistically ‘permissible’ if they are kept within limits.3. Euphemisms are also used by politicians and advertisers to hide reality from us. Euphemisms of this kind often lead to a distortion of style and meaning because they tend to be used to defend practices that would sound ugly and brutal in plain words. As George Orwell pointed out in his essay ‘Politics and the English language’:In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemisms. Defenseless village are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire: this is called ‘pacification’.And a motorcar becomes ‘a symphony of speed and style’ by the advertisers. Other examples:at liberty - out of work, senior citizen - old people, in the family way - pregnant,burier - undertaker, mortician, prison - correctional institution,去世、逝世、作古、牺牲、与世长辞（死亡），身体发福（胖）、赋闲、下岗、分流、待业（失业）、拮据（贫困）2. Do you think the use of euphemisms makes our language more pleasant?In-reading InterpretationPara. 11. What is the definition of euphemism according to the author?... as an auspici ous or exalted term (like ‘sanitation engineer’) that is used in place of a more down-to-earth term (like ‘garbage man’).auspicious or exalted: favorable or dignified, glorified, raising the status of a man referred tomore down-to-earth: factual, telling what something actually isWhy is a term like garbage man down-to-earth, and sanitation engineer auspicious or exalted? (3-2)Garbage man is a man cleaning the garbage, which is factual, telling what something actually is. But by using sanitation engineer, the same man cleaning the garbage seems to become an engineer, which is a more glorifiedterm.2. People who are partial to ... really talking about.Euphemism-prone people are subject to the charge that they are insincere.Peo ple don’t believe them as well as what they talk about.3. What is the example given in this para. to illustrate it?‘Operation Sunshine’ : a pretty name for the experiments with the hydrogen bomb in the South Pacific, which actually bring a lot of harms to the surrounding areas. This is an immoral act, but by giving this pretty name, the govt. tried to expunge the hideous imagery that the bomb evokes.The name is pretty, but the reality is ugly.This sort of process ... is such a bad name. (this is why euphemism has such a bad connotation: People who are partial to ... really talking about.) 4. What is G.Orwell’s opinion on euphemism?(Note 1) Politicians prefer to euphemisms. Their speech and writing consist largely of euphemisms, trying tomake some brutal reality vague, etc. e.g. British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bomb on Japan, the Japanese invasion of the Asian countries (建立大东亚共荣圈).5. What is the function of the last sentences?Transition, guiding the reader to the next para., telling them what will be talked about next.6. What is this para. about?a common definition, euphemism has got a bad name.Para. 21. How do you understand ‘Things do not have real names’? Can you give examples? (3-3, 4)The meaning of the majority of words is arbitrary and conventional; thus words are no more than labels given to things.The name of an object was given in the ancient times. It has been handed down through generations so that it becomes conventional. Names are symbols of the things. They can be changed.If we first called the man cleaning garbage some other name instead of garbage man or sanitation engineer, that would be OK. If we called the animal we call pig now ‘shrimp’, it would become a shrimp, and vice versa. So are the names of ‘lumbering elephant’ for an automobile, and ‘perfume’ for Bronx odor. As Shakespeare said in Romeo and Juliet, ‘What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.’(Even if we change the name of the plant we call conventionally ‘rose’ to some other name, this plant will still smell as sweet as before/usual.)Therefore, it is wrong to assume that a name and a thing are one and the same.In other words, names can be changed at any time if we want or need. 2. But a name is usually ... one from the other.Is this sentence contradictory to the first one in this para.? (3-5)No. Things do not have real names. Names can be changed. But since we have been using the name for a long time, we are most probable / gradually come to establish a kind od association, particularly in semantics, between the two. e.g. When we call the animal ‘pig’, we tend to think it fat, stupid, eating and sleeping, etc. Because of this semantic association, we have the expressions as make a pig of oneself (eat too much), buy a pig in a bag (buy without checking it up), etc.3. This is all because what we call things affects how we will perceive them.(= Things will take on a different look when named differently. The name we give to something affects our perception.) It is not only harder to ... the horse mackerel. 凤爪，龙虎斗，牛鞭, Goldlion - 金狮，金利来，山水豆腐4. It would appear ... of the thing itself.It seems that mankind is predisposed to regard things as being inseparable from the labels they bear. This is a most intriguing delusion. We naturally think that things and their corresponding names are the same, but this is the illusion.There is some truth in this illusion.With the change of the names of things, you have changed their images in the eye of people, which, in effect, means a change in what the things really are. If you change the names of things, you change your way of perception, and you,in effect, change the nature of the things.5. Do you agree with P on this point? (3-6)This may sound a bit dubious. While the 1st change (change in the way people regard things) has been evidenced, the 2nd change (change in the nature of the thing itself) has not.6. Main idea: A change in name leads to a change in nature.Para. 31. All sorts of scoundrels ... they are promoting.The scoundrels give a charming name to the dirty thing they are committing to hide its real dirty or illegal nature, to make us believe they are doing something good.抢劫－交保护费2. Euphemizing ... of perceiving things.Giving a new name to some thing by using euphemism will generate a new way of perceiving things. This is the same as What we call things affects how we will perceive them.e.g. The man who wants us ... notice or respect. The status of a garbage man is considerably raised in the eye of the public from a ‘man’ to ‘an engineer’. ‘Garbage’, a word with bad connotations is replaced by ‘sanitation’, a shift focus from what he disposes of to what he preserves.3. The teacher who ... be attended to.It is true that the teacher is euphemizing when he has us use ‘culturally different children’ in place of ‘slum children’, but what he is doing is t o try to turn our attention to an aspect of life that might easily be neglected.4. Main idea: euphemism - a method of generating new and useful ways of perceptionPara. 41. Euphemizing itself is not contemptible. It is contemptible only when it tries to hide something true, esp. the dirty nature. e.g. Operation Sunshine ... but ‘culturally different children’ is different.2. Main idea: euphemism not a contemptible process.Para. 51. I grant that ... the intended effect.Sometimes euphemism is only a superficial term. It cannot achieve the intended effect: to elevate the praise or the status, or to call attention to ... (as stated in l.53) In other words, although the name changes, the nature remains the same.E.g. (ll. 56-60) Even if a teacher, who believes ‘slum children’ are those who are in great porverty, less educated, rude, rough, impolite, or the like, use the term ‘culturally different children’, it makes no difference to the effect that people intend to achieve when creating this euphemism. Other examples: senior citizen - old people, mental institution - lunatic asylums2. Nonetheless, euphemizing ... on a subject.However, if we change the name by using euphemism, we will also change our way of perception. This is the same as we have in l. 27, ll. 32-3.e.g. (ll. 62-4) senior citizens for old people - perceive them to have political identities though they are of an old age. Though they are old, they still have the political identities and they can still be elected as President or something.3. In fact, ... to predict: whether a particular euphemistic expression will be accepted or not, whether it will change people’s way of perception or not.e.g. (ll. 65-70) chairperson, sanitation engineer, senior citizen, tuna fish4. There is danger ... appear ridiculaous.The change of people’s way of perception does not occur quickly or always. Sometimes we have such change, but sometimes not. And the change needs to undergo a long way. The change will occur if there is a social, cultural, (or other’s) tendency. i.e. if the new perspective coincides with a kind of tendencyin the society, otherwise, the euphemistic name will remain incongruous or ridiculous.e.g. (ll. 73-5) ‘facilitator’ (teacher): wildly accepted in ELT field now, pedegogical theory‘childperson’ (boys and girls): ridiculous5. Why the attempt to rename ‘old people’ ‘senior citizens’ has turned out successful and that to rename ‘boys and girls’ ‘childpersons’ would not? (3-8) Among the general public as well as the old people themselves, there is the urge for recognition of their political identity. But so far there has not emerged such an urge to eliminate the gender distinction between ‘boys’ and ‘girls’.6. Main idea: change must be supported by authentic trendsThere is a danger in supposing that a new name can change attitudes quickly or always.Para. 61. But to suppose ... the power of names.As we know from above, a new name cannot always change attitudes.But if we think a new name will not at all change the attitudes, we underestimate the power of names.e.g. (ll. 77-80) black - negro (euphemism) - black (euphemism in reverse): perceptions and attitudes have changed significantly with the change of the name.2. Do you think so? (3-9)Not really. The change in name might not have been so powerful as P assumes. If there was any marked change in people’s perception of and attitude to the Americans of African origin in t he 60’s, it should really be attributed to the mounting civil rights movement at that time.3. Main idea:Para. 71. The key idea ... employ euphemism.Euphemizing can affect the culture, e.g. black (race discrimination), chairperson (sex discrimination)I don’t think euphemism is not ‘earthy’ (down-to-earth), direct language.e.g. dead, pass away - both plainly and honestly, but different conception of what the event means. shithouse, restroom - both lead to the same place, but different attitude towards privacy and propriety (= politeness).facilitator, teacher - both refer to the person doig the same job, but different function in education2. What I am saying ... to value and to see.Changing a name by using euphemism (this figure of speech) has nothing to do with morality. Only when the name has some moral content explicitly or implicitly, we have the morality question.e.g. Operation Sunshine: hide the ugly reality, an immoral act, hide the immoral realitybut, sanitation engineer: nothing to do with morality3. Main idea: a more elaborated definitionNATO plays word gamesWHILE launching an undeclared war against Yugoslavia, US-led NATO is playing a game of words.At news briefings, Pentagon and NATO officials are likely to use euphemisms to whitewash their crimes in Yugoslavia.Shortly after US-led NATO began its air strikes against Yugoslavia, Pentagon officials touted their actions as"humanitarian intervention" to justify their barbarism.During their more than 70 days of strikes, they repeatedly played the same game of words. First, they explained theirmissile raids on the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade as a "mistake," and then attempted to transform their atrocities intoregrettable but necessary "collateral damage."In their eyes, no other means is more effective in hoodwinking the public than euphemisms, with which they lull theircitizens into thinking that to die for this war amounts to "joining the immortals." What a smart expression!While inflicting the scourge of war on Yugoslav people, Pentagon officials seem to let the world know that Yugoslaviashould thank them for not using "selective ordinances."Every phrase used is so "sweet" and "gracious" to hear, it is difficult to associate the words with war maniacs stained bythe blood of Yugoslavians.Their well-prepared euphemistic words, however, cannot fool people of common and moral sense.Pentagon officials made a fatal mistake when they cooked up their lies: Who can believe a wolf in sheep's clothing?(Jin Zeqing)。
新编英语教程讲义
新编英语教程讲义Unit 1 Book 4THIS YEAR IT’S GOING TO BE DIFFERENT⽂化背景：New Year’s resolutions; Stephen Leacock语篇特点：幽默、⼝语化的描写语⾔知识：resolutions; be blessed with; spontaneous; sneak up on; thrown in the sponge; go to reason;1. Difficult Sentences1. (LL1-2, Para. 1)New Year’s resolutions are like anything else—you get out of them what you put in.What does this sentence mean?→As the saying goes, “As you sow, so will you reap”, which means whatever a man sows he will reap. The writer intends to convince the reader that making New Year’s resolutions also follows this maxim. The more resolutions you make at the beginning of the year, the better results you will have.2. (LL5-7, Para. 1)Pretty clearly, anyone who followed my collection of rules would be blessed with a richer life, boundless love from his family, and the admiration of the community.Paraphrase this sentence.→Quite obviously, anyone who was determined to be guided by the rules of self-improvement I collected would be happy and have an eventful life, infinite affection from his family and the respect of the community.3. (LL2-3, Para. 2)Be spontaneous in showing affection.Paraphrase this sentence.→ Show your love readily and willingly.4. (LL3-4, Para. 2)“Don’t ever sneak up on me like that again!”What does this sentence mean?→ Never creep up on me like that again!Why did Maggie react to her husband’s kiss in this way?→ Probably the husband seldom did this kind of romantic thing (steal a kiss from behind) before.5. (LL1-2, Para. 3)A sincere compliment is worth its weight in gold.Paraphrase this sentence.→ Whole-hearted and genuine praise is very valuable.6. (L1, Para. 4)“It wasn’t my idea to stay out until four a.m.”What does this sentence mean?→I didn’t want to remain outs ide until four in the morning! It was your idea!Was Maggie pleased to hear the “sincere compliment”? Why or why not?→Maggie was very much annoyed by the “sincere compliment”, because she didn’t look “lovely” at all due to lack of sleep. Therefore, she t hought her husband was speaking sarcastically.7. (L2, Para. 8)Roy sure is smart.What did Sammy mean?→“Sure” is often used in colloquial American English, meaning “certainly”. “Roy sure is smart” means “Roy certainly is clever.” By making such a remark, Sammy actually suggested that his father was not so bright.8. (LL2-3, Para. 9)Meet your child at his own level.Paraphrase this sentence.→ Join your children and treat them as your equals. / Speak, act and think as your children do.9. (L1, Para. 10)It isn’t either happy.What should be the normal order of this sentence? What does the sentence mean?→The normal order of the sentence is: “It isn’t happy, either.” The word “either” in the sentence shows emphasis. The sentence is an example of child talk, meaning “It isn’t happy at all!” or “It’s very unhappy.”10. (LL4-5, Para. 12)I’ll bet the fellows are swarming around.What is the meaning of this sentence?→The sentence means “I’m sure many young men are after you.”Do you think it is appropriate for the writer to s ay something about “the fellows swarming around” to Marilyn?→No, it is inappropriate. And that’s why Marilyn thought she was cross-examined by the writer.11. (Line 1, Para. 15)There was a series of shrieks down the hall. I found Gretchen in tears.Paraphrase this sentence.→ I heard screams down the hall one after another and I found Gretchen crying.12. (Line 1, Para. 16)I suggested that they carve something for their mother—like a salad spoon.What is the meaning of this sentence?→The sentence means “I suggested that they should carve something for their mother, for example, a salad spoon, by using the scout knife.”13. (LL1-2, Para. 19)The most trivial chore can prove rewarding if approached with zest.Paraphrase this sentence.→ The most unimportant light task may turn out to be worthwhile if it is dealt with eagerly and enthusiastically.14. (LL4-5, Para. 21)I struck up a conversation with Kit, trying to establish some kind of rapport.Paraphrase this sentence.→ I started to have a conversation with Kit in a friendly way and tried my best to achieve close agreement and understanding between us.15. (L6, Para. 21)Anybody else would have thrown in the sponge…What does “throw in the sponge” mean?→ The idiom “throw in the sponge/towel” comes from boxing. It means “to admit that you have been defeated.”Paraphrase this sentence.→ Anybody else would have admitted defeat and given up.16. (LL2-3, Para. 24)…they had the nerve to say you suggested it.What does this sentence mean?→The sentence means “they were rude enough to say that you suggested that they carve my salad spoon”.17. (L3, Para. 24)Kit has been in a poisonous mood.What is the meaning of this sentence?→ It means that “Kit has been in a very bad temper”.18. (L1, Para. 26)You never bothered with small talk before. Why start now?Paraphrase this sentence.→ You never troubled yourself to chat with people in the past. Why do you want to start doing it now?19. (LL2-3, Para. 28)If the kids do something and you get mad, they know where they stand.What is the meaning of this sentence?→It means “If the children do something and you become angry, they know they are wrong”.20. (L3, Para. 34)And when I tell you to do something, jump!What is the meaning of this sentence?→It means “When I tell you to do something, hurry up and do it”.2. Words and Expressions1. (L1 Para. 1) resolution: n. decision or mental pledge to do or not to do something* She’s always making good resolutions but s he never carries them out.* He lacked the resolution to get through medical school.* Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. (=勇敢和决⼼是美德的灵魂。
(NEW)李观仪《新编英语教程(6)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】
34. cardboard [5kB:dbC:d] n. thick, stiff paper that is used, for example, to make boxes and models 硬纸板
35. bitterly [5bitEli] adj. very; violently 强烈地；非常 bitterly upset 极其难 过
24. perverse [pE(:)5vE:s] adj. Directed away from what is right or good; perverted. (行为)任性的，蛮不讲理的 e.g. She was perversely pleased to be causing trouble. 她制造麻烦，还乐在其中，真是反常。
14. long since—long ago很久以前
15. cease [si:s] v. come or bring (sth.) to an end; stop停止，中止
16. at some length—in some detail详细地
17. melancholy [5melEnkEli] adj. very sad; depressed悲哀的；沮丧的； n. 忧郁；悲哀；愁思(sadness , doldrums)e.g. Melancholy is the preponderant mood of the poem. 忧郁的感情是该诗的基调。
的，专注的；e.g. She looked from one intent face to another. 她看着一张 张专注的面孔。 adj. 坚决的；e.g. The rebels are obviously intent on keeping up the pressure.反叛分子显然决心继续施加压力。 n. 意图，目 的；But it is our intent that they learn something. 但是我们的目的就是让他 们学到东西。
新编英语教程 6 Unit 12 教案
Unit TwelveTEXT IGRANT AND LEE: A STUDY IN CONTRASTSBruce CattonObjectives: to make a table of all the contrasts and similarities between Grant and Lee and explain them;to analyse the organization of this essay and learn the ways of comparison and contrast;Pre-class work1. Find some brief information about the following persons and events.--- American Civil War--- Ulysses S. Grant--- Robert E. Lee2. Try to answer the questions in Org. & Devl. , and Analysis.3. Identify in the text as many contrasts and similarities between Grant and Lee as you can, and make a table of your own to show all these.Contrasts in family background, in personality, in opinions on privilege, equality, past and future, what to fight for, etc.Similarities as shown in LW 4, but try to explain.Pre-reading Questions1. Tell what you know about American Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant, and Robert E. Lee.(Refer to the attachment copied from Encyclopedia Britanica.)In-reading DiscussionStep 1The usual ways or the basic patterns to organize the comparison and contrast (Analysis)1. Subject-by-subject pattern: A1, A2, A3,...... B1, B2, B3, ......2. Point-by-point pattern: A1, B1; A2, B2; A3, B3; ......3. Subject-by-subject plus point-by-point pattern: combination of 1 & 2. Step 2 Part division (Org.& Devl.)--- Paras. 1-3: Introduction The purpose is to present the two generals for comparison and to put forth the significance of their meeting at Appomattox.--- Paras. 4-12: Contrasts between Grant and Lee.Subject-by-subject comparison (categories compared: background,personality, notions of equality, privilege, past and future, what to fight for, etc.) Paras. 4-6: Lee; 7-8: Grant; 9, 11: Grant; 10: Lee; 12: Summary of the contrasts--- Para. 13: Transition to link the section about the contrasts to the section about the similarities. The transitional word ‘yet’ and the concessional clause prepare the readers for the turn of direction. Their similarities are briefly mentioned in the last two sentences.--- Paras. 14- 16: Similarities between Grant and Lee.Point-by-point comparison (categories compared: tenacity and fidelity, daring and resourcefulness, ability to make peace)Step 3 Contrasts between Grant and Lee in background, in personality, in underlying aspiration (para. 13) including opinions on / notions of privilege, equality, social structure, past and future, what to fight for, etc.(Ask individuals to talk about the contrasts one by one while the teacher makes some necessary explanations of the difficult sentences in the text.)1. tidewater Virginia:(Note 3) a state in the South of America, known at that time for its large plantations and its slaveholding tidewater aristocracy.2. Ohio: (note 8) a part of the Western frontier for those oppressed,discontented, ambitious, and restive people who sought adventures and made fortunes in the West.1. What does the word ‘chivalry’ suggest? (3-1) Or, what are the personality of chivalry, knight, the English country squire?the qualities that knights in the Western countries in the Middle Ages were expected to have, such as courage, honour, courtesy, loyalty, generosity, devotion to the weak and helpless, to the service of women1. pronounced: definite2. There should be a leisured class ... as the chief source of wealth and influence.Society is in need of a class of people who are not job-holders butland-owners, for their land may well help make society rich and powerful.3. Why should the leisured class enjoy privilege? (ll. 25-31)It was this leisured class of wealthy people that supported the society and made the nation powerful. They had a strong obligation to save or help the community instead of gaining advantage for themselves. It was this privileged class that should gain the leadership, decide social values - of thought, of conduct, of personal deportment.4. No man was born to ... how far he could rise.Nobody was born into this world with any rights or privileges; what he might do is to fully utilize every single opportunity with his reach and strive to achieve success.1. What do the words ‘steel and machinery’, ‘crowded cities’ symbolize?And what do the words ‘restless burgeoning vitality’ connote? (3-4) Mechanization, industrialization, and urbanizationDynamism, life, potential of growth and development1. Through him, the landed nobility justified itself.2.He had passed into legend before Appomattox.3. What was Lee’s ideal?a leisured class that had the ownership of wealth, that had all the privileges, that had the obligation to support the nation, to lead the nation in its development, to decide everything including social values.4. What did his men fight for? Why? (ll. 34-41)They fought for the ideals Lee stood for, for him himself. They fought heroically and desperately because they thought they were carrying on a holy cause. They were even willing to die for him because they considered him the Confederacy, the symbol of everything.Their faith in Lee was nearly fanatical, don’t you think so? (3-2)5. Why did Lee fight for his own community / locality?to defend his locality, i.e., all the wealth, the privileges, the power, which are the things that made his life meaningful. (ll. 70-71) So he treasured them and would do everything to preserve them.6. Why did Grant fight for the national community?He believed people could prosper only when their community prospered. He saw his fate in terms of the n ation’s own destiny. (= He had linked his own future with that of his country.) He would become wealthy if his country grew and developed well. (He had an acute dollars-and-cents stake in the continued growth and development of his country.) (para. 9)His living was closely connected with the growth, expansion, and development. He would survive as his country survived; he would fall if his country fell. Therefore, he would take some actions to defend his country when it was in danger. He would fight for his country against the danger with all his might because he thought this danger would bring forth the destruction of the country in which he lived. (He would combat it ... from under his feet.) (para. 11)7. What does ‘it’ in para. 11 refer to? (3-3)An attempt to destroy the nation.Summary:1. Each man was the perfect champion of his cause, drawing both his strengths and his weaknesses from the people he led. (= Each of the two men was the leading figure of his cause, defending his own faith, and each of them was the representative of his class, possessing all the characteristics and qualities - strengths and weaknesses - of his own class.)2. What is the most striking contrast between Grant and Lee according to Catton? What, in your opinion, makes him think so? (3-11)Grant was a nationalist and a democrat while Lee was a regionalist, an aristocrat, and a conservative.Of all their differences, this perhaps was the most essential one, which determined their different notions of the kind of nation America was to be built into.Step 4 Similarities between Grant and Lee1. Refer to LW4, and try to explain by giving synonyms in right column for the words in the left column.2. What is the most important similarity between Grant and Lee? Do you agree with Catton on this? Why? (3-10)to turn quickly from war to peace once the fighting was over. (16)This was the most important similarity because it made possible the reconciliation at Appomattox, which led to the reunification of the North and the South and the creation of the American nation, a most significant event in American history.3. Is the last para. the conclusion? Why did the author conclude the essay in this way? (Org. & Devl. - 3)There is not a separate para. that concludes the essay, but it is properly concluded in the last para., which is supposed to present the last, and also the most important similarity. This has such great significance for the outcome of the encounter at Appomatox that it is hardly possible for Catton to start another para. to restate the historic meaning of this event.Post-reading Activities1. Comp. 1, 22. In this comparison between two historical figures, no mention is made of their physical appearance. Is this a weakness of the essay or is there some justification for avoiding such details? Explain your answer. (3-12) Normally it would be considered a defect. But C. is writing about the two soldiers as large-than-life exeplars of social trends. Also he is writing about their beliefs and deeds rather than about their personal appearance.3. How is the beginning of the essay echoed by the ending? (3-13)What is said in the 1st para. ‘... a great chapter in American life came to a close, and a great new chapter began’ is restated in the last sentence ‘... one ofUnit 12Organization and Development Paras. 1-3IntroductionParas. 4-11Paras. 12Summary of the contrasts Para. 13TransitionParas. 14-16Similarities between Grant and Le (Language Work IV)。
新编英语教程6教案
新编英语教程6教案教案标题：新编英语教程6教案教案目标：1. 帮助学生掌握新编英语教程6中的词汇、语法和句型。
2. 提高学生的听、说、读、写的能力。
3. 培养学生的跨文化交流能力。
教案步骤：Step 1: 导入 (5分钟)通过引入一段与本课相关的话题或问题，激发学生的兴趣。
例如，你可以问学生是否喜欢旅行，以及他们最喜欢的旅行目的地是哪里。
Step 2: 词汇学习 (10分钟)介绍本课的重点词汇，并帮助学生理解词汇的意义和用法。
可以使用图片、示范以及例句等方式进行教学。
同时，可以设计一些词汇练习活动，如填空、配对等，以巩固学生的词汇记忆。
Step 3: 语法和句型 (15分钟)介绍本课的重点语法和句型，并通过一些实例进行解释和演示。
可以设计一些语法练习活动，如改写句子、完成对话等，以帮助学生掌握语法规则和句型结构。
Step 4: 听力训练 (15分钟)选择本课相关的听力材料，根据学生的听力水平选择合适的难度。
播放录音时，可以提前给学生一些听力问题，以便他们有针对性地听取信息。
播放完毕后，可以带领学生进行听力理解和回答问题的练习。
Step 5: 口语练习 (15分钟)设计一些口语练习活动，如角色扮演、对话练习等，以帮助学生运用所学知识进行口语表达。
可以设置一些情景，让学生在真实的语境中进行口语练习，提高他们的口语流利度和交际能力。
Step 6: 阅读与写作 (15分钟)选择一篇适合学生阅读的文章，并设计一些阅读理解题目，以帮助学生理解文章内容。
同时，可以引导学生根据文章的内容进行写作练习，如写一篇关于旅行经历的短文或写一封感谢信等。
Step 7: 小结与反思 (5分钟)对本节课的学习内容进行小结，并向学生提供一些反思问题，让他们思考自己在本节课中的收获和不足之处。
同时，可以向学生征求他们对下节课的期望和建议。
以上是一个基本的教案框架，你可以根据具体的教学内容和学生的实际情况进行相应的调整和修改。
记得根据学生的学习特点和能力，合理安排教学活动，使学生在轻松愉快的氛围中积极参与，提高英语学习的兴趣和效果。
新编英语教程 6 Unit 2 教案
Unit TwoTEXT ITHE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFFMichael DemurestObjectives: to catch the main idea/gist of each paragraph and analyze the coherent development between paragraphs.to learn the level of usage by first identifying the writer’s shifts in tone from the serious to the humorous and vise versa, and then writing a brief essay on LW VII.Pre-reading Questions1. Do you often do things promptly or postpone them?2. Do you know the proverbs ‘Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today/what you can do today’, ‘Never put off today’s work for tomorrow’, ‘Procrastination is the thief of time’?3. Do you think putting things off is a good habit or a bad one? Why?(This question is raised partly to see how well the students have previewed the text and how much they can understand it.)In-reading DiscussionIn order to catch the main idea of each para., it is necessary to comprehend some difficult sentences in it and to understand the relevant notes.Para. 11. That the elegant earl never got around to ... and had a bad habit of ... attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.That ...... (- subject clause)attests to the fact that ...... (- appositive clause).2. Moses (摩西）pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh.（法老）.plead:offer an explanation or an excuseMoses was reluctant to deliver Jehovah’s message to Pharaoh, and he gavean excuse that he had speech defect.Moses justified his unwillingness to pass Jehovah’s order to Pharaoh, saying that he was ‘slow of speech’.Moses: (Note 3)According to the Old Testament, he was the chief of ancient Jews / Hebrews, a prophet, and Aaron’s (亚伦) brother. At that time, when a Jew gave birth to a son, it should be thrown away into the river. But Moses was put into a box and later was found by the daughter of Pharaoh, the ruler of ancient Egypt. One day he killed an Egyptian when this Egyptian was fighting with a Jew, and he escaped because Pharaoh intended to kill him. Later, he got the message from Jehovah the God, saying that he should lead the Hebrews out of Egypt to Canaan 迦南. He was to pass the order to Pharaoh. But because M was a stammerer (he was said to ‘slow of speech’), his brother Aaron was to be his spokesman.Moses delayed giving God’s message to Pharaoh because he was a stammered/slow of speech.3. Who are the other characters mentioned in this para.? Why are these characters mentioned?Lord Chesterfield: He was the person who exhorted ‘Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today’ in his letter to his illegitimate son, Philip Stanhope, who was born in Holland in 1732. This saying later became a worldly well-known proverb. Chesterfield, Philip Dorner Stanhope, was the 4th Earl of, (1694-1773), English statesman, orator and author. His letters to his son were filled with wit and worldly wisdom and published under the title Letter to His Son (1774). (Note 1 & Lib. W.)Dr. Johnson: Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), English poet, critic, and man of letters, the literary dictator of England in the latter half of the 18th century and one of the most famous personalities of his time. He is best known for his Dictionary of the English Language(1755), which is in some respects an innovation in lexicography. He had the strongest influence of any of his contemporaries on the literary thought and style of the latter part of the 18th century. (Lib. W)Lord Chesterfield postponed getting married with his son’s mother permanently. He never got married, but he did have a son. And he even delayed meeting the ‘worthy’ Dr. Johnson by keeping him waiting fo r hours in an anteroom. He was the man to exhorted doing things promptly. However, this well-intentioned man had ever been a postponer.Quintus Fabius Maximus: (Note 2)Fabius Maximus, a Roman general, delayed the battle intentionally so that Rome can had sufficient time to recover its strength and attacked the invaders successfully.Hamlet: (Note 4)Hamlet procrastinated his revenge to his uncle who murdered his father and married his mother.They are all postponers/delayers/cunctators in some cases. By mentioning these characters, the writer provides some well known instances of putting things off .4. Main idea:D. puts forward the thesis and provides some well-known instances of putting things off.5. Why does the au thor provide instances that go against his statement ‘Never put off today’s work for tomorrow’? Or, Comp. 3-2: How does Demarest begin his essay? Is it an effective beginning?He begins with the famous saying of Chesterfield’s ‘Never put off till to morrow what you can do today.’ and instances of non-compliance of some historically well-known figures.This is an effective beginning. It effectively reminds people that procrastination is not under all circumstances a non-recommendable practice; sometimes people do have a good reason to wait before they take action. Para. 21. Main idea:two kinds of people: delayers and do-it-nowers, and examples2. How is this para. coherent with the 1st para.?all the postponers in the 1st para., but now two kinds of people.3. Tell the examples of delayers and do-it-nowers in your own words.Do-it-nowers: preparing their personal income taxes as early as in February (usu. paid at the end of the year. e.g. in Singapore and the United States),prepaying mortgages (The debtor can offer some piece of property for the creditor to keep for some time as a guarantee or security for payment of a debt until he pays off his debt. So prepaying mortgages seems absurd.),having dinners at exactly the fixed time no matter whether it is too early. (Six thirty is the early time to have dinners in America, in Singapore and some other western countries. Work is off at round about 5:30, then drive home for a long time because of the heavy traffic in the rush hour.) Delayers: having their dinners even at 9 or 10 p.m., too late,not pay income tax bills until the deadline or even after the deadline,not pay credit-card bills until warned of depriving him of using the card.visiting barbers, dentists, or doctors, which are the usual things to do in daily life in developed countries.4. Comp. 3-3: Why does D refer to visits to the barber, the dentist, and the doctor as ‘Faustian encounters’?Faust was a legend hero known for his magic deeds. Goethe, the German poet, dramatist, and novelist, turned the legend into a dramatist poem Faust. Dr. Faust had many encounters with the devil Mephistopheles.‘Faustian encounters’ refers to Faust’s encounters with the devil Mephistopheles. Naturally they are undesirable. Most people are willing to visit barbers, doctors, and dentists.Para. 31. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.Delay leads to problems. However, in many cases, it can often stimulate the creativity in an artist.2. Main idea:Delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.The first sentence is the topic sentence.3. How does the writer develop the central idea of this para.?By giving examples: Jean Kerr who postponed her writing by reading some seemingly trifles which did give her inspiration in writing; and many other writers who procrastinated by focusing on anything except their work, but did stimulated their imagination.4. How is coherence achieved between this para. and the above?‘Yet’Para. 41. What’s the central idea of this para.? How does the author develop it?Topic sentence: From Cunctator’s day until this century, the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military (“Hurry up and wait”), diplomacy and law. i.e.: postponement is a monopoly of the military, diplomacy and law.He develops this para. by giving examples or illustrations.1) military: ‘Hurry up and wait.’ is a military order made by some lieutenant, colonel, commander, general, who are delayers.A general could agree with his enemy to delay the battle by taking a day off for sports, or by looting the villagers’ chickens and wine.2) diplomacy: A British proconsul could postpone taking up actions against the uprising by local people because he needed more time for rumination, but he could still be rather easy, drinking wines or something.Comp. 3-4: How do you understand the word ‘Blessedly’ in the sentence Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops?It means ‘fortunately’. The nattering Telex would have facilitated the supply of weapons and dispatch of (sending off) troops, depriving the proconsul of the excuse to delay action.3) law: Lawyers, though they help people to write the will, often delay making their own wills, and there are many of them who die without leaving a will, according to a life insurance salesman.2. Coherence: The repetition of ‘cunctator’ at the beginning.Para. 51. Comp. 3-5: Explain Demarest’s distortion of the proverb ‘where there is no will, there is a way’ at the beginning of this para..The author is playing /punning on the word ‘will’. The repetition of the word serves as a cohesive tie between the two paras. But mind that the word is used in different senses in the two instances. In the proceeding para., ‘will’ means a statement in writing saying how someone wishes his property to be distributed after his death. In the distorted version of the old saying, the word ‘will’ is used in the sense of ‘volition’(= determination). Thus it means ‘Even when there is no will to procrastinate, there is a way to do so.’ Or, even you don’t wish to procrastinate, you have to do so in some cases. He goes on to illustrate his point by giving examples of purposeful procrastination. (The chronic postponement has been illustrated with examples before.)2. Can you tell the example in your own words?Why does making a final decision always seem to be delayed in big companies? Because of the large number of staff, the complexity of labor division, and the specialization of individual’s work, it is necessary to take many things into consideration before a decision is made. Caution is needed before any decision is made, and caution is the reason of delay. There are so many data to examine, so many reports to read, so many authorities to consult, and you need to get more information. These can be used as the excuse for inaction, for procrastination. Thus, procrastination occurs no matter whether you like it or not.Actually, speedy action can be embarrassing or extremely costly. = hastiness may give rise to decisions which turn out to be humiliating and expensive.3. Coherence: The parody of the proverb ‘Where there is a will, there is a way’ at the beginning. The repetition of the word serves as a cohesive tie between the two paras.Para. 61. Coherence: His point at the beginning to refer to what Manderbach says inthe proceeding paragraph.2. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decision from being made.Bureaucratization is the most commonly-observed/seen phenomenon in government offices or departments and in the whole society. It makes policymakers or officers so deeply buried beneath piles of files, documents, papers that they are fully engaged in an enormous amount of paperwork and judgment, thus delaying making decisions.(Excessive red-tape developed because public administration was expanding in scope and because society was growing more and more complicated. In this sense, red-tape helped those in charge of policy to be fully engaged in an enormous amount of paperwork and judgment, thus making it impossible for an immature decision to result.)So, bureaucratization leads to procrastination. If you are a government official in China, you have to get used to the routine work with a cup of tea and a piece of paper in hand. Blessedly, one of the advantages of doing office work is that you can become more and more eloquent. Many of the officials become chatterbox since there is not much to deal with.3. Watergate: Note 16Nixon, the Republic Party, near the general / presidential election; the burglarizing and wiretapping, hired by the White House, allegedly in the cause of national security.Procrastination does not merely occur in government business, but also in economic business, and it has become a world-wide way of life. There are many languages in the world in which there are words or phrases referring to putting things off, e.g. Spanish - manana, Arabian - bukrafil mishmish, etc. Para. 71. What’s this para. about?Topic sentence: Academe also takes high honors in procrastination.i.e. procrastination also occurs in academic fields.2. How does the author illustrate the central idea?Many scholars or writers are agonized that they can write only a few pages a day. They have many excuses for their procrastination: the pressure of teaching, responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote.3. Coherence: The use of the word ‘also’ in the 1st sentence to refer to a similar situation mentioned previously.Para. 81. Comp. 3-6: How do you explain the parenthesis (at $50-plus an hour)?This is a humorous touch. This refers to what the psychologists (more exactly psychiatrists and psychoanalysts) charge their clients for the consultations. This explains why they always delay curing their patients.2. What’s the meaning of ‘one-t ime shrink’?a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist before.3. What does the sentence mean All frightened people will then avoid the moment of truth entirely, or evade or postpone it until the last possible moment. Think of one or two examples to illustrate it. (comp. 3-7)Doing something is the moment of truth. Some people who are frightened to do something will avoid doing it, or postpone doing it until they are obliged to.e.g. a person who has a bad tooth tends to delay his visit to the dentist until the pain becomes intolerable; some students who will not start their review on the texts until a few days before the exam.4. What’s Joen Fagan’s opinion about procrastination?People procrastinate those trivial things and do the important first. Or, those things that have been postponed are usually the trivial, not the important.drag one’s feet: go forward slowly, unwillingly5. What’s the central idea of this para.?6. Coherence:Para. 91. What’s the central idea of the las t para.?Topic sentence: There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.This is the advantage of procrastination.2. What are the examples?The Parliament will have purposeful postponement in passing a law for deliberate consideration and better improvement.A painting, an entree, a book, or a building will also go through a long time of procrastination for consideration and improvement before it becomes a piece of great work. A more specific example of Blenheim Palace, the construction of which lasted 15 long years. (refer to Note 20)3. What’s the author’s conclusion?Put off until tomorrow what you don’t necessarily have to do today, because time is not meant to be devoured in an hour or a day, but to be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.So, procrastination is not under all circumstances a non-recommendable practice; sometimes people do have a good reason to wait before they take action, as it is implicitly stated in the 1st para.4. Coherence: ‘In fact’ to show the conclusion.Main idea:Comp. 1- C: In a half serious and half-joking manner D. expresses his view on procrastination that while in some cases it is justified and fruitful to delay, in others it is irrational and encumbering.Post-reading Discussion1. Comp. 3-8: The tone of this writing is a mixture of the serious and the humorous. Identify the shifts in tone from one to another.2. Comp. 3-1: In what sens e is the word ‘art’ used in the title?method, skill3. Comp. 2: True or False4. Level of UsageLW 3 & 4TEXT IIGOSSIPFrancine ProsePre-reading stimulationWhat do you think of gossip? Good or bad? What’s the author’s opinion about gossip?In-reading Comprehension1. Go over the text within 5 minutes and try to remember as much as possible.2. Pour out what can be recalled from reading the text. What points does the author give as far as gossip is concerned? After the students tell the point and the related para(s)., ask them to scan the para(s). for some important details.--- the conventional attitude towards gossip (the whole text):1. Most people are free to go about their lives without feeling the compulsion to endlessly dissect the minutiae of human motivation. They can indulge in this at their leisure, for pleasure, in their gossip. ( Para. 8) Everyone wants to gossip, hardly anyone wants to be gossiped about, for we fear that our secrets will be revealed, some essential privacy stripped away and the lack of control over what others say. (para. 9)2. Negative attitude: Gossip has rarely received its due, its very name connotes idleness, time-wasting, frivolity and worse. Gossip is the unacknowledged poor relative of civilized conversation: Almost everyone does it but hardly anyone will admit to or defend it; and of these only the smallest and most shameless fraction will own up to enjoying it. (para. 3) Gossip is predominantly scurrilous, mean-spirited. Tha t’s the conventional wisdom on gossip and why it’s so tempting to disown. (Para. 4) rumor-mongering, outright slander, willful fabrication meant to damage and undermine; ordinary gossip, incidents from and analyses of the lives of our heroes and heroines, our relatives, acquaintances and friends. (Para. 5) The sole aim of gossip is not to criticize, to condemn, or to titillate, to bask in the aura of scandal. (Para. 8)3. Positive attitude: a kind of synonym for connection, for community,the primary function of gossip. It maps our ties, reminds us of what sort of people we know and what manner of lives they lead, confirms our sense of who we are, how we live and where we have come from. an oral tradition. (Para. 6) Older children gossip; adolescents certainly do. Gossip may be the way the most of us learn to tell stories.(Para. 7) Gossip is a tool of understanding - debating why he did it, the choice and consequence, responsibility and will. the beginning of moral inquiry, first steps toward a moral education, a pastime conducive to the moral life. (Para. 8) plain nosiness and unadorned curiosity about our neighbors’ secrets, but unavoidable for we are born with curiosity and it’s part of human nature, of the human community, and understanda ble. (Para.9)--- Siamese twins (paras. 1 & 2), which meant nothing compared with what had been happening in the town they lived, though an event sensational enough to arouse much town talk.This example is given at the beginning of the essay to show that gossip is part of the community, contributing to linking all its members into a whole. (Q 1)--- the etymology of ‘gossip’ (para. 6): originated from the Anglo-Saxon term ‘godsibbe’ meaning ‘god-parent, or relative, then in Renaissance - friends and cronies, later - what one does with one’s cronies; a kind of synonym for connection, for community, the primary function of gossip; (ll. 5-10) an oral tradition.(Q 4) What point does the author want to make by tracing the origin of the word ‘gossip’?To show that gossip is a synonym for connection, for community. It thus should not be regarded as a word with negative connotations.--- distinction between gossiping and exchanging information (para.4): Gossip is predominantly scurrilous, mean-spirited. (ll. 1-4)(Q 3) Does the author herself agree to such a distinction?From the example given about her gossiping, we infer that she doesn’t agree to it, although sometimes she seems to be following the trend and making such a distinction. Yet the truth is that she is doing so out of the pressureimposed by social strain or simply out of courtesy.--- gossip’s analytical component (para. 8): The sole aim of gossip is not to criticize, to condemn, or to titillate (= excite pleasantly), to bask in the aura of scandal (= enjoy stories of others’ dishonorable or disgraceful acts). Gossip is a tool of understanding - debating why he did it, the choice and consequence, responsibility and will.(Q 5) Why does Prose think gossip’s analytical component is more important?To examine why somebody does something contributes to one’s moral development. (ll. 11, 12)--- the role of plain nosiness in gossiping (para. 9): the negative aspect of gossip.(Q 6) How does Prose explain it away?This is unavoidable for we were all born to be curious. It is part of human nature, of the human community.Post-reading Discussion1. How is Prose’s thesis echoed in the concluding para.? (Q 2)Gossip makes her feel close to those places where she had once lived. What Prose wants to emphasize is the strength of gossip as the heritage, as the legacy of a certain community.2. What is your attitude to gossiping and being gossiped about? To what degree do you agree with Prose on the subject? (Q 7)Open to discussion.。
新编英语教程6_答案_修订版_教师用书_李观仪
练习册：We may regard “if only” as indicating the past and “next time” the future, we all know the most important time is “now”, as past things could not be changed and future is based on “now”.I. 1. The old man was an eminent psychiatrist and the author was a client of his. (famous and respected within a particular profession)2. Refer to para. 1. To him, the session was just like “a flash of insight that leaves him a changed person—not only changed, but changed for the better.”3. The three speakers on the tape were all unhappy, and the two words they all used frequently in what they said were “if only.” What the old man wanted to point out to the author was that to keep saying “if only” would not change anything; on the contrary, it only kept the person facing the wring way—backward instead of forward. Thus it did more harm than good to the person who kept saying them. (See para. 15)4. Shift the focus; substitute “next time” for “if only”5. They point to entirely different mental directions; one is backward and negative, and the other forward and positive.6. It is instructive and inspirational.II. 1. The most inspiring and gratifying fact of life is the unexpected spark of enlightenment that makes you different and a better person than before.2. At last he walked over from the other side of the street, wrapped in his old-fashioned overcoat, his bald head covered by a shapeless felt hat. He looked like a dwarfish old man full of energy rather than a well-known psychiatrist.3. The next speaker on the tape was a woman who had remained single because she thought she was obliged to take care of her mother who was a widow. She still remembered and told others miserably about all the chances of marriage she had missed.4. Eventually, if you form a habit of sayi ng “if only”, the phrase can really turn to an obstruction, providing you with an excuse for giving up trying anything at all.5. …you are always thinking of the past, regretting and lamenting. You did not look forward to what you can do in the future at all.6. The Old Man said to me trickily, using the phrase “if only” on purpose, “If only we’d got here ten seconds earlier, we’d have caught the cab.” I laughed and understood what he meant. So I followed his advice and said, “Next time I’ll run faster”.III. 1. The whole plan fell through for want of fund.2. Newton is acknowledged as one of the world’s most eminent scientists.3. He calculates the cost of production with invariable accuracy.4. The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words.5. The young clerk from the commercial bankLANGUAGE WORKI. 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. D15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. DIII. 1. predominantly, prevailing 2. preferential 3. tremulous 4. inadvisable, shrinkage 5. sensitive, terrorism/terror6. magnifying7. unapproachable, fictitious8. unbecoming/becoming9. unaccountable 10. disorientation 11. persuasion, entreaties 12. irremediableIV. 1. blame 2. reproached 3. blamed/reproached 4. reproached5. rebuke/reprimand6. reprimanded7. rebuke/scold/reprimand8. reprimanded9. reprimanded 10. scolded 11. reproach 12. scoldedV. 1. on 2. In 3. over 4. in 5. from 6. beneath 7. with 8. in 9. of 10. Since 11. to 12. in 13. with 14. with 15. between 16. with 17. to 18. In 19. on 20. In 21. to 22. on 23. in 24. likeVI. 1. ash 2. outbreaks 3. interval 4. eruption 5. volcanologist 6. which 7. lava 8. cone 9. flood 10. under 11. crater 12. began 13. cauliflower 14. like 15. andUnit TwoTEXT ITHE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF未修订前的练习答案：I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:“Never put off till tomorrow,” 1exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “what you can do today.”’ That the elegant earl never 2got around to marrying his so n’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping 3worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom 4attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever. Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of the great Roman generals, was 5dubbed “Cunctator” (Delayer) for putting off battle 6until the last possible vinum break. Moses 7pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh. Hamlet, of course, raised procrastination to an art form.There are those who prepare their income taxes in February, prepay mortgages and serve precisely planned dinners at an 8ungodly 6: 30 p.m. The other half dine happily on leftovers at 9 or 10, misplace bills and 9file for an extension of the income tax deadline. They seldom pay credit-card bills until the 10apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver. They postpone, 11as Faustian encounters) visits to barbershop, dentist or doctor.Yet 12for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.From Cunctator’ s day until this century, the art of postponement had been 13virtually a monopoly of the military (“Hurry up and wait”), diplomacy and the law. In former times, a British proconsul faced with a native uprising could comfortably 14ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling” in hand. 15Blessedly, he had no flattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops.Even 16where there is no will, there is a way. There is a difference, of course, between chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement, particularly 17in the higher echelons of business.The data explosion 18fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction —another report to be read, another authority to be consulted.His point is well 19taken. 20Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise andreappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made.Many languages are 21studded with phrases that refer to putting things off ---from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish.There are all sorts of 22rationalizations: the pressure of teaching responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote.”To Georgia State Psychologist Joen Fagan, however; procrastination may be a kind of 23subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial.It is something of 24a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. So, 25for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or 26an entree, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, which took the Duke of Marlboro ugh’s architects and laborers 15 years to construct. In the process, the design can 27mellow and marinate.In other words, 28pace Lord Chesterfield, what you don’t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off until tomorrow.I. Paraphrase1. exhorted: urged strongly2. the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son's mother: found time for3. a habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours: men of importance like Dr. Johnson waiting4. That.…attests to the fact that: proves5. one of the great Roman generals was dubbed "Cunctator": named humorously6. for putting off battle until the last possible vinum break: until an effective defense deserving a celebration with champagne was ensureda speech defect, and that he had reasons for8. at an ungodly 6:30 p.m.: unreasonable9. to file for an extension of the income tax deadline: apply officially10.until the apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver: warning, suggests unavoidable destruction11.They postpone, as Faustian encounters, visits to barbershop: as if they will see devils13.the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military, diplomacy and the law: found almost only in the field of14.to ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling in hand: go over in mind repeatedly and slowly15.Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order machine guns and fresh troops: fortunately, noisy16.Even there is no will, there is a way: there is no will to delay, there is a way to do so.17.in the higher echelons of business: in the case of higher levels18.The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction: encourages, doing nothing19.His point is will taken: accepteddeveloped very quickly as a result of the expanding administrative structure and the greater complexity of society, were made to restrict policymakers, who have to be engaged in endless paperwork, mediation and reconsideration21.Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off: filled22.There are all sorts of rationalizations: reasons23.a kind of subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial: way outside one's conscious awareness24.It is something of a truism: an undoubted truth25.for that matter: as further concerns the thing mentioned26.So…is the creation of an entree: a small carefully prepared meat dish27.the design can mellow and marinate: ripen and mature28.pace Lord Chesterfield: with all due respect toII. Rewrite the followingFor each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.1. That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.The fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever can be testified ___ by the elegant earl who never got around to marrying his son’s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom.2. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh.By saying that he had a speech defect, Moses rationalized his reluctance to deliver Jehovah’s edict to Pharaoh.3. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.Although procrastination may incur, delay can, yet, often inspire and revive a creative soul.4. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.The design of bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was to smoother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.5. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.Procrastination has been honored long, suggesting that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.III. Translate the following into English1.事实上，拖延这种现象的漫长而骄人的历史本身就已经表明，许多构想和决定如果加以推迟可能会更为圆满。
新编英语教程 6 Unit 1 教案
Unit 1Text I Two words to avoid, two to rememberI. objectives: 1. to discuss the instructive significance of the text;2. to catch the key points in each para. and grasp the main idea of the essay;3. to appreciate the way the author write the story.II. pre-class work: Read Org.& Dev. and Analysis.III. introduction:1. Have you ever felt regretful of doing something? Would you share with us your regretfulexperiences?2. What would say to comfort yourself?3. What are the two words the author advises the reader to avoid and the two words to remember?“If only” and “next time”4. What do they mean respectively?①“If only”if it were possible that; used to introduce a wish, esp. one that seems unlikelyor impossible; (We must use subjunctive mood after “if only”) e.g.If only it would stop raining.If only I had worked harder I would have passed the exam.If only I had taken his advice, I would have become a rich man.Its synonyms are “provided that”, and “supposed”.②“next time”the time that follows this time; used to introduce a plan esp. one thatseems likely and possible;(We should use future tense after “next time”)I will work harder next time.I will take his advice next time.5. What are the different effects that theses two phases bring on you?The former one gives a sense of regret and disappointment. While as the latter one providesa feeling of determination and encouragement.IV. Organization and Development:This is a piece of narration. The story is related in a chronological sequence.characters: I and "the Old Man"time: a wintry afternoonplace: at "the Old Man's" officescause: The author's project had failed because of his miscalculation.development: I told the Old Man what was bothering me.He brought me to his offices.He let me listen to three short recordings and asked me to spot the common denominator in them.I failed to find out their common denominator. And the Old Man said it was "if only".He explained to me why should one avoid using "if only" and remember to use "next time"I accepted his advice. Whenever he find himself thinking "if only", he change it to "next time". theme: Nothing in life is more exciting and rewarding than sudden flash of insight that leaves youa changed person -- not only changed, but for the better.IV. In-reading comprehensionPara.1What is the theme of the text? How do you paraphrase the sentence?"Nothing in life is more exciting and rewarding than sudden flash of insightthat leaves you a changed person -- not only changed, but for the better.The most inspiring and gratifying fact of life is the unexpected spark of enlightenment that makes youdifferent and a better person than before.Para.21. introduction about Manhattan:Manhattan, borough of New York City, coextensive with New York County, southeastern New York, at the head of Upper New York Bay. The main economic hub of New York City, Manhattan is one of the world’s leading commercial, financial, cultural, manufacturing, medical, and tourist centers. Manhattan Island, which makes up almost all of the borough, is bounded on the north and northeast by Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlem River, which separate it from the borough of the Bronx; on the east by the East River, which separates it from the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn; on the south by Upper New York Bay; and on the west by the Hudson River, which separates it from New Jersey. The borough, about 80 sq km (about 31 sq mi) in area, also encompasses a small exclave (Marble Hill) on the Bronx mainland; several islands in the East River, including Franklin D. Roosevelt Island (the site ofa large modern housing complex), Randalls Island, and Wards Island; and Governors Island inUpper New York Bay.The name Manhattan is derived from an Algonquian term for “island of hills.” In 1524 the island, then inhabited by Native Americans, was probably seen by the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano.Ethnic and social groupings characterize some residential areas of the borough. Lower Manhattan contains fairly well-defined quarters inhabited by persons of Italian, Chinese, and Hispanic descent. Also in the southern part of the borough are Greenwich Village and SoHo, districts noted for artistic and cultural activities. Battery Park City, a large-scale residential and commercial development on landfill near the tip of Manhattan Island, was constructed during the 1980s. One of the most socially select sections of Manhattan is the Upper East Side, which borders Central Park on the east and includes portions of Park and Fifth avenues. The Upper West Side, located adjacent to the western part of the park and including a portion of Riverside Dr., is another major residential area. Harlem, situated astride 125th St., contains large communities of blacks and Hispanic-Americans. Many Hispanics also live in northern Manhattan, which takes in the Washington Heights and Inwood districts.Manhattan is one of the world’s great educational and cultural centers. Facilities of higher education in Manhattan include City College (1847) and Hunter College (1870), both part of the City University of New York; Columbia University; Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art; Fordham University at Lincoln Center; the New School for Social Research (1919); New York University; Pace University (1906); Rockefeller University;Yeshiva University; and such predominantly religious schools as Union Theological Seminary,the General Theological Seminary (1817), and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.Specialized instruction in music, drama, and painting is offered by the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music (1917), the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (1884), and the School of Visual Arts (1947).2. How were the author and the old man related?The old man was an eminent psychiatrist and the author was a client of his.3. According to the author, how much did the session with his psychiatrist friend that afternoonmean to him?Refer to para. 1. To him, the session was just like “a flash of insight that leaves him a changed person not only changed, but changed for the better.4．fall through fail to be successfully completed; come to nothing. e.g.: Our plans fell through at the last minute.fall apart to break down; collapseThe rickety chair fell apart.fall away decreaseAttendance fell away after the third week of the course.fall off to become less; decreaseThe number of staff meetings fell off after a few months.fall upon to attack suddenly and viciously:The enemy fell on him and pinned his arms tight.fall over drop accidentally to ground:I fell over a pile of books that had been left on the floor.fall to be duty of somebodyIt falls to the council to decide the matter.fall back upon to rely onWe should fall back on old friends in time of need.fall in with to agree with or be in harmony withTheir views fall in with ours.fall between (the) two stools to fail because of an inability to reconcile or choose between two courses of action.5. prospect n. ①something expected; a possibilityThere's not much prospect of Mr. Smith's being elected as Congressman.②a scenea beautiful prospect over the valleyv. to search for or explore (a region) for mineral deposits or oilThe prospecting team ploughed their way through the snows.Para. 31. Paraphrase the first sentence.At last he walked over from the other side of the street, wrapped in his old fashioned overcoat, his bald head covered by a shapeless felt hat. He looked like a dwarfish old man full of energy rather than a well-known psychiatrist.2. eminent ①outstanding, as in character or performance; distinguished, e.g.an eminent historian②towering or standing out above others, e.g.an eminent peak3. What is a psychiatrist and why people consult psychiatrist.Psychiatry, branch of medicine specializing in mental illnesses. Psychiatrists not only diagnose and treat these disorders but also conduct research directed at understanding and preventing them.A psychiatrist is a doctor of medicine who has had four years of postgraduate training inpsychiatry. Many psychiatrists take further training in psychoanalysis, child psychiatry, or other subspecialties. Psychiatrists treat patients in private practice, in general hospitals, or in specialized facilities for the mentally ill (psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, or community mental health centers). Some spend part or all of their time doing research or administering mental health programs. By contrast, psychologists, who often work closely with psychiatrists and treat many of the same kinds of patients, are not trained in medicine;consequently, they neither diagnose physical illness nor administer drugs.Psychiatrists use a variety of methods to detect specific disorders in their patients. The most fundamental is the psychiatric interview, during which the patient's psychiatric history is taken and mental status is evaluated. The psychiatric history is a picture of the patient's personality characteristics, relationships with others, and past and present experience with psychiatric problems—all told in the patient's words (sometimes supplemented by comments from other family members). Psychiatrists use mental-status examinations much as internists use physical examinations. They elicit and classify aspects of the patient's mental functioning.Para. 41. invariable ①never changing②invariables: mathematics constant quality.2. preliminary n. ①something that precedes, prepares for, or introduces the main matter,action, or business. 开端，初步②Sports A contest to determine the finalists in a competition. 【体育运动】预赛③often preliminaries Printing The front matter of a book. 【印刷术】前言：书的开头内容adj. Prior to or preparing for the main matter, action, or business;introductory or prefatory, 开头的，初步的：先于主要事件、行动或业务的或为其作准备的；预备性的或前面的e.g.a preliminary examination; a preliminary investigationPara. 51. perceptiveness unusual ability to notice and understand; awareness and understanding.(=perceptivity)2. proceed ①to go forward or onward, especially after an interruption; continueproceeded to his destination②to begin to carry on an actionlooked surprised, then proceeded to roar with laughter③Law to institute and conduct legal actionproceeded against the defaulting debtorPara. 6-101. Why did the old man advise the author to do to get out of his depressed state of mind?The three speakers on the tape were all unhappy, and the two words they all used frequently in what they said were “if only.” What the old man wanted to point out to the author was that to keep saying “if only”would not change anything; on the contrary, it only kept the person facing the wrong way backward instead of forward. Thus it did more harm than good to the person who kept saying them.2. Sigmund FreudFreud, Sigmund (1856-1939), Austrian physician, neurologist, and founder of psychoanalysis.In 1886 Freud established a private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous disease. He met with violent opposition from the Viennese medical profession because of his strong support of Charcot’s unorthodox views on hysteria and hypnotherapy. The resentment he incurred was to delay any acceptance of his subsequent findings on the origin of neurosis.Freud created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality by his demonstration of the existence and force of the unconscious. In addition, he founded a new medical discipline and formulated basic therapeutic procedures that in modified form are applied widely in the present-day treatment of neuroses and psychoses. Although never accorded full recognition during his lifetime, Freud is generally acknowledged as one of the great creative minds of modern times.Para. 111. berate to rebuke or scold angrily and at lengthscold，berate，These verbs mean to reprimand or criticize angrily or vehemently.Scold implies an annoyed or bad-tempered reproof: 暗示恼怒或坏脾气：The young woman's parents scolded her for questioning their authority.Berate suggests scolding or rebuking angrily and at length: 指长时间愤怒地责备或谴责：The dissatisfied customer berated the florist.2. Paraphrase the third sentence of the paragraph.The next speaker on the tape was a woman who had remained single because she thought she was obliged to take care of her mother who was a widow. She still remembered and told others miserably about all the chances of marriage she had missed.Para. 12-161. woeful mournful2. lament ①to express grief for or about:lament a death②to regret deeplyHe lamented his thoughtless acts.3. Paraphrase the last sentence of para. 15.Eventually, if you form a habit of saying “if only”, the phrase can really turn to an obstruction, providing you with an excuse for giving up trying anything at all.Para. 17-241. hash over discuss carefully; review2. Paraphrase the first sentence of para.18.… you are always thinking of the past, regretting and lamenting. You did not look forward towhat you can do in the future at all.3. rueful inspiring pity or compassionruefully regretfully4. Why did the old man advise the author to do to get out of his depressed state of mind?Shift the focus; substitute “next time” for “ if only”.5. grim Unrelenting; unpleasant, dreadfulto look grimI've had a grim day.Para. 25-331. In what way are the two phrases “if only” and “next time” different?They point to entirely different mental directions; one is backward and negative, and the other forward and positive.2. Paraphrase para.28and 29.The Old Man said to me trickily, using the phrase “if only” on purpose, “if only we’d got here ten seconds earlier, we’d have caught the cab.” I laughed and understood what he meant. So I followed his advice and said, “Next time I’ll run faster.”3. What do you think is the tone of the passage?It is instructive and inspirational.Text II The Romance of Words1. What is the writer’s purpose of writing? Where in the essay is it first made clear? Is it echoedsomewhere else?The writer’s purpose of writing is to call upon the readers to pay more attention to words, which they tend to take for granted. This is made clear at the very beginning of the article by the sentence “From now on we want you to look at words intently, to be inordinately curious about them and to examine them syllable by syllable, letter by letter.” This is echoed by the sentence in the last paragraph: “From this time on, as we enter our word studies, try to become self-conscious about words.”2. To show the dynamic nature of words, the writer have used two analogies. What are they?Which one do you concentrate on?The two analogies the writers have made are “human beings” and “living trees”. But in the article they concentrate on the analogy of “living trees”.3. Where in the essay can you find the writers’ explanations of the root of a word, the branches,and the leaves of our language respectively?Their explanations can be found in para. 6,12,and 16 respectively:The story of the root of a word is the story of its origin.The branches of our language tree are those many groups of words that have grown out from one original root.The leaves of this language tree would be the words themselves and their meanings.4. In the essay the writer have used various examples to illustrate what is meant by the root of aword, the branches, and the leaves of the language. Now try to provide similar examples of your own. You can refer to dictionaries and books, especially those on English lexicology.。
新编研究生综合英语教程UNIT6(潘海英)
Pre-reading Questions
Q1:What is the purpose of life? How do you understand the meaning of life? How do you think a good life should be lived? Are you satisfied with your
life? Q2:What is your attitude towards death? And how
can people have a decent death?
Pre-reading Questions
➢Q3: What qualities do you think are most important in a doctor/patient relationship? ➢Q4:Who should be responsible for the old people? ➢Q5:If you knew you were going to die, would you
Part Three (Para. 14- It gives the exact example, Linda Schuberth,
22)
to show Jill Campbell’s effort and the
➢Vocabulary ➢Exercises
Background Information
1. Information about the authors 2. Information about hospice care
Байду номын сангаас
Background
新编英语教程第6册教案Unit_Three
Paragraph 3
❖ E.g.: pick a stone up and heft it 捡起一块 石头掂一掂有多重
❖ hefty adj.: of considerate weight 沉重的
with money. 她倒不是穷而是太在乎钱了。
Paragraph 2
❖ Why do you think Raskin’s father and people of his generation take a negative attitude toward a bank with glass walls?
Paragraph 3
❖ a tangible commodity: a material thing, a substantial object
❖ bullion: gold or silver in bulk or bars, before it is made into coins, etc. 金或 银锭（条）
❖ E.g.: a flair for music 学习音乐的天分 ❖ be impressed by sb.’s political flair 对
某人的政治才干有深刻印象
❖ in view of: considering; taking into consideration
❖ heartily: in a cheerful way; here, completely and absolutely
II. Key Points of the Text
❖ Paragraph 2 ❖ unnerve: make someone lose self-control,
新编英语教程6词汇（ANEWENGLISHCOURSE6：Unit1-10vocabulary）
Unit 1 Two Words to Avoid, Two to Remember1. insight: the capacity to gain an accurate and deep instinctive understanding of a situation 洞察力2. checkered tablecloth: tablecloth that has a pattern consisting of alternating squares of different colors. The British spelling of checkered is chequered.3. chew the cud (slang): think reflectively4. gnome: (in legends) a little old man who lives underground and guards the earth’s treasures 土地神; a small ugly person 侏儒5. melancholy: (adj.) sad, gloomy, depressed6. berate: scold or criticize angrily7. a perverse streak: an obstinate quality8. ruefully: regretfully9. drag: (slang) a boring thing; nuisance10. immortality: never-ending life or endless fameUnit 2 The Fine Art of Putting Things Off1. cool one’s heels: be forced to wait; be kept waiting2. attest to: testify to; serve as an evidence to affirm/ to be proof of 证实, 证明3. apocalyptic: foreboding imminent disaster or final doom 预示灾难/最后毁灭的4. proconsul: an administrator in a colony usually with wide powers地方总督5. ruminate: go over in the mind repeatedly and often slowly 反刍, 沉思6. nattering: chattering; hence, noisy7. echelon: rank, level 等级，阶层8. fortify: encourage; support 鼓励9. reappraisal: re-evaluation10. academe: the academic community; academics 学术界11. shrink: (slang) psychoanalyst or psychiatrist心理分析学者/神经科医生12. subliminal: existing or functioning outside the area of conscious awareness潜意识的13. truism: an undoubted or self-evident truth 不言而喻的道理14. mellow and marinate: to mellow is to become ripe or fully developed, and the marinate is to steep (浸, 泡) (meat, fish) in a savory sauce to enrich its flavor; here, ripen and mature 成熟及完善Unit 3 W alls and Barriers1. tangible: substantially real; material 确实的；有形的2. custom: business patronage; the fact of a person or people buying goods or services at a shop/store or business (顾客对商店的)惠顾，光顾.3. impregnable: unassailable, unattackable; sturdy无法攻取的；不能征服的4. credit: trust in a person’s ability and intention to pay at a later time for goods, etc. supplied 信用5. dash: vigor in style and action; here means enthusiasm 精力, 干劲6: flair: ingenuity and vitality才能, 本领7. invulnerability: freedom from harm or attack不会受伤害8. composition: arrangement into proper proportion or relation and especially into artistic form布局9. illusory: deceptive幻影的, 错觉的, 虚假的10. preclude: make impossible 预防; 排除1. exuberant: wild and excessive 狂野的；极度的2. withal: together with this; besides 此外；而且3. bland and genial: adj. composed and gracious 沉着亲切的4. hitch: difficulty 妨碍；困难5. assert oneself: act in such a way as to show one’s power or authori ty6. poetic justice: an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded 理想的赏罚7. emanate: come out from 发出，散发8. wend one’s way: travel over a distance, esp. slowly9. air: tune, melody10. hilarious: joyous, jubilant 欢闹的1. imperious: domineering, overbearing, arrogant 专横的2. the apple of one’s eye: one that is dear; one’s favorite person3. premises: a tract of land with the buildings thereon房屋(及其附属基地、建筑等)4. throng (v.): fill by crowding into5. moiety: half 一半6. parapet: a low wall or railing to protect the edge of a platform, etc. (阳台、桥等的)栏杆；女儿墙；胸墙7. devious: tricky, not straightforward 狡猾的；迂回的；曲折的8. reverie: daydreamUnit 6 Dull W ork1. assumption: sth. taken for granted; supposition 想当然2. crave for: long for; desire eagerly 渴望3. humdrum: lacking variety; dull 单调的4. immerse: involve deeply; absorb （使）沉浸, 使陷入5. transmute: change; transform 改变6. physiological pressures: irritation; annoyance; affliction 生理压力7. vexation: illness; discomforts 恼怒8. seminal: having possibilities of future development; highly original and influencing the development of future events 影响深远的9. inordinate: excessive 过度的；过分的10. compatible with: able to exist together 和谐的；兼容的11. thrive on: enjoy and do well as a result of 以…为乐；因…而有成12. stave off: keep off; prevent in time 延缓；暂时挡住，避开1. lamely: weakly, unsatisfactorily （听起来）信心不足的；不具说服力的2. paradoxical: seemingly self-contradictory; incongruous; puzzling3. seductive: attractive; charming4. pedagogical: teaching 教学法的5. wary: heedful; careful6. on the defensive: prepared for disapproval or attack7. demeaning overtones: implications of humiliation8. vestiges: traces that have once existed but exist no more 遗迹9. to the detriment of: to the harm of10. throes: a condition of agonizing struggle or effort; upheaval 处于极为痛苦的斗争或苦恼中；挣扎11. narcissism: excessive admiration of oneself 自我陶醉, 自恋12. obligation: duty; social requirement that compels one to follow a certain course of action13. fretful: irritable; complaining14. pass muster: be accepted as satisfactory 及格, 符合要求15. depreciation: a disparaging or a belittling act or instance 轻视，蔑视16. censure: (v. or n.) an expression of blame or disapproval 谴责17. preen: adorn or trim (oneself) carefully刻意打扮并自我欣赏18. interminable: endless1. multitudinous: (fml.) very numerous, existing in great numbers 大量的, 多种多样的2. lust: overwhelming desire or craving强烈欲望, 渴望3. orgy: excessive indulgence in any activity; wild festivity纵欲；放纵4. pitch: point, level, degree 程度；强度5. texture: quality; structure of a substance 质地；结构6. deliberate fasting: eating little or no food on purpose7. bludgeon: (written) force sb. into (doing sth.); beat 胁迫；棒击8. blow-out: (slang) a large, usu. lavish, meal 大餐；盛宴9. indulgence: great satisfaction; gratification of desires 享受；纵容10. homage: honor or respect; reverence paid 敬意11. gorge: stuff/fill oneself completely with food 狼吞虎咽12. impotence: powerlessness; ineffectualness 无力, 无效Unit 9 A Red Light for Scofflaws1. take liberties with: misinterpret; distort; violate2. blithely: heedlessly; without thought or regard3. dereliction: deliberate neglect; negligence 玩忽职守：故意忽视（职责或原则)4. exempt from: not subject to an obligation5. flurry: profusion; abundance; great quantity6. ordinance: authoritative law; command 法令；条例7. flagrant: shameless; notorious 恶名昭著的8. festering scandal: tormenting disgrace9. statutes: laws10. public nuisance: something offensive or annoying to the community, especially in violation of others' legal rights11. flouting: treating with contemptuous disregard12. dent: a depression in a surface, as from a blow; hence, damage凹痕；伤害13. brazen: shameless; impudent厚颜无耻的14. slug: (v.) (infml.) hit hard, especially with the fist 用力猛击15. skirt: avoid; keep distant from; go around the edge of 绕开；回避16. mandate: command from a superior official to an inferior one; authoritative command17. constituent: voters选民18. subvert: undermine the principle of 颠覆19. enact: institute; levy制定法律, 颁布20. puny: small and weak; insignificant弱小的；孱弱的；微不足道的21. nullify: declare legally void 使失去法律效力22. desegregation rulings: official (court) decisions on desegregation23. disquieting: upsetting24. terminally: fatally新编英语教程6（词汇Unit1-10）ants05Unit 10 Straight-A Illiteracy1. plight: condition, state, or situation; esp. an unfavorable one2. as often as not: at least half the time; frequently3. articulate: using language easily and fluently; having facility with words4. a coveted fellowship: a fellowship (i.e., the money given to postgraduate students to allow them to continue their studies at an advanced level) that everyone longs jealously to possess5. allegorically: figuratively6. gibberish: talk or writing containing many obscure, pretentious, or technical words; meaningless or unintelligible talk or writing7. providentially: fortunately; luckily8. inexorably: inescapably9. profundity: profound or deep matters10. grapple with: try to deal with11。