“2020年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案
2020年1月11日托福阅读考试真题答案
2020年1月11日托福阅读考试真题答案一月上旬的托福考试已经顺利落幕，大家对考试的结果想必是非常的关心的吧，不妨先来和店铺看一看2020年1月11日托福阅读考试真题答案。
阅读篇章A group of well developed palsasas seen from above两种极地地貌形成的原因（19年9月21日题；在极地会形成两种小山丘mound，一种大一些叫pingo冰核丘，一种小一些叫palsa 泥炭丘。
这篇文章只有三段。
第一段：pingo的形成原理是一个小的ice core不停膨胀，越冷膨胀得越大，形成pingo；而pingo长得越大，icecore 会collapse形成一个深水塘。
第二段&第三段：palsa的形成原理是当地面有高低不平的情况时，风会把雪从高处吹向低处，这样低处就会变热，高处就会变冷，越来越冷越吹越多，高处就形成了一个ice core，膨胀成了palsa。
但是palsa长大后上面的白色地衣就会掉下来，变成矮木丛，矮木丛再没了之后就露出黑色的表皮，黑色就吸热了，然后ice core 会collapse形成一个水塘。
有一个科学实验花了一年时间，专门把一片极地上的雪扫干净，后来这片地果然变成了palsa）玻利维亚附近某地的农业（19年1月5日题；在南美的玻利维亚人是怎么繁荣发展的，主要依靠的是农业，他们有一些办法提高农业产量。
）海洋氧气分层（19年9月21日题；氧气在海里的分布，大型动物和小型动物需求的氧气不同）变温和恒温动物（18年2月4日题；动物分为变温动物Ectotherm，恒温动物endotherm和时而恒温时而不恒温的动物三类。
冷血动物像两栖动物之类的，他们在寒冷中不用太多新陈代谢保持体温，在温暖中加快新陈代谢。
因此所需食物少，可以生活在恒温动物不能生存的恶劣环境中。
但是他们进行激烈运动时靠无氧代谢，体内产生的乳酸会使其疲劳，所以他们静待机会捕食猎物，争取一击而中。
2020年3月19日托福阅读答案解析
2020年3月19日托福阅读答案解析3月19日托福阅读部分词汇题ardent=enthusiasticcompelling=persuasivescanty=fewdistinctive=characteristicsconfine=restrict toresemble= look likelone=single3月19日托福阅读Passage 1 The extinction trends 灭绝趋势文章解析第一篇文章一共五段，第一段开篇以物种数量的变化趋势引出extinction(大灭绝)的概念，然后对geological time(地质时间)中的 extinction的情况做了大体描述。
第二段讨论这些灭绝的原因，除了气候因素、小行星撞地球外，提出人为因素，本段的考题主要是人为因素影响灭绝的时间要注意。
第三段写最近一次的冰川时期，美国北部和亚欧大陆北部都覆盖着广阔的冰川，生活在这些冰川地带南部边界的人们的生活方式为打猎，人们为了获得食物打猎致使大量的物种灭绝。
第四段写农业的产生改变的人们的生活方式，人们为了开垦土地种庄稼进一步破坏自然，导致大量物种的灭绝。
最后一段写欧洲殖民(European colonies)对当地带来的影响，导致物种大量灭绝。
解析：最近连考大灭绝话题，足见ETS对这个话题的重视度。
本篇文章表面上看在讲大灭绝，实质上同样把人类的发展史与物种的灭绝结合起来考，建议考生把文章中涉及的相关背景知识都做一个较好的了解，如：冰川世纪、农业的起源、欧洲和美国发展史，当然学科词汇必不可少。
相信对背景全面的了解、对词汇的熟练的掌握，能够帮考生们很好的应对这篇文章。
参考阅读：TPO 15 Mass ExtinctionsTPO 8 Extinction of the DinosaursTPO 15 Glacier FormationTPO 21 The Origins of AgricultureTPO 33 Extinction Episodes of the Past3月19日托福阅读Passage 2 水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者本篇文章分为四个段落，第一段通过写生物有各种各样的方法伪装自己以便躲避捕食者，引出水生昆虫如何躲避捕食者，主要写颜色这个方面。
2020最新托福阅读真题第三套
第18套Reconstructing Ancient EnvironmentParagraph1A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular segment of the archaeological record was formed.Climates and the world’s geomorphology—the shape and constituents of land surfaces—have changed greatly over the past several million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.1.The word“constituents”in the passage is closest in meaning toponentsB.locationsC.sizeD.temperaturesParagraph2Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains.The study of animal remains,or faunal analysis,is a complex field in which,in most cases,the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments.Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals represented by the remains they find,and then use statistical methods to estimate the food values,ages,and sexes of the animals being exploited.The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging.One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores,and butchered them.Another faction disagrees and proposes that early humans hunted for their own meat.Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cases in which people butchered animals they had killed themselves and those in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.2.According to paragraph2,prehistorians disagree about which of the following?A.Whether humans hunted animals themselves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivoresB.The number and kinds of animals humans ateC.Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humansD.Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of theanimals they killed and the animals they scavenged.B.Humans scavenged stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.C.Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.D.Tool marks on butchered animals bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.Paragraph3Throughout human history,plants have been our main source of food,and so floral analyses—studies of the remains of plants—are an extremely important part of archaeology,particularly in studies of how domesticated plants and animals and agricultural economies evolved.Carbon is chemically quite stable,so charred plants (plants converted to charcoal or carbon)and seeds preserve well.Carbonized plant remains can be retrieved by flotation:excavated sediments are mixed with water or some other fluid and the charred plant fragments rise to the surface,where they can be skimmed off and identified.The importance of such analyses lies in the fact that these plants indicate much about the climates and vegetation of the periods in which the animals lived.For example,there are debates about when and where various animals were domesticated.If phytoliths(tiny mineral particles formed inside plants)of domesticated grains are found on the teeth of these animals,the probability is high that they were part of an agricultural economy.4.The word“excavated”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dug from the groundB.concentrated in solid formC.depositedD.Dried5.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that scientists use flotation?A.To estimate the fluid content of ancient plants and seedsB.To identify the sediments in which ancient plants grewC.To learn about the climate of places where ancient plants grewD.To determine whether the remains of ancient plants and seeds have carbonized6.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true about carbonized plant remains?A.Each fragment of carbonized plant remains contains sediments of a wide variety of plants.B.Carbonized plant remains are usually found near the remains of domesticated animals.C.Carbonized plant remains can be recovered by mixing sediments with fluid.D.Carbonized plant remains from an area are used to settle the age of animal remains located in the same area.7.According to paragraph3,which of the following do archeologist consider to be a strong indicator that an agricultural economy existed in a particular site?A.An unusually high number of animal remains near the surface of the site.B.Remains of domesticated plants in the teeth of animalsC.High numbers of mineral particles inside carbonized plantsD.Evidence of little vegetation change for long periods of timeParagraph4Human bodies are also valuable sources of information for archaeologists, particularly if the bodies are well preserved.For example,eleven naturally mummified bodies were found in beach sand in northern Chile and date to about1000 B.C.When they were analyzed,it was found that one of them was a coca leaf chewer (the earliest known),while other bodies showed the changes of the bones of the inner ear that are characteristic of people who spend a lot of time diving in cold water.In addition,they had the kinds of dental problems and missing teeth associated with the sticky starches of an agricultural diet—although about40percent of their diet came from marine resources.8.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of some people in northern Chile around1000B.C.EXCEPT:A.They were divers.B.They chewed coca leaves.C.They had dental problems caused by eating food from marine resources.D.They ate plants grown on land.9.The word“characteristic”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expectedB.typicalC.suggestiveD.destructiveParagraph5A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology,which combines archaeological and geological analyses.Geology and archaeology form a natural marriage in many obvious ways because both disciplines are concerned with the alteration of natural landscapes.Glaciers,changing rainfall patterns,and many other natural forces cause changes to landscapes,and of course,so do people. Geologists are broadly concerned with ancient physical environments,and archaeologists require knowledge of these environments to interpret their finds.1.The word“alteration”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.destructionB.preservationC.authenticityD.modificationParagraph6Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques. In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite image analysis,and many other techniques.2.The purpose of paragraph6is toA.answer questions about the equipment and techniques used in the Egyptian Delta areaB.describe the earliest communities built on large,sand=and-gravel moundsC.explain how streams feeding the Nile River in the delta change course over timeD.provide an example of a situation where complex archaeological analyses and techniques are necessary12.According to paragraph6,what is one reason that complex geological analyses are needed for locating many of the earliest Nile River communities?A.Flood waters can carry evidence of human habitation far from its place of origin.B.The streams associated with early communities have changed course over time.C.More recent communities have been built on top of ancient communitiesD.The types of sediments carried by Nile floods have changed since ancient times.13.Look at the four squares[⏹]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such a variety of methods are especially important at sites that are no longer visible on the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques.⏹In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.⏹But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.⏹Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.⏹Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite imageanalysis,and many other techniques.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.A.Studying plant and animal remains can reveal details of ancient climates,food sources,and agricultural activities.B.Once identified,carbonized plant remains can help modern agriculturalists determine the most stable varieties of plants to grow.C.To help understand the physical world of ancient communities,archaeologists may work with geologists and employ complex new techniques.D.Faunal analysis deals mainly with analyzing the tools ancient humans used for hunting and killing animals.E.An examination of human remains can tell archaeologists about such things as the individual’s diet and habits.F.Geoarchaeology,a growing field within archaeology,has proved to be more effective in explaining the alterations made to natural landscapes than in explaining how members of ancient communities lived.Water Supply in VeniceThe city of Venice,built on saltwater marshes and crisscrossed by canals,experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history.One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that“in a city”in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty“How was the community to solve this important problem?1.Why does the author include the quotation“in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths,they often go thirsty”?A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century.B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in VeniceC.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century.D.To emphasize how serious the water problem was in Venice.Paragraph2Water drawn from the lagoon(the large,shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea)and the canals within the city served many domestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest households list large numbers of buckets,which were emptied and rinsed,the ones used to carry the brackish(somewhat salty)canal water were kept separate from those intended forfresh water.Still,even serving such needs would have been impossible if the canals of Venice had been extremely polluted.The government was obliged to impose controls, and in the early fourteenth century,the Great Council prohibited the washing of all cloth and dyed woolens in the canals,adding that water used for dyeing could not be flushed into the canals.Henceforth,dirty water of that sort was to go into the lagoon. Thanks to resistance on the part of the dyers,infractions were many,the law did not reflect common practice.A century later,however,most of the dye works that used blood or indigo(a dark blue dye)had shifted to the periphery of the city,as had all activities“that let off bad odors or smells.”,such as butchering.Blood,carcasses,and spoiled meat were to go into thelagoon.The canals of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascent ecological awareness.2.The word“Henceforth”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Instead of thisB.In additionC.From this time onD.In effect3.The word“obliged”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forcedB.allowedC.expectedD.Persuaded4.According to paragraph2,why did the government place restrictions on dyers?A.To protect the city’s drinking waterB.To prevent the lagoon from being pollutedC.To keep canal water cleanD.To discourage the use of blood and indigo for dyeing cloth5.According to paragraph2,how did dyers respond to the controls imposed by the government?A.They switched from using dyes that let off bad odors or smells to new dyes that smelled much betterB.They resisted initially but eventually moved most of the dyeing operations outside the city centerC.They argued that the government did not consider common practice before imposing the controlsD.They started washing cloth and woolens dyed with blood and indigo in the lagoonParagraph3Much more stringent measures were necessary to guarantee a supply of drinkingwater,however.In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoon basin,the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region.By the ninth century, however,with the increase in population density,cisterns became necessary.Basically, the cisterns were large,covered pits dug into the ground and lined with clay to hold water.The cisterns were located in the city,but unlike the wells,the cisterns were not supplied with water from the lagoon,they collected rainwater instead.Cisterns became widespread in the growing city.6．It can be inferred from paragraph3that wells on the nearby coastal regionA.were smaller in size than the cisterns located in the cityB.served as a water source for the growing number of cisterns in the cityC.increased in number as the population density increasedD.Provided enough water for only a relatively small number of peopleParagraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system of cisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.Wealthy households had their own cisterns.In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements. Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of Venice’s system of cisterns and gome EXCEPTA.It was developed over several centuriesB.It collected rainwaterC.It was maintained with fees paid by the publicD.It reflected the social and economic diversity of the city of VeniceParagraph5In the thirteenth century,a decision was made to create50additional cisterns, primarily in the recently urbanized area at the edge of the city.At the same time,a campaign was launched to repair the existing cisterns.Expansion of the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice,like other cities in Europe, suffered from bubonic plague.In the fifteenth century,however,a new program of cistern construction and repair was undertaken.8.The word“launched”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.paid forB.startedC.proposedD.agreed on9.According to paragraph5,all of the following had an effect on cisterns in Venice from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century EXCEPTA.the construction of cisterns in other cities in EuropeB.the establishment of programs to construct and repair cisternsC.the outbreak of bubonic plagueD.the urbanization of an area at the edge of the edge of the cityParagraph6In spite of the expansion of the cistern system,Venice continued to have problems with its water supply,especially during dry periods.Flotillas of boats had to be dispatched to the mouths of nearby rivers-first to the Bottenigo,then to the Brenta-to fetch fresh water.The fresh water was then sold by the bucket or poured into the cisterns.The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure the supply of fresh water from this parallel source and a number of projects were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.However,the high cost of such initiatives precluded their execution.10.The phrase“this parallel source”refers toA.flotillas of boatB.nearby riversC.the cisternsD.an aqueduct11.The word“ensure”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.improveB.increaseC.controlD.Guarantee12.According to paragraph6,how did public authorities respond to problems with the water supply during dry periods?A.They sent boats to fetch fresh water from nearby riversB.They channeled river water into the cisternsC.They constructed an aqueductD.They sold water from the cisterns in buckets to the public13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The complexity of the cistern system was social as well as physical.Paragraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system ofcisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.■Wealthy households had their own cisterns.■In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.■In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.■A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements.Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.The city of Venice experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. Answer ChoicesA.The water from the lagoon between Venice and the Mediterranean Sean could not be used for drinking because it was extremely polluted.B.From the ninth to the fifteenth century,Venice developed a system to collected and store rainwater in cisterns for use by the populationC.Wealthy households were able to build their own cisterns,but everyone else had to use public cisterns located in the city’s many squares.D.By the early fourteenth century,the water in Venice’s canals was becoming too polluted for household use prompting the city council to prohibit the use of the canals by dyers and butchers.E.By the fifteenth century,cisterns supplied by rainwater proved to be inadequate, but the cost of the projects proposed for a permanent solution was too high for the projects to be undertaken.F.The expansion and repair of the cistern system was interrupted for much of the fourteenth century because of the bubonic plague,a situation that worsened the water supply problem.Vocalization in Frogs(17年4月曾经又考过)Paragraph1The tungara frog is a small terrestrial vertebrate that is found in Central America. Tungara frogs breed in small pools,and breeding groups range from a single male to choruses of several hundred males.the advertisement call of a male tungara frog is a strange noise,a whine that starts at a frequency of900hertz and sweeps downward to 400hertz in about400milliseconds.The whine may be produced by itself,or it may be followed by one or several chucks or clucking sounds.when a male tungara a frogis calling alone in a pond,it usually gives only the whine portion of the call,but as additional males join a chorus,more and more of the frogs produce calls that include chucks.Scientists noted that male tungara frogs calling in a breeding pond added chucks to their calls when they heard the recorded calls of other males played back. That observation suggested that it was the presence of other calling males that incited frogs to make their calls more complex by adding chucks to the end of the whine.1.The word“incited”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.allowedB.stimulatedC.forcedD.Helped2.According to paragraph1,male tungara frogs add chucks to the whine they produce whenA.potential mates are unable to hear the frequency of their whine soundsB.other males produce louder whine sounds than they doC.the frogs breed in large pools rather than small onesD.other males are present in their breeding poolParagraph2What advantage would a male frog in a chorus gain from using a whine-chuck call instead of a whine?Perhaps the complex call is more attractive to female frogs than the simple call.Michael Ryan and Stanley Rand tested that hypothesis by placing female tungara frogs in a test arena with a speaker at each side.One speaker broadcast a pre-recorded whine call,and the second speaker broadcast a whine-chuck.When female frogs were released individually in the center of the arena,fourteen of the fifteen frogs tested moved toward the speaker broadcasting the whine-chuck call.3.What is the relationship of paragraph2in the passage to paragraph1?A.Paragraph2provides additional support for a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.B.Paragraph2questions the accuracy of a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.C.Paragraph2provides a possible explanation for a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.D.Paragraph2identifies some strengths and weaknesses of a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.4.According to paragraph2,Ryan and Rand conducted an experiment to find out whether which of the following theories was true?A.Male frogs in a chorus use a whine-chuck in place of a whine call.B.Female frogs prefer a whine-chuck call to a simple whine call.C.Male frogs tend to produce more whine-chuck calls than whine calls.D.Female frogs respond differently to live calls from males than they do to recorded calls.Paragraph3If female frogs are attracted to whine-chuck calls in preference to whine calls,why do male frogs give whine-chuck calls only when other males are present?Why not always give the most attractive call possible?One possibility is that whine-chuck calls require more energy than whines,and males save energy by only using whine-chucks when competition with other males makes the energy expenditure necessary.However, measurements of the energy expenditure of calling male tungara frogs showed that energy cost was not related to the number of chucks.Another possibility is that male frogs giving whine-chuck calls are more vulnerable to predators than frogs giving only whine calls.Tungara frogs in breeding choruses are preyed upon by a species of frog-eating bats.Trachops cirrhosis,and it was demonstrated that the bats locate the frogs by homing on their vocalizations.5.To be attracted to whine-chuck calls“in preference to”whine calls meansA.to like whine-chuck calls instead of whine callsB.to like whine-chuck calls in addition to whine callsC.to like whine-chuck calls followed by whine callsD.to like whine-chuck calls more than whine calls6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Males may save energy when competing for mates by using only whine-chuck calls rather than both whines and whine-chucks.B.Males expend as much of their energy on whine-chuck calls as on whine calls when competing with other males.C.Males save energy by using whine-chuck calls only when competing with other males.D.Males that save energy by using only whines are less able to compete with other males.Paragraph4In a series of playback experiments,Michael Ryan and Merlin Tuttle placed pairs of speakers in the forest and broadcast vocalizations of tungara frogs.One speaker played a recording of a whine and the other a recording of a whine-chuck.The bats responded as if the speakers were frogs:they flew toward the speakers and even landed on them.In five experiments at different sites,the bats approached speakers broadcasting whine-chuck(168approaches versus81).Thus,female frogs are not alone in finding whine-chuck calls more attractive than simple whines—an important predator of frogs also responds more strongly to the complex calls.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following are true of the playback experiments EXCEPT:A.Female frogs and predator bats approached the broadcasting speakers.B.The bats responded more strongly to the whine-chuck calls than they responded to the whine calls.C.Each speaker played a different kind of male frog call.D.The same experiment was repeated at different locations.8.According to paragraph4,the playback experiments of Ryan and Tuttle demonstrated which of the following?A.Tungara frogs use both whines and whine-chucks in their vocalizations.B.Female tungara frogs are attracted to both whine and whine-chuck vocalizations.C.Female tungara frogs and predators of tungara frogs are attracted to different types of vocalizations.D.Frog-eating bats are attracted to whine-chuck calls more than to alone.Paragraph5Ryan and his colleagues measured the rates of predation in tungara frog choruses of different rge choruses of frogs did not attract more bats than small choruses, and consequently the risk of predation for an individual frog was less in a large chorus than in a small one.Predation was an astonishing19percent of the frogs per night in the smallest chorus and a substantial1.5percent per night even in the largest chorus. When a male frog shifts from a simple whine to a whine-chuck call,it increases its risk of attracting a female,but it simultaneously increases its risk of attracting a predator.In small choruses,the competition from other males for females is relatively small,and the risk of predation is relatively large.Under these conditions it is apparently advantageous for a male tungara frog to give simple whines.However,as chorus size increases,competition with other males also increases while the risk of predation falls.In that situation,the advantage of giving a complex call apparently outweighs the risks.9.The word“substantial”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.averageB.smallerC.considerableD.surprising10.The word“outweighs”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.exceedsB.ignoresC.minimizesD.Disguises11.According to paragraph5,all of the following are true about tungara frog。
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷七)
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷七）托福阅读文本：Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom,thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.托福阅读题目：1. What is the main idea of the passage ?(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C)Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4.According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5.According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6.All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT。
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题：Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。
比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。
一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。
或者一个障碍的形成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook wasthe first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of naturalselection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the lastglacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen betweendifferent genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as： (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures; (b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galáp agos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other。
托福试题及答案2020
托福试题及答案20201. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一1.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要讨论了城市化进程对环境的影响。
1.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了统计数据、专家意见和历史案例来支持他的观点。
B. 阅读材料二2.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要探讨了教育对于个人发展的重要性。
2.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了教育研究结果、个人经历和比较分析来支持他的观点。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一1.1. 问题一：讲座中教授提到了哪种类型的动物？答案：教授提到了迁徙鸟类。
1.2. 问题二：教授是如何解释这种动物的行为的？答案：教授通过观察和实验数据来解释这种动物的迁徙行为。
B. 听力材料二2.1. 问题一：对话中两位学生讨论了什么话题？答案：两位学生讨论了即将到来的期末考试。
2.2. 问题二：他们对这个话题的态度如何？答案：他们对这个话题感到紧张和焦虑。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你曾经遇到的挑战，并解释你是如何克服它的。
答案：我遇到的挑战是准备一个重要的演讲。
我通过多次练习和向老师寻求建议来克服它。
B. 口语任务二2.1. 问题一：你更喜欢在图书馆学习还是在咖啡馆学习？为什么？答案：我更喜欢在图书馆学习，因为它提供了一个安静和专注的环境。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你认为重要的社会问题，并提出解决方案。
答案：我认为环境污染是一个重要的社会问题。
解决方案包括提高公众意识和推动可持续能源的使用。
B. 写作任务二2.1. 问题一：你同意还是不同意以下观点：学校应该要求学生穿校服？给出你的理由。
答案：我同意这个观点，因为校服可以减少学生之间的社会压力，并促进学校精神。
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
托福阅读模拟练习题及答案The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers'attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone经历" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon'scraters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formedBCDAD CACDC。
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷二)
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷二）如何确定恐龙的食物Determining what extinct dinosaurs ate is difficult, but we can infer some aspects of their dietary preferences.要确定已经灭绝的恐龙吃什么比较困难，但是我们可以推测出它们喜欢吃什么食物。
Traditionally this information has been derived from direct evidence, such as stomach contents, and indirect evidence, such as establishing a correlation between particular body characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs.传统上而言，这些信息来自于直接证据，比如胃里的食物，以及间接证据，比如通过恐龙特别的身体特征和现今存活的动物的饮食习惯之间建立关系来推断恐龙的饮食习惯。
Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws.比如家养的猫和狗这类动物，嘴前部有着尖锐的犬牙，而且后颌有着小一些但同样尖锐的牙齿。
Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws.而且大多数这类动物都有着锋利的爪子。
The advantage of teeth and claws as predatory tools is obvious.牙齿和爪子作为捕食工具的优势非常明显。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electrical impulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretintravels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaning“to excite”or“to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrine system)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,soscientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with theirabilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervous system(C)affect processes in a different part of the body(D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacementtherapy(HRT)may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2)Hormones can a ffect not only life processes…..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of….。