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托福模拟试题题型及答案

托福模拟试题题型及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 学生在图书馆寻找资料。

B. 学生在食堂讨论课程。

C. 学生在办公室咨询教授。

答案：A2. 根据所听讲座，以下哪项是教授提到的主要观点？A. 气候变化对农业的影响。

B. 城市化进程中的环境问题。

C. 科技发展对教育的影响。

答案：B二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落，选择最佳标题。

"In recent years, the advancement of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. The internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, providing us with a wealth of resources and opportunities."A. The Impact of Technology on Daily LifeB. The History of the InternetC. The Benefits of Online Resources答案：A2. 根据文章内容，以下哪个选项是作者支持的观点？A. 社交媒体对青少年有害。

B. 社交媒体是现代社会不可或缺的一部分。

C. 社交媒体应该受到更严格的监管。

答案：B三、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

参考答案：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。

秋天的天气凉爽宜人，树叶的颜色变化多端，给人一种宁静和舒适的感觉。

此外，秋天也是收获的季节，我喜欢看到田野里金黄色的麦浪。

2. 讨论科技在教育中的作用。

参考答案：科技在教育中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

它不仅提高了教学效率，还为学生提供了丰富的学习资源。

例如，在线课程和教育软件可以帮助学生随时随地学习，而互动白板则可以提高课堂的互动性。

托福考试模拟试题及答案word

托福考试模拟试题及答案word一、听力部分1. 听一段对话，然后选择正确的答案。

- 问题：对话中提到了什么活动？- 选项：A. 看电影B. 参加派对C. 去图书馆- 答案：B2. 听一段讲座，然后回答以下问题。

- 问题：讲座中提到了哪些主要观点？- 答案：讲座主要讨论了环境保护的重要性以及个人在日常生活中可以采取的措施。

二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，然后回答相关问题。

- 短文：《城市化的影响》- 问题：城市化对环境有哪些影响？- 答案：城市化导致空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

2. 阅读以下文章，然后选择正确的答案。

- 文章：《科技与教育》- 问题：科技如何改变教育？- 选项：A. 通过在线课程B. 通过提高学费C. 通过减少教师数量- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么你选择参加它。

- 答案示例：我最近参加了一个环保志愿者活动，因为我对环境保护非常感兴趣，并且希望能够为保护我们的地球做出贡献。

2. 讨论你如何看待全球化对文化的影响。

- 答案示例：我认为全球化促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解，但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的丧失。

四、写作部分1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技发展对日常生活的影响。

- 答案示例：科技发展极大地方便了我们的日常生活，例如智能手机让我们随时随地都能获取信息，但同时也带来了隐私和安全问题。

2. 选择一个你感兴趣的话题，写一篇文章表达你的观点。

- 答案示例：我选择讨论教育的重要性。

教育不仅能够提高个人的生活质量，也是社会进步和发展的关键。

结束语托福考试是一个全面评估英语能力的测试，希望以上的模拟试题及答案能够帮助你更好地准备考试。

记住，持续的练习和复习是提高语言能力的关键。

祝你考试顺利！请注意，以上内容仅为模拟试题，实际的托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。

考生应以官方发布的考试指南为准。

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题(含答案)

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。

托福模拟题测试题及答案

托福模拟题测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音内容，以下哪项是教授在讲座中提到的？A. 地球的气候变化对生态系统有积极影响。

B. 人类活动是导致全球变暖的主要原因。

C. 地球的自然周期导致了气候变化。

D. 气候变化对人类社会没有影响。

答案：B2. 在对话中，学生为什么感到困惑？A. 学生不理解课程作业的要求。

B. 学生不知道如何安排时间。

C. 学生对考试内容感到困惑。

D. 学生对老师的教学方法感到困惑。

答案：A二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章内容，作者主要讨论了什么主题？A. 科技发展对教育的影响。

B. 教育系统如何适应社会变化。

C. 教育的重要性在现代社会中减少。

D. 社会对教育的需求日益增长。

答案：B2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”是指什么？A. 只在学生时代接受教育。

B. 教育应该贯穿一个人的整个生活。

C. 教育只对年轻人重要。

D. 教育只包括学术知识。

答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么这个活动对你很重要。

（答案略）2. 你如何看待在线教育与传统教育的结合？请给出你的观点。

（答案略）四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技在日常生活中的作用，并给出你的观点。

（答案略）2. 选择一个你感兴趣的社会问题，写一篇文章，说明这个问题的重要性以及可能的解决方案。

（答案略）请注意：以上模拟题及答案仅供参考，实际托福考试的题型和内容可能会有所不同。

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题(含答案)

新托福阅读考试试题

新托福阅读考试试题模拟试题一：The discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetrating the food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When properly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year.Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either byplunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables.1.Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit?A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foodsB.To identify the freezing point of waterC.To state the correct setting for a freezerD.To give the temperature for blanching2.Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching?A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effectiveB.To warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional valueC.To emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a timeD.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperly答案：1.B2.B模拟试题二：The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenthcentury artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer,and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists. Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on thevoluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principallythrough movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under hercostumes. She rejected the technical virtuosity of movement in ballet, the most prestigiousform of theatrical dance at that time, perhaps because her formal dance training was minimal.Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarilyinterested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancingemanated from her visual effects. Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States, she achieved her greatestglory in Paris, where she wasengaged by the Folies Bergère in 1892 and soon became “LaLoie,”the darling of Parisian audiences. Many of her dances represented elements or naturalobjects—Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on—and thus accorded well with the fashionableArt Nouveau style, which emphasized nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Her dancing alsoattracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their likingfor mystery, their belief in art for art”s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable initself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts tosynthesize form and content.Fuller had scientific leanings and constantly experimented with electrical lighting (which wasthen in its infancy), colored gels, slide projections, and other aspects of stage technology. Sheinvented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemical dyes for herdraperies. Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists of the period,notably the painter Seurat, famed for his Pointillist technique of creating a sense of shapes andlight on canvas by applying extremely small dots of color rather than by painting lines.One ofFuller”s major inventions was underlighting, in which she stood on a pane of frosted glassilluminated from underneath. This was particularly effective in her Fire Dance (1895), performedto the music of Richard Wagner”s “Ride of the Valkyries.” The dance caught the eye of artistHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who depicted it in a lithograph.As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of herdances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scoresby Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky,Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. Shebegan to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancersinvisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open toscientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curieupon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films —then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed byRené Clair, later a leading French film director.At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where,in addition to her owndances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. She assembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, but neither survived her.Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stage lighting, her activitiesalso touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other United States dancers who wereexperimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan”s first appearance in Europe.Her theater at the Paris Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who found new ideas aboutstagecraft in Fuller”s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco”s plays. In 1924 St.Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.Paragraph 1: The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in thelate nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than amere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists.1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about theatrical dancein the late nineteenthcentury?○It influenced many artists outside of the field of dance.○It was very similar to theatrical dance of the early nineteenth century.○It was more a form of entertainment than a form of serious art.○It was a relatively new art form in the United States.Paragraph 2: Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights andcolors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motionprincipally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed underher costumes. She rejected the technical virtuosity of movement in ballet, the mostprestigious form of theatrical dance at that time, perhaps because her formal dance trainingwas minimal. Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she wasnot primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of herdancing emanated from her visual effects.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are characteristic of Fuller”s type of danceEXCEPT○experimentation using color○large and full costumes○continuous movement of her costumes○ technical virtuosity of movement3. The word prestigious in the passage is closest in meaning to○highly regarded○financially rewarding○demanding○serious4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.○Fuller was more interested in dance”s visual impact than in its narrative or emotionalpossibilities.○Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.○Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.○Fuller”s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted fromher early theatrical training as anactress.Paragraph 3: Although she discovered and introduced her art in the United States, she achievedher greatest glory in Paris, where she was engaged by the Folies Bergère in 1892 and soonbecame “La Loie,” the darling of Parisian audiences. Many of her dances represented elements ornatural objects—Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on—and thus accorded well with thefashionable Art Nouveau style, which emphasized nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Herdancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealedto their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art”s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art isvaluable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and theirefforts to synthesize form and content.5. The word engaged in the passage is closest in meaning to○noticed○praised○hired○attracted6. The word synthesize in the passage is closest in meaning to○improve○define○simplify○integrate7. According to paragraph 3, why was Fuller”s work well received in Paris?○Parisian audiences were particularly interested in artists and artistic movements from theUnited States.○Influential poets tried to interest dancers in Fuller”s work when she arrived in Paris.○Fuller”s work at this time borrowed directly from French artists working in other media.○Fuller”s dances were in harmony with the artistic values already present in Paris.Paragraph 4: Fuller had scientific leanings and constantly experimented with electrical lighting(which was then in its infancy), colored gels, slide projections, and other aspects of stagetechnology. She invented and patented special arrangements of mirrors and concocted chemicaldyes for her draperies. Her interest in color and light paralleled the research of several artists oftheperiod, notably the painter Seurat, famed for his Pointillist technique of creating a sense ofshapes and light on canvas by applying extremely small dots of color rather than by paintinglines. One of Fuller”s major inventions was underlighting, in which she stood on a pane offrosted glass illuminated from underneath. This was particularly effective in her Fire Dance(1895), performed to the music of Richard Wagner”s “Ride of the Valkyries.” The dance caughtthe eye of artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who depicted it in a lithograph.8. According to paragraph 4, Fuller”s Fire Dance was notable in part for its○use of colored gels to illuminate glass○use of dyes and paints to create an image of fire○technique of lighting the dancer from beneath○draperies with small dots resembling the Pointillist technique of SeuratParagraph 5: As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the otheraspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, shelater used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner,eventually graduatingto Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then consideredprogressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea,in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights.Always open to scientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie andPierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films—then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed by René Clair, later a leading French film director.9. Why does the author mention Fuller”s The Sea?○To point out a dance of Fuller”s in which music did not play an important role○ To explain why Fuller sometimes used music by progressive composers○To illustrate a particular way in which Fuller developed as an artist○To illustrate how Fuller”s interest in science was reflected in her work10. The word agitated in the passage is closest in meaning to○emerged from beneath○created movement in○arranged themselves in○pretended to beParagraph 6: At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where, in addition toher own dances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. Sheassembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, butneither survived her. Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stagelighting, her activities also touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other UnitedStates dancers who were experimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan”s firstappearance in Europe. Her theater at the Paris Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who foundnew ideas about stagecraft in Fuller”s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco”s plays.In 1924 St. Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.11. According to paragraph 6, what was true of Fuller”s theater at the Paris Exposition?○It presented some works that were not by Fuller.○It featured performances by prominent male as well as female dancers.○It became a famous school that is still named in honor of Fuller.○It continued to operate as a theater after Fuller died.12. The passage mentions which of the following as a dance of Fuller”s that was set to music?○Fire Dance○Radium Dance○Le Lys de la Vie○Valse à la LoieParagraph 5: As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the otheraspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, shelater used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduatingto Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then consideredprogressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea,in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights.Always open to scientific andtechnological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie andPierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated thephosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films—then in an early stage ofdevelopment—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) wasplayed by René Clair, later a leading French film director.13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artisticmedia.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.Loie Fuller was an important and innovative dancer.Answer Choices1. Fuller believed that audiences in the late nineteenthcentury had lost interest in mosttheatrical dance.2. Fuller transformed dance in part by creating dance interpretations of works by poets andpainters.3. Fuller”s work influenced a number of other dancers who were interested in experimentaldance.4. Fuller introduced many technical innovations to the staging of theatrical dance.5. Fuller continued to develop throughout her career, creating more complex works andexploring new artistic media.6. By the 1920”s, Fuller”s theater at the Paris Exhibition had become the world center forinnovative dance.。

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最新完整托福模拟题阅读(一)令狐采学Questions 12-20 The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen. Astronomers hQuestions 12-20The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen.Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn't seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may beslightly more of it; In others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to he significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning..However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the one-minute point that helium could exist. By this time, the universe had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.12. what does the passage mainly explain?(A)How stars produce energy(B)The difference between helium and hydrogen(C)When most of the helium in the universe was formed(D)Why hydrogen is abundant13. According to the passage, helium is(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe(B) difficult to detect(C) the oldest element in the universe(D) the most prevalent element in quasars14. The word "constituents" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) relatives (B) causes (C)components (D) targets15. Why does the author mention "cosmic rays't' in line 7?(A)As part of a list of things containing helium(B) As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle(C) To explain how the universe began(D) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe16. The word "vary" in line 10 is closest ill meaning to(A) mean (B) stretch (C) change (D) include17. The creation of helium within stars(A) cannot be measured (B) produces energy(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product(D) causes helium to be much more abundant In old stars than In young star:18. The word "calculated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored (B) converted (C) increased (D) determined19. Most of the helium in the universe was formed(A) in interstellar space (B) in a very short time(C) during the first minute of the universe's existence(D) before most of the hydrogen20. The word "ceased" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A)extended (B)performed (C)taken hold(D)stoppedHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.”A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s pers onality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in theendocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) desire (B) origin (C) science (D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to(A) secretin (B) small intestine (C) bloodstream (D) pancreas29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) remembered (B) surprised (C) invented (D) motivated30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must(A) be part of the digestive process(B) influence the operations of the nervous system(C) affect processes in a different part of the body(D) regulate attitudes and behavior31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to(A) whether scientists understand their function(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) misunderstood (B) precise (C) significant (D) simple33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) sudden (B) small (C) changing (D) noticeable34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) decreased (B) advertised (C) prescribed (D) researched36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal(B) Adults with strong digestive systems(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D) Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question thewisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27. B 28. A 29. D 30. C 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. D35. A 36. D 37. A 38. third square39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangersof ….。

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