英语词汇学期末复习

Chapter 1

Lexicology 词汇学

Context 语境

Pragmatics 语用学

Phoneme 音素

Morpheme 词素

Semantic fields 语义场

Lexicology: is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.

Morphology 形态学

Semantics 语义学

Etymology 词源学

Lexicography 词典学

Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components, is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.

构词法

Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.

最小的、有意义的构词单位

Semantics: is often defined as the study of meaning.

Etymology: is the study of the whole history of words.

Lexicography: is closely related to the words in a given language.

What is a word?

Word：is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.

以空格为界的字母序列

Word: an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes.

由一个或多个词素组成的不可分离的结构单元

Word: is viewed as a minimal free form which can occur in isolation and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can occur alone and also have meaning. （除复合词）

最小的、有意义的、可独立存在的、不可分离的语言单位

Major features of words

A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.

任意的、发声器官Pitch 音高Juncture 停顿

A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.

The word is uninterruptible unit

A word has to do with its social functional

A word may consist of one or more morphemes

Words are part of the large communication system we call language.

A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases

A word receives some of its meaning as it fills the grammatical slot in a sentence.

Syntax: 句法学

Discourse analysis: 语篇分析

Word classes

Closed classes: preposition pronoun determiner conjunction auxiliary verb

封闭词类:介词代词限定词连词助动词

Open classes: noun adjective verb adverb

开放词类：名词形容词动词副词

Lexical words(词汇词)= form open classes

Grammatical words(语法词)=closed classes and so on

Inflectional words(8): 名词复数、所有格，动词三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词，形容词的比较级、最高级。

Derivational words: 前缀、后缀

简单词simple words

复合词compound words

复杂词complex words(加词缀)

Semantic field：as a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways.

词位相互关联，并以特定的方式相互定义（若干词的共同的或者相关的词义聚合体）

语义场是在同一个语义系统中，在共时条件下，若干个具有共同义素的义位聚合起来的聚合体

Componential analysis: 成分分析

Chapter 2

Morpheme lexeme morph root stem base polysemy homonymy

词素、词位、形素、词根、词干、词基一词多义同形同音异义

Morphemes

The most elemental grammatical units in a language

最基本的语法单位

The ultimate grammatical constitutes, the s mallest meaningful units of language.

Lexeme 词位

A unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.

An abstract linguistic unit with different variants.