Chapter 1 An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
章节的介绍英文作文
章节的介绍英文作文英文：Chapter introduction is an important part of any book or academic text. It provides readers with a brief overview of what they can expect to find in the chapter and helps them decide whether or not to continue reading. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of chapter introductions and provide some examples of effective ones.Firstly, chapter introductions serve as a roadmap for readers. They provide a clear outline of what will be covered in the chapter, which helps readers to understand the structure of the text and how the different sections relate to each other. This is especially important in academic texts, where readers need to be able to navigate complex arguments and ideas.Secondly, chapter introductions can be used to hook readers and make them interested in reading further. A goodintroduction should grab the reader's attention and make them curious about what comes next. This can be achieved through the use of anecdotes, quotes, or provocative statements.Finally, chapter introductions can be used to set the tone for the chapter. Depending on the subject matter, the tone of the introduction can be serious, humorous, or somewhere in between. This helps to create a sense of continuity throughout the text and makes it more engaging for readers.In conclusion, chapter introductions are an important part of any book or academic text. They provide readers with a roadmap, hook them in, and set the tone for the chapter. Good introductions can make the difference between a reader continuing to read or putting the book down.中文：章节介绍是任何书籍或学术文本的重要部分。
chapter1introductionPPT课件
Study of language changes through time
“English Language History”
Speech vs. writing “口语”和 “书面语” Finding differences
Whenever I’d visited there before I’d end up feeling that other people might get hurt if I tried to do anything more.
Tel: Email:
Time allocation of teaching periods
In this semester, 12 chapters of textbook will be learnt in total 32 teaching periods:
One chapter a week. For difficult chapters, 2 or more weeks will be required (e.g. chapter 1 Introduction).
Prescriptive vs. descriptive “规定式” 和“描写式”
Prescriptive
Descriptive
Prescribe how things should Describe how things are be
Lay down rules e.g. Do/Don’t say …
Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”
Synchronic
Diachronic
Study of language at some point of time in history
Chapter 1 Introduction
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The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication
a.
Failure to recognize the uniqueness of the individual
we
are much more than our culture, Each human being is unique, each is shaped by countless factors. As many men, so many minds, every one has his own way.
is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity
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Why is one culture different from another?
On the surface Perception (how we sense the world) Belief (what we believe as true) Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)
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Host Culture
Host
culture is the mainstream culture of any one particular country
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Minority Culture
Minority
culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture
商务英语阅读(基础篇) Unit 1 Intercultural Communication
I. Reading Practice
Text A
On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision. The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lag behind as they take the time for in-depth planning.
A second characteristic is based on “consensus opinion” and “bottom-up direction”. In Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of both private enterprises and government ministries. In Japan there is a drive for unity within the group— whether it is family, company, or Parliament.
I. Reading Practice
Text A
In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the direction-taking or decision-making process. At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in America.
Chapter One An Introduction to Pragmatics
Understanding Utterances: The Pragmatics of Natural Language and Grundy (1995) in his Doing Pragmatics.
Many linguists are against Chomsky’s practice of ignoring the social and contextual factors in language use.
In the early 1960s, Katz and his collaborators began to find out how to corporate meaning into a formal linguistic theory.
Pragmatics---the study of the relation of signs to interpreters
Then in Signs, Language and Behavior (1946), he remarks that pragmatics is
one part of semiotics, studying the origin of signs, the usage and the function of signs in behaviour.
The Anglo-American VS Continental tradition of pragmatic study
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One IntroductionWith the development of the global cross-cultural communication, the introduction of film and television works which serve as a type of culture carrier promotes the exchange and collision between two different cultures. In recent years, increasing number of foreign films and television works were introduced into China and people can get access to them through many different ways like theaters, television or just internet which is more convenient. However, because of the language barrier and cultural differences, only with the help of Chinese captions can a great majority of the audience could understand the meaning，even the spirit in it better, and experience an audio-visual feast while getting their inner heart deeply touched. Subtitle is not only recreation of the original language, but also it is a kind of aesthetic activity. With the growing call for the return of aesthetics in the realm of translation recently, there is increasing need to study subtitle translation from the perspective of aesthetics.In China, aesthetics is of special significance to Chinese translation, in which the combination of aesthetics and translation is one of its greatest characteristics. Some scholars believe that aesthetics is the base of Chinese traditional translation. Although western translation theory builds on philosophy, it also has a long history in terms of aesthetics. So it is reasonable to integrate aesthetics and translation together. Beauty is everywhere even in the language itself and it is one of the basic properties of language as well. Preference for beauty is a common nature of human, which is a universal phenomenon. Take the following as examples, in China when people refer to the old, they use probably “双鬓斑白” instead of “满脸皱纹”. Again, “oval” is adopted to describe a girl’s face rather than using the image of the duck egg. Also because of the beautiful rhythm of language, “mathematics, physics, chemistry” is preferred than any other group of combination o f the three subjects. This potential principle applies to English as well. In English, it is not the“work at another job at night” but the “moonlight” suggests that someone takes a second job during night. In addition, there is no exception for translation. Collecting the most classical part of novel, drama, music, arts, dance and photography in it, movie is a kind of comprehensive art. Therefore, how to reappear the beauty of subtitle to audience becomes the focus of filmtranslation.Chapter Two Translation Aesthetics2. 1 Definition of Translation AestheticsAccording to the “A Dictionary of Translation Studies” edited by Fang Mengzhi, translation Aesthetics reveals the aesthetical origin of translation, studies the special significance of aesthetics on translation, discovers the scientific and artistic feature of translation from the aesthetic perspective and put forwards aesthetic standards towards different type of translation texts, in order to analysis, interpret and solve the aesthetic problems in intercultural conversion by using basic aesthetic principles.With full understanding of the basic properties of translation aesthetic subject (the original work) and the aesthetic object (translator), we can analysis the made up of aesthetic object and the dynamic effect of the aesthetic subject, clarify the relationship between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object and provide the reproduction of aesthetic with means and different forms; therefore, it all can be used to instruct translation practice.2.2 The Development of Translation AestheticsIn China, translation has a rather long history dating back to about 1800 years ago in terms of the translation of Buddhist texts. Taking a look at this, it is not difficult to find that almost all the translation theories is inseparable with aesthetics, and this is also the general trend of history and cultural pattern in future. From the theory “Exquisite Diction” by Zhi Qian, “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance” by Yan Fu, “Spiritual Conformity” by Fu Lei, the “Theory Sublimation” promoted by Qian Zhongshu to the “Three Beauties” by Xu Yuanchong and so on, each provides strong support to the natural birth of translation aesthetics in history. Having absorbed the essence of beauty, all of these theories suggest obvious aesthetic features —emphasis on faithfulness, parataxis and beauty of connotation, which glitters just like gold.In modern period, translation theories mainly focus on the translation standards, translation processes and translation methods before 1970s. While after that, increasing researchers use descriptive methods to study translation theory and therefore has developed a deep understanding towards it. Translation aesthetics enter the systematical researching period in this background. “Practical Translation Aesthetics” by Fu Zhong in 1993 is the first translation aesthetic monograph in our country. It talks about the main categories of translation aesthetic, namely aesthetic subject, aesthetic object, aesthetic activity, standards of translation aesthetics and the method of reappearance of beauty. “Comparative Aesthetics of Literary Translation”published in 2000 by Xi Yongji is one of representative works studying comparative literary translation. While “Aesthetics Process during Liter ary Translation: the Reconstruction of Gestalt Image”authorized by Jiang Qiuxia in 2002 primarily focuses on the aesthetic process. In 2005 Mao Ronggui published “Translation Aesthetics”which is made up of four parts and expands the research scope of translation theory and practice. However, the most important work in the field may be “An Introduction to Translation Aesthetics” by Liu Miqing. It has fully reflected the author’s thought about Chinese translation aesthetics and posed a rather important position in the connection between western aesthetics and basic Chinese translation theory.Globally, the developing trend of translating field and the “Cultural Turn” have created suitable environment for the birth of translation aesthetics. It is widely acknowledged that aesthetics belong to culture and translation is a kind of communication, so translation is a way to transfer beauty in essence. Therefore, we got to know that the outcome of translation aesthetics can not be resisted.2.3 Achievements of Translation AestheticsThe book Aesthetic Progression inLiterary Translation: Image- G Actualization, written by Jiang Qiuxia in herdoctorial paper in 2002, holds that there is no way to unveil the “black box” existing in human psychology. So it uses descriptive method to explore the psychological mechanism of the reconstruction of gestalt image in literary translation. Besides, it emphasizes how the reader (the translator) can make use of gestalt psychology to recreate the whole image of the original works and present the target readers with the equivalence between original works and target works. This is, from the Angle of aesthetics, development of Nida's functional equivalence theory (2000). Since there is no complete equivalence translation, “functional equivalence” may be the best choice, generally speaking. In general it is best to speak of “functional equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy, since no translation is ever completely equivalent. A number of different translations can in fact represent varying degrees of equivalence. This means that “equivalence” cannot be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but only in terms of proximity, i.e. on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity. (Nida , 2000 :117)This type of aesthetic has taken advantage of Gestalt psychology. (Lakoff, 1982:20)defined Gestalt in such a way —take the thing as an independent gestalt from the perspective of wholeness on that level. While at a lower level in order to give confirmation, specific details needs to be picked out. Gestalt recreation is the basic principle of translation aesthetics —interdisciplinary subject, which benefits from translation studies, literary studies, aesthetic and cognitive psychology. Gestalt image is a new conception out of the old idea of “image” as literary metaphor or symbol mainly concerned in poetry. When explored in this context as a holistic whole, it is taken as a relatively independent contextual entity rather than a single word or words constitution.) ( 姜秋霞,2002 : 241) Broadly speaking, translation studies，a discipline in the development period, is in constant growth and expansion. “An Introduction of Translation Aesthetics (revision, Peter, 2005)”reprinted by China Translation and Publishing Corporation greatly enriched and developed the theory of translation aesthetics.2.4 Prospect of Translation AestheticsFrom the perspective of prose translation, Wang Hongtao (2006:2006-4) categorizes Western and Chinese Comparative Aesthetic into three levels: Western and Chinese Comparative Translation Aesthetics; prose translation under the Chinese and western Comparative Aesthetics; the meaning of application of Chinese and Western Comparative Aesthetics in prose translation. As can be seen, translation aesthetic has marched no matter in terms of aesthetic subject, aesthetic reception or gestalt aesthetics. This is of great benefit to future translation aesthetic development. However, we should not only strongly opposite the overuse of aesthetics in translating field but also fight against the pseudo translation aesthetics. What we pursuit are the unity of formal beauty, implicational beauty and receiving beauty, and the unity of universal law and special performance of translation aesthetics. Meanwhile, we can not promise translation is filled with aesthetics, but translation can also not be totally separated from aesthetics. There are not only inheritance, experience from others but also merit and recreation in itself. So it is necessary to find out whether “Tr anslation Aesthetics”, created by Chinese scholars, has fully absorbed the widely acknowledged theories — Aesthetics of Reception and Gestalt. This is a blessing as well as a new issue for China’s translation studies.Chapter Three Subtitle Translation3.1 Definition of Subtitle TranslationUp to now, there is not an authorized definition about translating subtitles. Following are some definitions:(1)Subtitling can be defined as the process of providing synchronizedcaptions for film and television dialogue (and more recently for live opera)(2)Subtitling, sometimes referred to as captions, are transcriptions of film orTV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen.(3) A subtitle is a printed statement or fragment of dialogue appearing on thescreen between the scenes of a silent motion picture or appearing as a translation at the bottom of the screen during the scenes of a motion picture or television show in a foreign language.(4)··· the words printed or super imposed on a film in a foreign language totranslate what is being said on the sound track ···Although all these definitions explained subtitle in some degree, it is far from enough. The first definition points out that subtitle translation is used as a process to provide synchronization instruction for film and television dialogue. The second definition is similar to the first one, but the category where the subtitle suits is too narrow in those two definitions for the following two reasons: first of all, it is limited to film and television. In fact, if possible, subtitle is applied to any kind of multimedia. Secondly, apart from film and television, subtitle can also be used to give illustration to even the non-dialogue texts. The third definition refers to the caption that is displayed in the silent film or at the bottom of television screen. It serves as interpretation to another language or just illustrative fragments and this definition has fully explained the concept of subtitles. Definition four indicates translating the language being played in the sound track into another and printing it on the film. However, translating subtitle does not refer to the language that is being said at themoment.From the above, we also get to know that subtitle is a kind of text but with a different presenting mode like the common one. And it is this special presenting form that makes subtitle limited in many aspects.3.2 Characteristics of Subtitle TranslationSubtitle provides the audience with a large mount of information about the multimedia works. Following are four of its characteristics:3.2.1 ComprehensivenessComprehensiveness refers that subtitles must appear together with other factors of the film and television programs like sound and picture image at the same time instead of showing alone. The audience are willing to hear the actors as well as the music, background sounds and seeing the picture changes. The audience enjoy the film and television by watching the motion picture, listening to the dialogue and reading the subtitles and so on. So without pictures and sounds, the film and television can not convey the information fully; without captions, the effect of sounds and pictures can not achieve the best level. Generally speaking, in all of the factors mentioned above, pictures and sounds are the most important, while subtitles serve only as an auxiliary factor. Therefore, comprehensiveness offer subtitle some convenience namely subtitles can be omitted where the information can fully express through sounds and pictures. Thus translator should take full advantage of this characteristic and omit as much subtitles as possible.3.2.2 InstantaneityInstantaneity indicates that the subtitle, which is unrepeatable, appear and disappear simultaneously with the corresponding pictures and sounds. Although subtitle exists in the form of language, it is still different from the desk literature, such as poetry, prose and fiction for desk literature all appear in independent text form. Readers can appreciate desk literature over and over again at any time and any place as long as he wants. By contrast, subtitle can not be appreciated repeatedly withoutlimitation because of its instantaneous characteristic. While watching the plots the audience has to give up if he did not catch up with the subtitles because there is only one chance. Instantaneity decides that the audience cannot spend more time to understand the content of the captions; otherwise, it will affect the understanding of follow-up plots.3.2.3 PopularityPopularity means that the film and television subtitle translation must use a popular language or has the characteristic of popular language. Following are three main reasons: In the first place, film and television works aiming at the masses belong to the public. Majority of the audience are common people despite that some are well-educated and have higher artistic accomplishment. Therefore, we should use the most popular language to translate the original language to convey information, considering about the acceptance ability and appreciative level of majority part of the audience. The reason lies in that most audiences will be impeded while understanding too much elegant and abstract language. Secondly, with the characteristic of instantaneity, translation subtitle appears only once at the bottom of the screen. So only by using the popular and colloquial translation texts can the audience grasp the general meaning. Thirdly, the principle of “acceptance first” aims at helping the audience to understand the plot better. If too much euphemistic and expressive language is adopted as subtitle, the audience can not follow the plots closely while spending a long time trying to understanding the language.3.2.4 ConcisenessConciseness means that the language of film and television subtitle is concise and refined. There are two causes contributing to this characteristic.Firstly, the translation of film and television subtitle is limited by time and space, so the translator has to finish tasks in the limitation while keeping the picture and subtitle appear simultaneously. This determines subtitles can not use over-complicated language. The second reason is about the instantaneous acceptance of the audience, which indicates the simpler and easier the language the better while providing themore rich contents to the audience.Chapter Four Application of Translation Aesthetics in SubtitleTranslation4.1 Aesthetic Principles and Aesthetic strategy4.1.1 Aesthetic PrinciplesFirstly, the translation version shall accord the characters’ emotion and personality. So it is rather important for the translator to devote his own aesthetic emotion to the four stages of the whole work —“watching, understanding, analyzing and translating”. Only by understanding and appreciating the original work, integrating the emotions and characteristics of different roles into the translation, thinking from the perspective of different roles, speaking for them can the translator produce vivid, individualized characters, corresponding translational texts with the original dialogues as well as creating an immersive feeling for the audience.Secondly, the translation shall measure up the original work’s style. Film and television work is mainly made up of four different types, namely national style (a stable artistic character which reflects the national life in a particular area), period style (reflecting the life style of different time period), directing style (owing subjective or objective factors, different director prefer different theme, language and acting ways) and aesthetic style (such as drama, documentary, romantic style). So in the translating process (more accurately, that is adding, omitting and changing the original dialogue), the translator should abandon their preferring style, overcoming as many limiting factors as possible to get close to the original style.The third one is alienation, an important method to get to know about an exotic culture. How to help the audience to understand more about foreign history and costumes is a vital task. In order to incarnate the cultural diversity, translators can adopt alienation. For example, in American TV play, Rose said proudly: “I got 1450 on my SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test, which is a kind of academic test in America when students graduating from high school)”. When SATs is translated into “毕业会考”, it will be much easier for people to understand. Also some words, like NBA and FBI have already been popular between Chinese, so there is no need to translate.Next is about domestication. In the practice of translation, the existence of cultural differences between the two languages led to the production of translation variation and sometimes the semantic meaning changed or even lost. Adoption of domestication decreased the exoticism. More importantly, it can avoid ambiguity in order to present the audience with a more natural and easier way to understand the translation version. Liberal translation, substitution and even rewriting all these methods can help to translators to comprehend the original language better. For instance, in the movie “A Beautiful Mind”, the sentence “Shall we say swords, gentlemen? Pistols at dawn?” can be translated into “我们该谈谈剑了，绅士们。
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundWith the development of society,English as one world language become more and more important.Students in china starts to study English from elementary school.Ministry of Education treat English as one major subjects to testing students’learnig ability.According to all chinese English testing papers,we can see that English reading takes major scores in all questions.English is one major subjects for middle school students to learn,not only for an requisite subjects to entrance high school ,but also good for a student’s future.We noticed the importance of english,however,students in middle school are still feel at sea when learning english,especially when doing english reading.As we know,middle school students have not learn english for a long time.when they meet with one article,they will do nothing but look up new words which will spend much time.For above phenomenon ,we know that there are a lot of research conducted by scholars to enhance students english learnig ablity,including english reading ablity.however,there are still some bad situation lies in students english learning process.as we all know,learning strategies is an essential partduring english learning,especially metacognitive strategies.metacognitive strategies can contain executive function through planning,monitoring and evaluating all learning process.that is metacognitive stragteies is efficient in helping students self--control and self--evaluatee when they doing english reading.1.2 Purpose and SignificanceAccording to Cohere and Weaver(1998),if students can aware of and make use of learning strategies during english reading,all process can be simple,it makes great contribution to english learning. Therefor,we should notice the imporance of learning strategies during the process of english reading,like metacognitive stragies.we can see that the use of metacognitive strategies in english reading is deficiency.so we conducted this expeiment to using metacognitive stragies to cultivate middle school student’s reading ability.This research is arm to enhance english reading ability which will enrich metacognitive stragies using in english teaching practice and to deep research metacognitive strategies in learning process.1.3 The Structure of the ThesisConsidering the reasons and significances mentioned above, the present thesis is going to give a detailed analyzing of using metacognitive stretagies to culitivate middle school students’english readingablity.The thesis is divided for five chapters.chapter one is introduction which contains research background ,purposeand significance and the structure of the thesis.Chapter two is a literature review,it contains definition of metacongnitive strategies,researches on metacognitive strategies andprevious researches at home and abroad.Chapter three is research of metacognitive strategies,including subjects, questionares ,insruments and procedures.Chapter four is the results and data analysis of the study.Chapter five is overall conclusion of the study.Chapter two :literature review.2.1 Definition of Metacognitive strategiesScholars in second language acquisition and foreign language teaching and research have a strong interest in metacognitive strategies since phychologiest Flavell putsforward the theory of metacognitive strategies firstly in 1976.They combine the theory with language teaching,and also gain great achivements.meanwhile,scholars have also done a lot on using metacognitive strategies in reading.Metacognition is a term in educational osychology,it is the subject self--awareness and self--reflection. As Flavell’s view,metacongnitive is a cognitive awareness of what they will do and what they have done.It is a process for learners to self--control and self--regulate to gain good results.while Brown define metacognition as a knowledge of all processes of cognitive and results.Stern--berg suggested that metacognition is cognitive of cognitive,which monitoring,controling and understanding of learners self study. Moreover，psychologis in China hold the opinion that metacognitin is self--awareness,self--control and self--development.Above all ,metacognition including three elements of metacognitive knowledge,metacognitive experience and matacognitive monitoring.To enhance learning effiency by combining the three basements.2.2 Previous Researches at Home and Abroadesbroad has not limited to theoretical studies.A large number empirical studies started.experts and scholars from a number of theoretical and empirical research found that successful language learners are active during their own learning process,and they also awareness their learning ways and learning process.they are using mo。
LabVIEW Basics 02
FIGURE 2.1
A virtual instrument front panel.
The block diagram is a pictorial representation of the program code. The block diagram associated with the front panel in Figure 2.1 is shown in Figure 2.2. The block diagram consists of executable icons (called nodes) connected (or wired) together. We will discuss wiring later in this chapter. The important concept to remember is that, in the G programming language, the block diagram is the source code. The art of successful programming in G is an exercise in modular programming. After dividing a given task into a series of simpler subtasks (in G these subtasks are called subVIs and are analogous to subroutines), you then construct
Section 2.1
What Are Virtual Instruments?
39
This is a subVI called e virtual instrument block diagram associated with the front panel in Figure 2.1.
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Intercultural Communication
• Key to the Case study (Handout page 3) • Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • The case shows us that when Xiao Li and Catherine come from different cultuh each other, both of them are in an unfamiliar water. Therefore, mistakes and misunderstandings can happen.
What is culture?
• Culture is the grammar of our behavior. • Culture is what people need to know in order to behave appropriately in any society.
Case study:
What is culture ?
• Definition of culture: • Culture refers to the total way of living of particular groups of people. • It includes everything that a group of people think, say, do, and make. • Culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors.
Intercultural Communication
• • • • • • Warm-up activity: Let’s enjoy a video clip and then answer: What movie is this video clip from? What went wrong in the video clip? Why did that happen? Is the communication intercultural? WHY?
What is culture ?
• Culture is like an iceberg, only some of it is visible.
What is culture ?
• Culture is our software. • It is the basic operating system that makes us human. • We’re programmed by our home culture.
Computer software
What is culture ?
• Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • It is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it.
Intercultural Communication
• Pair work: Please discuss the following questions with your neighbor. • What is intercultural communication? • Can you give any examples? • What do you expect to learn from this course? • or • Why do you choose this course?
a. 《跨文化交际视听说》 – 高等教育出版社 b. Doing Culture – Cross-cultural Communication in Action -- by Linell Davis (US) (《中西文化之鉴》—外语教学与研究出版社) c. 《跨文化交际实用教程》by 胡超 —外语教 学与研究出版社
By Sarah Zhao – SCAU Fall, 2013
Intercultural Communication
• • • • 赵勇 Sarah @sarahzhaoyong () 307122371@
Intercultural Communication
Grading Policy
Behavior What people do
What is culture ?
feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be.
What is culture ?
• • • • • • • Classifications of culture: Mainstream culture 主流文化 Sub-culture 亚文化 Christian / Confucian culture Western culture / Eastern culture knowledge culture: 知识文化： Communication culture: 交际文化：lover/爱人; 狗急跳墙，狗眼看人低， Every dog has its day. He’s a lost dog.
Intercultural Communication
• More examples of intercultural communication: • Reading a novel which is written by a foreigner. • Watching a movie/TV program that is made by foreigners. • Question: • Do you think your communication with your parents/classmates/teacher … is intercultural communication? • What is culture?
Intercultural Communication
• Key to the Case study (Handout page 3) • Culture is our software. • The case shows us that sometimes different cultures are incompatible just like some softwares are.
What is culture ?
• Please come to the blackboard and write whatever you think that is/belongs to culture. • Music, architectures, the arts • Philosophy, history, literature • Beliefs, customs, values, worldview • Everything that is human-made • Traditional Chinese medicine • Chinese kungfu, Peking Opera, Chinese cuisines
What is culture ?
• Please read the Handout “What is culture?” and try to find out the similarities between culture and iceberg, software, water, grammar. • Culture is like an iceberg. • Culture is our software. • Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
• Final exam: 50% • Attendance: 5% • Group work: 25 % （4次） • Homework：20 % （3次） （参阅学校文件）
Intercultural Communication
Course materials: • Handout. （￥2.0） • Recommended textbooks: )
This course is about:
• • • • • • • Classifications of culture: Mainstream culture 主流文化 Sub-culture 亚文化 Christian / Confucian culture Western culture / Eastern culture Intellectual culture: 知识文化： Communicative culture: 交际文化：lover/爱人; 狗急跳墙，狗眼看人低， Every dog has its day. He’s a lost dog.
Intercultural Communication
• Key to the Case study (Handout page 3) • Culture is like an iceberg. • The Chinese interpreter Xiao Li can speak English, which is the visible part of the foreign culture, however, she is not aware of the invisible part of the foreign culture, that is, people’s attitude towards age. • In the Western culture, you should not imply that somebody (especially a woman) is old.