English Lexicology-Chapter 4-1
英语词汇学EnglishLexicologyIV.ppt
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
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Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration
majorword-formation主要构词法解释
English lexicology chapter 4
English lexicology chapter 4 2
1. General Features of Compounding Phonetic features
1.2. Semantic features Every compound should express a single idea, which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. e.g.
English lexicology chapter 4
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1.4. orthographical feature:
In most cases, compounds are written “solid” silkworm, “hyphenated” honey-bee and “open” tear gas. However, they are not reliable. “flowerpot”. Different orthographical forms are largely a personal preference. British speakers tend to hyphenate compounds while Americans like to write compounds like free phrases.
英语词汇学_Unit_04_Word_meaning
Sentence meanings
1) His typewriter has bad intentions.
Anomalous
2) My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.
Ogden & Richards 1923, Meaning of
Meaning
John means to write.—— “intends”（意图） A green light means go.—— “indicates”（表述） Health means everything.—— “has importance”
Onomatopoeic words Quack woof
hiss
miaow
More Onomatopoeic words
Apes gibber. Bears growl Bulls bellow Cats mew ( purr) Eagles scream. Frogs croak. Goats bleat.
Semantic motivation 语义理据
It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
Arbitrary (任意的): you can use a word to mean any thing, and the thing
English Lexicology chapter 4
Pragmatic meaning is also called meaning in use or meaning in context.
context
Linguistic context
Non-linguistic context
Phonetic, grammar, lexicon, structural knowledge
• Stimuli------words------responses: R____r………………s---------R Leonard Bloomfield • Words have no meaning; people have meaning for them • Generally speaking, there are three things when we talk about meaning: words(forms or symbols), concepts, things (referents, sifnified)
• 6. collocative meaning: meaning deprived from the collocation, the context • E.g. 1) pretty, handsome; • 2) rancid bacon or butter, however, addled brain or eggs, • 3) to cry one’s eyes out, to have one’s heart in one’s mouth
7. thematic meaning: the message conveyed by the organization of the information in the sentence. e.g. 1) Mr. Smith killed the wolf. The wolf was killed by Mr. Smith. 2) I like Chinese food best. Chinese food I like best. It is Chinese food that I like best.
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解English lexicology英语词汇学Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabularyClassification of wordsChapter2 the development of the english vocabularyModes of vocabulary development 1150Chapter 3 word formationMorphemes , allomorphsChapter 4 word formation21.Affixation, prefixation suffixation ,/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation )3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy4.Initialisms , acronyms5.Back-formation , words from proper namesChapter5 word meaning1.The meanings of ‘meaning’2.Reference ,concept ,sense3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological)4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymyChapter 7 changes in word meaningExtension , narrowing , elevation , degradationChapter 8 meaning and context1.Types of context (extra-linguistic, linguistic)2.Role of contexta.elimination of ambiguityb.indication of referencec.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningChapter9 english idioms1.Classification of idioms(nominal , adjectival , verbal , adverbial )2.sentence and useChapter 10 english DictionariesTypes of dictionary , three good Dictionarya.Longman dictionary of contemporaryb.Collins COBUILD english Dictionaryc. A Chinese-english DictionaryUnit 1Methods of study ,there are generally two approaches to the study of words ,namely synchronic and diachronicAims and significance of the courseLanguage study involves the study of speech sounds ,grammar and vocabulary .vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult .Willkins asserts ‘without grammar very little can beconveyed ,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed’ A good knowledge of morphological structure of english words and rules of word-formation will help learners develope their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power.V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary .The term vocabulary is used in different senses1.It can refers to the total number of the words in a language2.It can stands for all the words used in a particular historical period3.Also used to all the words of a given dialectClassification of wordsWords may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency ,into content words and function words by notion ,and into native words and borrowed words by originBasic word stock have characteristics1.All national character2.Stability3.Productivity4.Polysemy5.Collocability6 Neutral in style7 Frequent in useWords void (lack)of the stated characters ,do not belong to the common core of the language ,they include the following: Terminology 术语，专有名词JargonSlang 俚语，黑话ArgotDialectal wordsArchaismsNeologismsContent words(=notional words) and function words (=empty words) Native words and borrowed wordsApart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock ,in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features Neutral in styleFrequent in useBorrowing words :words taken over from foreign languagesare known as borrowed words and loan words or borrowings in simple terms Loan words under four classesDenizens 同化词Aliens 异化词Translation-loans 译借词Semantic-loans 借意词The Indo-European language familyWhich can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar ,theIndo-Europe is one of them .it is thought to be a highly inflected language They accordingly fall into eight principle groups ,which can be grouped into an Eastern set : Balto-slavic, Indo-Iranian, American and Albanian; a Western set; Celtic , Italic, Hellenic,GermanicA historical overview of the english vocabularyThe first people known to inhabit the land were CeltsThe second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions450- < old > -1150-（Middle）-1500- -NOWModes of vocabulary developmentWe can concluded that modern english vocabulary develops through three channels < > creation , semantic change , borrowing Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials namely roots ,affixes and other elementsSemantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new needBorrowing has palyed a vital role in the development ofvocabulary ,particularly in earlier timesMorphemes :minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes,in other words ,th e morphemes is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words ’Chapter 5Word meaningWords are but symbols , many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference .1.reference is the relationship between language and the word .The reference a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary <随意的>and conventional <传统的>2.Concept<概念>=notionIn many cases meaning is used in the sense of ‘concept ’meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical3.Sense :generally speaking ,the meaning of ‘meaning’is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’ . ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language.Motivation <理据>Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaningOnomatopoeic motivation 拟声的理据Morphological motivation 形态的理据Semantic motivation 语义<联想>的理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a wordEtymological motivation 词源的理据The meaning if many words often related directly to their origins, Types of meaninga.Grammatical meaning an Lexical meaning语法和词汇意义b.Conceptual meaning and associative meaning 概念和联想意义Chapter 6The subjects that have long held the interest and attention ofsemanticists are ,polysemy 多义的, homonymy , synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymyTwo approaches to polysemyDiachronic approach and synchronic approachThe meanings were acquired by extension ,narrowing ,analogy ,transfer The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses,traditionally known as radiation and concatenation HomonymyBased on the degree of similarity ,homonyms fall into three classes:perfect homonyms ,homographs and homophones1.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling but different meaning .Bank n. The edge of the river ,lakeBank n . An establishment for money businessBear n. A large heavy animalBear v. To put up withDate n. A kind of fruitDate n. A boy or a girl friend2.Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaningBow n. Bending the head as a greetingBow n. The device used for shooting arrowsSow v. To scatter seedsSow n. Female adult pig3.Homophones are words identical only in sound butdifferent in spelling and meaningDear n. A loved personDeer n.a kind of animalRight a. correctWrite v.to put down on paper with a penRite n. Ceremonial procedureSon n. A male child of someoneSun n. The heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and light Of three types ,homophones constitute the largest number and are most commonOrigins of homonymsChange in sound and spellingBorrowingShortingAs homonyms are identical in sound or spelling ,particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns<双关>for desired effect of ,say, humor,sarcasm or ridicule<嘲弄> On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey <折磨>on you So-called pious<虔诚的>gentleman and ladies 善男信女The sardonic tone is unmistakable 讽刺的语气是不言而喻的SynonymySynonymy is one of the characteristic features of vocabulary of natural languagesTypes of synonyms1. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning ,including conceptual and associative meanings2. Relative synonymy also called near-synonyms are similaror nearly the same in denotation,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.For example .to change a thing is to put another thing in its place ;to altera thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times .’A man change his habits ,alters his conduct ,and varies his manner of speaking’Look at stagger /reel/totter.stagger implies unsteady movement characters by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course . Stagger under a heavy load ;reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling .Silent沉默的，无言的，寂静的/ tacit , shine闪耀，发光/ glitter 华丽夺目，炫耀/sparkle闪耀，活跃，焕发活力和才智/glare强光，瞪眼，炫耀, different/ various, idle空闲的，懒惰的，无意义的/lazy/indolent , strange奇怪的/odd 古怪的/ queer,古怪的，可疑的large / huge庞大的/tremendous极大的，巨大的，惊人的，极好的/colossal Sources of synonyms1.BorrowingAs a result of the borrowing ,words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other language2.Dialects and regional english3.Figurative an euphemistic4.Coincidence with idiomatic expressionsDiscrimination of synonymsThe differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation , connotation ,and application1.Difference in denotation .‘I did not comprehend his arguments ,although i understood the language , and all the sentences’A lump of sugar一块糖, a slice of meat一片肉, a chunk ofwood , a sheet of paper A cake of soapTypes of antonyms1.Contradictory termsThe assertion of one is the denial of the otherAnother distinctive feature of this category <类型>is that such antonyms are non-gradable2.Contrary terms3.Relative termsHolds water <站得住脚的>Characters of antonyms1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms2.A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion .pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively4.Contrary terms are gradable antonymsDestitute / opulent dull / livelyHyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is the meaning of more specific word word is included in that of another more general word .For instance ,tulip and rose are hyponyms of flowerSuperordinate termsHammer , saw , screwdriver ,spanner, plaice, cod , herring ,sole Semantic field <领域>The massive word store of a language like english an be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas.An integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense 语义相互关联It is general belief that.....Personal address system 个人称呼KinshipTypes of changesWord-meaning changes by modes ofExtension< 扩展>,narrowing<缩小> ,degradation< 降格>,elevation< 升格>,and transferCauses of changes: it is in response to some needExtra-linguistic factors1.Historical reason2.Class reason3.Psychological 心理学的，精神上的reasonThe role of context <语境>1.Elimination of ambiguity <消除歧义>2.Indication of referents <限定所指>3.Provision of clues for inferring word -meaning <为猜测词义提供线索>①Definition②Explanation③Example④S ynonymy⑤Antonymy⑥Hyponymy⑦Relevant details⑧Word structureChapter 9Idioms consists of set phrases and short sentences ,which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas .therefore, idioms are colorful ,forcible andthought-provoking.For example ,fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with ( tolerate)In a board sense ,idioms may included colloquialisms ,slang experience, proverbs .Character of Idioms1.Semantic unityBeing phases or sentences ,idioms each consist of more than one word ,but each is a semantic unity. Idiom have their respective literal meanings .for instance, till the cows come home Keep in mind take offto no avail like a breeze2.Structural stability 结构稳定First the constituents of idioms cannot be replacedLip service <support only="" in="" words="" ,not="" fact="" bdsfid="283"> is not to be changed into mouth service . Kick the bucket bury the hatchet。
英语词汇学课本与译文
Introduction 绪论0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。
English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。
It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。
However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。
English lexicology 教案
Norwegian Icelandic Danish Swedish English German Celtic Hellenic
Armenian
Irish Breton Scottish
Greek
Basic Concepts
language
A social action, a carrier of information A system of structure A social phenomenon
Expansion New words
2-2-1 Words of native origin
1.
2. 3.
The polysemic character of native words in English The collocability of native words in English Word-forming ability of native words in Modern English
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
The Scandinavian element The French element The Latin element The Greek element Other foreign element
French loan-words in the Middle English period
The English people are of a mixed blood. The three dialects of---the Angles, Saxons and Jutes---grew into a single language, the English language. Anglo-Saxon Sino-American relationship
英语词汇学(英文版)English Lexicology (IV)
English lexicology (III)
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�
10.2 Causes of changes
� Euphemism: The substitution of
a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one that may be offensive, disagreeable, harsh, or blunt.
� Weakening of
terrific, fantastic, marvelous, splendid, magnificent, wonderful, superb, tremendous, overpowering, fabulous…… � horrible, outrageous, awful, dreadful….
English lexicology (III)
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�
10.2 Causes of changes
� garbage collector------sanitation engineer
� gardener-----landscape architect � servant----domestic engineer
just like a mirror, reflecting everything that exists in human society. Naturally, it records the speech and attitude of different social class.
�
Villain, clown, churl � Democracy, revolution, liberalism, communism, landlord, trade union
English Lexicology (I) 英语词汇学
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下课
a. to fieone
By Borrowing Foreign Words
dama (from Chinese) a group of middle-aged women who rush for purchase
AA制 (from English) Algebraic Average/go Dutch, to
Source 2: Political, economic and social change.
(1) international struggle: anti-Bush enthusiasm, shoe attack,
Iraqi prisoner abuse, Crimean Crisis, EU (2) internal political struggle: freedom ride, credibility gap
Assignment Presentation 6
Agenda
1. Archaisms & Neologisms
2. The Sources of Neologisms
3. The Formation of Neologisms 4. Changes in Meaning - Causes of Meaning Change - Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes
a universal feature of human language.
Causes of Changes in Meaning
1. Historical causes pencil Latin: a little tail,
a fine brush a narrow piece of wood containing graphite.
The Sources of Neologisms
The Sources of Neologisms
Source 1: The rapid development of modern science and technology. (the most important source)
(1) computing: computerist, cybercafe, download, e-mail
2. “We’re with you, old boy. What thou doest, we will do;
what thou sayest, we will say; thy profits shall be our profits; and thy gods, ours too…”
thou (you); doest (do); sayest (say); thy (your)
(2) biology: andro, biodiversity, clone, tube baby
(3) the deep space: space walk, spacecraft, moon landing
(4) medicine: SARS, antidrug, AIDS
The Sources of Neologisms
(8) pollution: noise pollution, plastic pollution
The Formation of Neologisms
The Formation of Neologisms
How are the following neologisms formed? 1. tube baby 2. bull (market) 5. e-book 8. 蓝颜知己 3. dama
(3) women’s liberation: businessperson, spokesperson
(4) education: GPA, e-learning, TOEFL, GRE, IELTS (5) sports & entertainment: air ball, kung fu (6) communications: e-book, teleconference, skype (7) social & domestic habits: ATM, DVD, SUV, disco
e.g. cybercafe (1994), SARS (2003), e-commerce (1993), NEET (1999); 裸婚 (2008), 房奴 (2007), 考霸 (2007)
Neologisms are words given new meanings.
e.g. notebook (laptop), driver (a software), word (office software); 山寨 (抄袭、模仿), 土豪(没品位的有钱人)
it had a slightly different meaning from the one it had a
century before that.” ------- Quirk (1963: 123-124)
It is obvious that the gradual change of word meaning is
Completely new coinages have no clues to their meanings from the existing vocabulary. It constitutes a
tiny minority.
pharm (from the 1st syllable of “pharmaceutical”) a place where genetically modified plants or animals are grown or feed for phamaceutical products. 80后 a generation born in the 1980s.
Changes in Meaning
Changes in Meaning
“Almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago; and a century ago
By Adding New Meanings
bull a. the adult male animal in the cow family
b. a person who buys shares in a company, hoping
to sell them later at a higher price
5. by creating completely new
coinages
By Word-Formation
affixation blending compounding acronym supermodel, anti-government, etc. Medicaid, digicam, etc. baby boom, fat farm, tube baby, etc. GRE, GPA, TESOL, DVD, etc.
The Changing English
Vocabulary (1)
Week 8 By Iris Xie
Previous Lecture
Sense Relation between Words 1. Synonymy (同/近义关系) 2. Antonymy (反义关系) 3. Polysemy (一词多义) 4. Homonymy (同音异义，同形异义) 5. Hyponymy (上下义关系)
2. Social causes
some technical words have come to used in a more general senses and become common vocabulary.
catalyst chemistry: a substance
that makes a reaction happen faster without changing itself
Archaisms & Neologisms
Archaisms
Archaisms, sometimes called obsolete words, are words not
used now except for special purposes (e.g. idioms, poetry, fiction, oratory, etc.). (pp.137) 1. “天子犯法与庶民同罪。” 天子，庶民
a person or a thing that causes changes
Causes of Changes in Meaning
3. Psychological causes boor a peasant a rude unpleasant person
4. Linguistic causes (ellipsis) general (from general officer) daily (from daily newspaper)
4. plastic pollution 6. pharm 9. 下课
7. 80后 10. AA制
The Formation of Neologisms
1. by word-formation
2. By adding new meanings to
existing words
formation
3. by borrowing words from other languages 4. by analogy
New words created by using two-word structure