国际法(双语)英文题库
2018-2019学年第1学期期末考试（集中）
《国际法（双语）》题库
（供法学院、刑事司法学院、民商经济法学院法学专业2016级选课班使用）一、Please write down the full name of these acronyms.
一、请写下这些首字母缩略词的全名。
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
“联合国海洋法公约”联合国海洋法公约
ICJ International Court of Justice
国际法院国际法院
ILC International Law Commission
ILC国际法委员会
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
专属经济区
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN国际自然保护联盟
UNCOPUOS UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UNCOPUOS联合国和平利用外层空间委员会
IGO Inter-government Organization
政府间组织政府间组织
NGO non - governmental organizations
非政府组织非政府组织
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC联合国气候变化框架公约
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC政府间气候变化专门委员会
UNDP The United Nations Development Programme
开发计划署联合国开发计划署
WHO World Health Organization
WHO世界卫生组织
WTO World Trade Organization
WTO世界贸易组织
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
教科文组织联合国教育，科学及文化组织
二、Definition
二、定义
Jus cogens强制法
A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.
如果条约在缔结时与一般国际法的强制性规范相冲突，则该条约无效。为本公约的目的，一般国际法的强制性规范是整个国际社会接受和承认的一种规范，作为一种规范，不允许减损，只能通过随后的规范来修改。具有相同特征的一般国际法。
Custom习惯
Custom generally refers to some certain rules of behavior derived from an early stage, which have not been written down or codified. In international law custom is a practice followed by those states involved because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way.
习惯一般是指某些早期阶段的行为规则，这些规则尚未写下或编纂。在国际法中，习惯是所涉及的国家所遵循的惯例，因为他们认为在法律上有义务以这种方式行事。
State sovereignty国家主权
State sovereignty is firmly founded upon the fact of territory. A state enjoys and
exercises its sovereignty over its territory, to the exclusion of other states. A political entity cannot be considered as a state without territory.
国家主权坚定地建立在领土的事实上。一个国家享有并行使对其领土的主权，排除其他国家。政治实体不能被视为没有领土的国家。
Monists一元论者
The monists claimed that there was only one fundamental principle. No matter national or international law must be based upon this very principle.
一元论者声称只有一个基本原则。无论国家法还是国际法，都必须以此为原则。Opinio juris Opinio法律（意见法律）
Opinio jurisis described as the psychological component of customary international law because it refers to an attitude that states have toward a behavioral regularity. Opinio lawis被描述为习惯国际法的心理组成部分，因为它指的是一种态度，即国家对行为规律的态度。
Terra nullius无人区
It refers to territory which can be acquired by a single state but which is not yet under the territorial sovereignty of that state.
它指的是可以由一个国家获得但尚未属于该国领土主权的领土。
State responsibility国家责任
State responsibility is a fundamental principle of international law. It reflects that states or other political entities possessing international personality must be legally responsible for a breach of an international obligation.
国家责任是国际法的基本原则。它反映出拥有国际人格的国家或其他政治实体必须对违反国际义务负有法律责任。
International wrongful act国际不法行为
In the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, it is provided in Article1 that ‘every internationally wrongful act of a state entails the international responsibility of that state’.
在“国家责任条款草案”中，第1条规定“国家的每一项国际不法行为都要承担国家的国际责任”。
Such a wrongful act is defined in Article 3 as:
a. conduct consisting of an action or omission which is attributable to the state under international law; and
b. that conduct constituting a breach of an international obligation of the state.
这种不法行为在第3条中定义为：
一个。由国家法律赋予的行为或不作为构成的行为; 和
湾该行为构成违反国家的国际义务。
Exhaustion of local remedies用尽当地补救办法
A very important customary rule of international law applicable to indirect injuries is that before international proceedings are invoked, the remedies provided by the local state should have been exhausted. It enables the local state to redress wrongful acts before the claim is to be brought to the international plane.
适用于间接伤害的一项非常重要的国际法习惯规则是，在援引国际诉讼程序之前，应当用尽当地国家提供的补救办法。它使当地国家能够在将索赔提交国际飞机之前纠正不法行为。
Freedom of the seas海洋自由
Freedom of the seas is an essential principle of modern international law of the sea. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans. It is the right of a merchant ship to travel any waters except territorial waters either in peace or war.
海洋自由是现代国际海洋法的基本原则。它强调自由驾驭海洋。商船的权利是在和平或战争中除领海之外的任何水域。
High Seas公海
A term of international law; the open ocean, not part of the exclusive economic zone, territorial sea or internal waters of any state.
国际法一词; 开放的海洋，不属于任何国家的专属经济区，领海或内水。Right of innocent passage无辜的通道
Ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious.
所有国家的船舶，无论是沿海国家还是内陆国家，都享有无辜通过领海的权利。通道应是连续和迅速的。
Treaty条约
An international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.
各国之间以书面形式缔结并受国际法管辖的国际协定，无论是体现在单一文书中还是体现在两个或多个相关文书中，无论其具体名称如何。
Reservations to treaties对条约的保留
Unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a state. When signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purposes to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that state.
单方面声明，无论其措辞或命名，由国家制定。签署，批准，接受，批准或加入条约时，其目的是排除或修改条约某些条款在适用于该国的法律效力。Extradition引渡
The arrest and delivery of a fugitive wanted for a crime committed in another country, usually under the terms of an extradition treaty.
通常根据引渡条约的规定，逮捕和交付逃犯是在另一个国家犯下的罪行。UN General Assembly大会
The General Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, the only one in which all Member States have equal representation: one nation, one vote.
大会是联合国六个主要机构之一，是所有会员国拥有平等代表权的唯一机构：一国一票。
The Continental Shelf大陆架
The continental shelf is a geographical term referring to the seabed, which is covered with only a relatively shallow layer of water (150- -200 meters) and which eventually falls away into deep ocean.
大陆架是一个地理术语，指的是海床，它只覆盖了一层相对较浅的水层（150-200米），最终落入深海。
Good offices斡旋
It involves the participation of a third party, which performs a role of providing a
channel for communication or helping establish direct contacts between the contending parties.
它涉及第三方的参与，第三方的作用是提供沟通渠道或帮助在竞争方之间建立直接联系。
Arbitration仲裁
The approach of arbitration in the process of settling disputes includes elements of both diplomatic and judicial procedures. Arbitration is a procedure for the settlement of disputes between states by a binding award on the basis of law and as a result of an undertaking voluntarily accepted.
在解决争端过程中的仲裁方式包括外交和司法程序的要素。仲裁是根据法律和自愿接受的承诺，通过具有约束力的裁决解决国家间争端的程序。
State immunity国家豁免权
Under international law, every sovereign is equal to and independent of any other sovereign. Accordingly a sovereign cannot exercise authority over any other sovereign. Furthermore, the interference in the internal affairs of other states is also considered as contravening to the concept of state sovereignty.
根据国际法，每个主权国家都与任何其他主权国家平等并且独立。因此，主权者不能对任何其他主权者行使权力。此外，对其他国家内政的干涉也被认为违反了国家主权的概念。
三、Short-answer简答题
What are the five principles of peaceful coexistence?
1. mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. mutual non-aggression
3. mutual non-interference in each other`s internal affairs
4. equality and mutual benefit
5. peacefully coexistence
和平共处的五项原则是什么？
1.相互尊重领土完整和主权
2.相互不侵略
3.互不干涉内政
4.平等互利
5. 和平共处
Please briefly describe the jurisdiction of the ICJ.
The International Court of Justice acts as a world court. The Court’s jurisdiction is twofold: it decides, in accordance with international law, disputes of a legal nature that are submitted to it by States (jurisdiction in contentious cases); and it gives advisory opinions on legal questions at the request of the organs of the United Nations, specialized agencies or one related organization authorized to make such a request (advisory jurisdiction).
国际法院是世界法院。法院的管辖权是双重的：它根据国际法决定各国提交给它的法律性质的争议（争议案件的管辖权）; 并应联合国各机构，专门机构或一个有权提出此类请求的相关组织（咨询管辖权）的要求，就法律问题提出咨询意见。
A new state has the right to claim sovereignty over its territory. How can a new state acquire territory?
新国家有权对其领土主张主权。新国家如何获得领土？
There are five ways by which title to territory can be acquired. They are: 1.occupation of terra nullius; 2.prescription; 3.cession; 4.accretion; 5. Subjugation (or conquest).
有五种方式可以获得领土的所有权。它们是：1。无效土地的占领;2.prescription;3.cession;4.accretion; 5.征服（或征服）。
Who are the subjects of international law? What element is crucial in determining who is qualified as a subject of international law?
谁是国际法的主体？在确定谁有资格成为国际法主体时，哪些因素至关重要？States, international organizations, non-self-governing territorial entities, individuals. In international law personality is crucial in that it involves the examination of the status, capability, competence of international entities. Thus, it can be determined who is qualified as a subject of international law.
国家，国际组织，非自治领土实体，个人。
在国际法中，人格至关重要，因为它涉及审查国际实体的地位，能力和能力。因此，可以确定谁有资格作为国际法的主体。
What makes a certain entity the subject of international law?
是什么使某个实体成为国际法的主体？
To be a subject of international law an entity must have ‘international personality’, it must have the capacity to possess international rights and duties and, as a consequence, must have the capacity to maintain such rights by bringing international claims. A subject of international law owes responsibilities to the international community. Meanwhile, it enjoys rights, the benefits of which must be claimed.
要成为国际法的主体，一个实体必须具有“国际人格”，它必须具备拥有国际权利和义务的能力，因此必须有能力通过提出国际主张来维护这些权利。国际法主体应对国际社会负责。同时，它享有权利，必须要求其利益。
What are the fundamental rights and obligations of states?
国家的基本权利和义务是什么？
Right of independence; right of equality; right of jurisdiction; right of self-defense. Settle the conflict by peaceful means; refrain from intervention, internal or external affairs of any other state; refrain from war threat or use of war, against the territorial integrity or political independence of another state; good faith in fulfilling international obligations
独立权; 平等权; 管辖权; 自卫权。
以和平方式解决冲突; 避免任何其他国家的干预，内部或外部事务; 避免战争威胁或使用战争，反对另一国的领土完整或政治独立; 善意履行国际义务
What are the principles of extradition?
引渡的原则是什么？
First, that act should be a crime in both requesting and surrendering states(or the principle of double criminality). Second, the person surrendered to the requesting state should not be tried for any offense other than the one for which he is extradited. 首先，该行为在请求和放弃国家（或双重犯罪原则）中应该是犯罪。第二，向被请求国投降的人不应因他被引渡的人以外的任何罪行受审。
What are the two theories about state immunity?
关于国家豁免的两种理论是什么？
-Absolute immunity theory
-Restrictive immunity theory
-绝对免疫理论
- 限制性免疫理论
What is diplomatic immunity?
什么是外交豁免权？
The diplomatic relations between states have to be conducted by certain special staffs appointed by governments. In order to effectively fulfill their diplomatic mission they need some special privileges and immunities. Such privileges and immunities developed from state immunity. There exist various regulations of diplomatic relations and rules concerning the treatment of diplomatic staffs in international law. It has been accepted that diplomats enjoy immunities in foreign states.
国家之间的外交关系必须由政府任命的某些特别工作人员进行。为了有效履行其外交使命，他们需要一些特权和豁免权。这种特权和豁免权源于国家豁免权。在国际法中存在各种关于外交人员待遇的外交关系和规则。外交官在外国享有豁免权已被接受。
How to understand the freedom of the high seas?
如何理解公海的自由？
The high seas are open to all States, whether coastal or land-locked. Freedom of the high seas is exercised under the conditions laid down by UNCLOS and by other rules of international law. It comprises, inter alia, both for coastal and land-locked States: 公海向所有国家开放，无论是沿海还是内陆。公海自由是在“联合国海洋法公约”和其他国际法规则规定的条件下行使的。除其他外，它包括沿海和内陆国家：
(a) freedom of navigation;
(b) freedom of overflight;
(c) freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, subject to Part VI;
(d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law, subject to Part VI;
(e) freedom of fishing, subject to the conditions laid down in section 2;
(f) freedom of scientific research, subject to Parts VI and XIII.
These freedoms shall be exercised by all States with due regard for the interests of other States in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas, and also with due regard for the rights under this Convention with respect to activities in the Area.
（a）航行自由;
（b）飞越自由;
（c）根据第VI部分自由铺设海底电缆和管道;
（d）根据第六部分，建造人为岛屿和国际法允许的其他设施的自由;
（e）捕鱼自由，但须符合第2条规定的条件;
（f）科学研究自由，但须符合第VI和XIII部分的规定。
所有国家应在适当考虑到其他国家行使公海自由的利益的情况下行使这些自由，并在适当考虑到本公约规定的对“区域”内活动的权利的情况下行使这些自由。How to understand reservations to treaties?
如何理解对条约的保留？
It may not be possible for all parties to a treaty to reach full agreement to every provision of it. It is common that a state is satisfied with most of the treaty but is intended to refuse to accept or to be bound by one or more particular provisions in the treaty. The wish may not be realized unless the device of reservations is introduced, which allows the amendment of such particular provisions while keeping the original treaty intact.
条约的所有缔约方可能无法完全同意条约的每一条款。国家对条约的大部分内容感到满意，但其目的是拒绝接受或受条约中一项或多项特定条款的约束。除非引入保留装置，否则可能无法实现这一愿望，这允许在保持原始条约完整的同时修改这些特定条款。
The legal regime of outer space was clarified by the signature in 1967 of the Space Treaty, what is the full name of this treaty and what is the main content of it?
1967年签署的“空间条约”澄清了外层空间的法律制度，该条约的全称是什么，
它的主要内容是什么？
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use OF Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies.
“关于各国探索和利用外层空间，包括月球和其他天体活动的原则条约”。
The Space Treaty provides that outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies may not be appropriated by any state and that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the interests of all states and in accordance with international law. The treaty also emphasizes the peaceful use of outer space and nonuse of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in outer space.
“空间条约”规定，包括月球和其他天体在内的外层空间不得被任何国家占用，并且外层空间的探索和利用应为所有国家的利益并根据国际法进行。该条约还强调和平利用外层空间和不在外层空间使用核武器和其他大规模毁灭性武器。Treaties are known by many different names, write down at least four of them.
条约以许多不同的名称而闻名，至少写下其中的四个。
Conventions, international agreements, pacts, general acts, charters, declarations and covenants.
公约，国际协议，协定，一般法案，章程，声明和契约。
What are the similarities and differences between treaties and contracts?
条约和合同之间有什么相似之处和不同之处？
There is a close resemblance between treaties and contracts in that both of them are created to have binding obligations for the contracting parties. But the difference from common contracts lies in a nature of treaties that they create binding obligations for themselves and reflects the character of the international system.
条约和合同之间有着非常相似之处，因为它们都是为了对缔约方具有约束力义务而创建的。但与普通合同的区别在于条约的性质，它们为自己制定了具有约束力的义务，反映了国际体系的特征。
What is the law of the sea?
什么是海洋法？
The law of the sea governs the relations of states in respect of the marine territory subject to coastal state jurisdiction and those areas of the sea and seabed beyond any
national jurisdiction. The law is firmly rooted in the doctrine of freedom of the seas, which is now a basic principle of international law.
海洋法管辖受沿海国家管辖的海洋领土以及海洋和海底超出任何国家管辖范围的国家关系。该法律牢牢扎根于海洋自由理论，这种理论现在已成为国际法的基本原则。
What rights and duties should the coastal state possess in areas of exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?
沿海国家应该在专属经济区（EEZ）拥有哪些权利和义务？
The EEZ can extend to a maximum up to200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the width of the territorial sea is measured. State may enjoy restricted sovereign rights for the exploration, conservation and management of natural resources within their EEZ.
专属经济区可以从距离测量领海宽度的基线延伸至最多200海里。国家对专属经济区内自然资源的勘探，保护和管理享有有限的主权。
What is the legal status of the international seabed area in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea?
“联合国海洋法公约”中国际海底区域的法律地位如何？
It is declared in the 1982 Convention that the international seabed and its resources constitute part of the common heritage of mankind and no sovereign or other rights may be recognized. Rights in the area can only be obtained with the authority of the International Seabed Authority, which was established under the Convention, and activities in the area are carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole. Under Article 153，activities of exploration and exploitation are to be carried out by the Authority. Parties to the convention may get licenses from the Authority to conduct activities in the seabed as well. The Authority will charge a license fee and share part of profits of commercial mining.
1982年公约宣布国际海底及其资源构成人类共同遗产的一部分，不承认任何主权或其他权利。该地区的权利只能在“公约”下设立的国际海底管理局的授权下获得，该地区的活动是为了整个人类的利益而进行的。根据第153条，勘探
和开采活动应由管理局进行。公约缔约方也可从管理局获得许可证，以便在海底进行活动。管理局将收取许可费并分享商业采矿的部分利润。
Please list the diplomatic methods of dispute settlement.
请列出解决争端的外交方法。
1. Negotiation,
2. Good offices,
3. Mediation,
4.Inquiry,
5.Conciliation.
1.谈判，2。斡旋，3。调解，4。询问，5。和解。
Please write down all the permanent members of the UN Security Council.
请写下联合国安理会所有常任理事国。
China, France, Russia, UK, USA
中国，法国，俄罗斯，英国，美国
If you are the Foreign Ministry spokesman, how will you answer the following question?
如果您是外交部发言人，您将如何回答以下问题？
On the morning of April 14 Beijing time, the US, the UK and France launched air strikes against Syria. What's your comment on this?
北京时间4月14日上午，美国，英国和法国对叙利亚发动空袭。你对此有何评论？
As always, we oppose the use of force in international relations and call for respect for other countries' sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Any unilateral military action bypassing the Security Council runs contrary to the purpose and principles of the UN Charter and violates the principles of international law and the basic norms governing international relations, and will further complicate the Syrian issue. China urges the relevant parties to return to the framework of international law and resolve the issue through dialogue and negotiation.
我们一如既往地反对在国际关系中使用武力，并呼吁尊重其他国家的主权，独立和领土完整。任何绕过安全理事会的单方面军事行动违反了“联合国宪章”的宗旨和原则，违反了国际法原则和国际关系基本准则，并将使叙利亚问题进一步复杂化。中方敦促有关各方回归国际法框架，通过对话和谈判解决问题。Why is the personality very important to an international organization?
为什么人格对国际组织非常重要？
The importance of personality to an international institution lies in the fact that the capacity of such an organization to enforce its powers, claim its designated rights and fulfill its obliged duties does originate from such legal personality on the international plane. Possession of international personality will normally involve, as a consequence, the attribution of power to make treaties, of privileges and immunities, of power to undertake legal proceedings.
人格对国际机构的重要性在于，这样一个组织执行其权力，主张其指定权利和履行其义务的能力确实源于国际层面上的这种法律人格。因此，拥有国际人格通常会涉及制定条约，特权和豁免权以及进行法律诉讼的权力的归属。
四、Expound论述
Why should a country abide by international law?
一个国家为什么要遵守国际法？
国际法是调整国际法主体之间，主要是国家之间关系的，具有法律拘束力的原则、规则和制度的总体。当今国际社会，主要是由国家组成，为了调整国家之间的关系，国际法才应运而生。国际法的存在无疑为国际社会的和平与发展奠定了良好的基础。可以想象，没有国际法存在的一个国际社会也就无法和平安宁。对于国家为什么年要遵守国际法的问题，历史上诸多国际法学派有过各自的立场。自然法学派认为，自然法是普遍的、恒久不变的，自然法可以由理性发现，而并不需要国家的同意。国际法也正是如此。实在法学派把国际法主要建立在了习惯和条约的基础之上，强调人造法而非自然法。国际法的两种重要形式一一国际条约和国际习惯是由人所造成的，是经过国家同意的，因此国际法为各个国家所遵守正体现于习惯或条约的国家的共同同意。我们认为，国家之所以要遵守国际法，是因为国际法的效力源自于各个国家统治阶级的意志，但是这种意志不可能是各个国家的共同意志，而是体现在国际习惯和条约的“协调意志”。国家遵守国际法，正是出于其统治阶级的意志。
International law is the adjustment of the principles, rules and systems with legal binding force between the subjects of international law, mainly between countries. Today's international society is mainly composed of countries. In order to adjust the relationship between countries, international law came into being. The existence of
international law has undoubtedly laid a good foundation for the peace and development of the international community. It is conceivable that an international society without the existence of international law cannot be safe and peaceful. For the question of why the country must abide by international law in the years, many international law schools in history have their own positions. The natural law school believes that natural law is universal and permanent, and natural law can be discovered by reason without the consent of the state. This is also true of international law. The Real School of Law has established international law primarily on the basis of customary and treaty, emphasizing artificial law rather than natural law. Two important forms of international law - international treaties and international customs are created by human beings and are subject to the consent of the state. Therefore, international law is the common consent of each country to comply with the custom or treaty. We believe that the reason why the state obeys international law is because the effectiveness of international law stems from the will of the ruling class of each country, but this will cannot be the common will of each country, but the "coordinated will embodied in international customs and treaties." ". It is the will of the ruling class that the state abides by international law.
Please analyze the relationship between domestic law and international law.
请分析国内法与国际法之间的关系。
关于国际法和国内法关系的理论主要有两种不同的学说，即一元论和二元论。
There are two main theories about the relationship between international law and domestic law, namely monism and dualism.
1.一元论。一元论认为国际法和国内法在本质上是相同的，因此同属一个法律体系。一元论又有两种不同的观点:
1. Monism. Monism holds that international law and domestic law are essentially the same and therefore belong to the same legal system. Monism has two different perspectives:
(1)国内法优先说。此说认为，在同一个法律体系中，国际法的效力来源于国内
法，是国内法的一个分支，国际法只有依靠国内法才能发挥法的效力。国际法同国内法相比，是次一等的法律，因此，国内法优先于国际法。由于这种观点否定了国际法自身效力的存在，实际上也就等于否定了国际法。
(1) Domestic law gives priority. This argument holds that in the same legal system, the effectiveness of international law comes from domestic law and is a branch of domestic law. International law can only exert its effectiveness by relying on domestic law. International law is a second-class law compared to domestic law. Therefore, domestic law takes precedence over international law. Since this view denies the existence of the effectiveness of international law itself, it actually means negating international law.
(2) 国际法优先说。此说认为，在同一法律体系中，国际法位于国内法之上，国内法的效力是国际法赋予的。这种学说在实质上是否定国家意志是法律的渊源，进而以“世界政府”否定各国的主权，这是十分有害的。
(2) International law gives priority. This argument holds that in the same legal system, international law is above domestic law, and the effectiveness of domestic law is conferred by international law. This kind of doctrine is in fact negating the will of the state as the source of law, and then denying the sovereignty of nations with the "world government", which is very harmful.
2.二元论。此说认为国内法和国际法属于两个不同的法律体系，本质上是不同的，它们的主体、调整对象、法律渊源、效力根据都不同。二元论的观点无疑是正确的，但它过分强调国际法和国内法的不同，忽视了两者之间的联系而将其对立起来，因此不能解决二者的关系。
2. Dualism. This argument holds that domestic law and international law belong to two different legal systems, which are essentially different, and their subjects, adjustment objects, legal sources, and effectiveness basis are different. The dualism view is undoubtedly correct, but it overemphasizes the difference between international law and domestic law, ignores the connection between the two and opposes it, so it cannot solve the relationship between the two.
国内法与国际法之间是既有区别也有联系的。区别主要体现在上述几个方面，联
系主要体现在二者相互渗透、相互补充、相互制约上。
There are differences and connections between domestic law and international law. The difference is mainly reflected in the above aspects. The connection is mainly reflected in the mutual penetration, mutual complementation and mutual restraint. Compare the similarities and differences between innocent passage and transit passage.
比较无辜通道和过境通道之间的异同。
1.无害通过与过境通行的定义；
1. The definition of harmless passage and transit;
2.无害通过制度与过境通行制度的区别主要有以下三方面:
2. There are three main differences between the harmless passage system and the transit passage system:
(1)航行主体，无害通过的航行主体仅限于外国非军用船舶，而过境通行适用于外国船舶、飞行器，允许其自由飞过而无需批准。
(1) The main body of navigation, the navigational body that is passed harmlessly is limited to foreign non-military ships, and the transit passage is applicable to foreign ships and aircraft, allowing it to fly freely without approval.
(2)航行方式，无害通过只限于水面上的船舶通行；潜艇通过时要浮出水面，并且悬挂国旗明示其所属国家。过境通行权包括上空、水面和水面下，是无条件的开放使用，潜艇可以潜航。当满足暂时的、非歧视性的、有特定区域的、经正式公布的条件时，沿海国有停止无害通过的权力；而过境通行权不能停止。
(2) The way of navigation, innocent passage is limited to ships passing through the water; the submarine must surface when it passes, and the national flag is hoisted to indicate its country. The transit rights include airspace, water surface and water surface. It is unconditionally open for use and the submarine can snorkel. When a temporary, non-discriminatory, zone-specific, and officially announced condition is met, the coastal State has the power to cease innocent passage; and the
transit right cannot be stopped.
(3)航行领域，无害通过仅限于水域，而过境通行不仅涉及水域部分，也涉及专属经济区上空。且过境通行制度和无害通过制度适用的海峡所处的地理位置不同。前者指所有外国船舶或飞机在公海或专属经济区之间的用于国际航行的海峡以继续不停和迅速过境为目的而行使的航行和飞越自由。后者应适用于下列国际航行的海峡:该海峡是位于公海或专属经济区的一部分和外国领海之间的，或者该海峡是由沿岸国的一个岛屿和该国大陆形成的，而该岛向海一面有在航行和水文特征方面同样方便地穿过公海或专属经济区航道。
(3) In the field of navigation, harmless passage is limited to waters, and transit traffic involves not only the waters but also the exclusive economic zone. Moreover, the geographical location of the strait where the transit passage system and the harmless passage system are applied is different. The former refers to the freedom of navigation and overflight of the straits used by international ships or aircraft for international voyages between the high seas or the exclusive economic zone for the purpose of continuing non-stop and rapid transit. The latter shall apply to the following straits of international voyages: the strait is located between the part of the high seas or the exclusive economic zone and the foreign territorial waters, or the strait is formed by an island of the coastal State and the continent of the country, and the island The sea side has the same ease of navigation and hydrological characteristics through the high seas or the exclusive economic zone.
What is the theoretical basis of diplomatic privileges and immunities?
外交特权和豁免的理论基础是什么？
由于使馆和外交代表处于一种特殊的地位，因此国家在实践中往往彼此都给予使馆和外交代表一定的特权和特殊待遇。这些特殊权利和待遇统称为外交特权与豁免。自外交使节在国际交往中出现，尤其常驻使馆制度的广泛推行，国际上就产生了使馆和外交使节为何要享有特权的争论。关于这一问题，传统国际法学上有两种解说，一种是代表说，另一种是治外法权说。前者认为外交代表是国家
的代表，是派遣国的化身，代表着国家的尊严；而且主权国家是平等的，平等者之间无管辖权，因此外交代表应享有特权与豁免，这种主张不全面，不能解释外交代表的非公务行为的豁免。后者认为外交代表所在地应视为派遣国领土的延长，外交代表身处接受国，但在法律上假设他仍在派遣国，所以不受接受国的管辖，这种拟制说与事实不符，在一战后就成了衰退的主张。
Because embassies and diplomatic representatives are in a special position, the state often gives embassies and diplomatic representatives certain privileges and special treatment in practice. These special rights and treatments are collectively referred to as diplomatic privileges and immunities. Since the diplomatic envoys appeared in international exchanges, especially the extensive implementation of the permanent embassy system, international debates have arisen as to why embassies and diplomatic envoys should enjoy privileges. On this issue, there are two explanations in traditional international jurisprudence, one is that the representative said that the other is the extraterritorial legal right. The former considers diplomatic representatives to be representatives of the state, is the embodiment of the sending country, and represents the dignity of the state; and the sovereign state is equal and there is no jurisdiction between the equals, so diplomatic representatives should enjoy privileges and immunities. It cannot explain the exemption of diplomatic representatives’ non-official behavior. The latter believes that the location of the diplomatic representative should be regarded as the extension of the territory of the sending country. The diplomatic representative is in the receiving country, but it is legally assumed that he is still in the sending country, so he is not subject to the jurisdiction of the receiving country. This kind of hypothesis is inconsistent with the facts. After the First World War, it became a claim of recession.
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现在通行的学说是职务需要说，这种学说认为外交特权与豁免的根据是由于代表履行职务的需要。但也有法学家认为应把代表说和职务需要说结合起来作为解释外交特权和豁免的根据。我们认为给予外交代表特权与豁免的根据，一方面表示对其所代表的国家尊严和主权的尊重，另一方面是外交代表执行使馆职务的需要。1961年《维也纳外交关系公约》在其序言中指出，“给予此等特权与豁免之目的不在于给予个人以利益而在与确保代表国家之使馆能有效执行职务”。由此需要作为外交特权与豁免的根据的。可见，公约是把外交代表的代表性和职务工作的
The current prevailing doctrine is the need to say that this doctrine considers diplomatic privilege and immunity to be based on the need to perform duties. However, some jurists believe that the combination of representative and job needs should be used as a basis for explaining diplomatic privileges and immunities. We believe that the basis for granting privileges and immunities to diplomatic representatives represents, on the one hand, respect for the dignity and sovereignty of the country they represent, and on the other hand the need for diplomatic representatives to perform the duties of the embassy. The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations states in its preamble that “the purpose of granting such privileges and immunities is not to give individuals the benefit and to ensure that the embassy representing the country can effectively perform their duties”. This requires a basis for diplomatic privileges and immunities. It can be seen that the convention is to represent the representative and duties of diplomatic representatives.
What are the sources of international law?
国际法的来源是什么？
一．法院对于陈诉各项争端，应依国际法裁判之，裁判时应适用：
一、The court shall refer to the international law for alleged disputes, and the referee shall apply:
(子)不论普通或特别国际协约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
(丑)国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。
(寅)一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。
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第一章外汇交易的一般原理 一、单项选择题： 1、目前，多数国家（包括我国人民币）采用的汇率标价法是（ A ）。 A、直接标价法 B、间接标价法C应收标价法D、美元标价法 2 、按银行汇款方式不同，作为基础的汇率是（A ）。 A、电汇汇率 B、信汇汇率C票汇汇率D、现钞汇率 3、外汇成交后，在未来约定的某一天进行交割所采用的汇率是（ B ）。 A、浮动汇率 B、远期汇率C市场汇率D、买入汇率 4、若要将出口商品的人民币报价折算为外币报价，应用（ A ）。 A、买入价 B、卖出价 C、现钞买入价 D、现钞卖出价 5、银行对于现汇的卖出价一般（A ）现钞的买入价。 A、高于 B、等于C低于D不能确定 6、我国银行公布的人民币基准汇率是前一日美元对人民币的（ B ）。 A、收盘价 B、银行买入价 C、银行卖出价D加权平均价 7、外汇规避风险的方法很多。关于选择货币法，说法错误．．的是（A ）。 A、收“软”币付“硬”币 B 、尽量选择本币计价 C、尽量选择可自由兑换货币 D、软硬币货币搭配 8、下列外汇市场的参与者不包．括．．（C ）。 A、中国银行 B、索罗斯基金C无涉外业务的国内公司D、国家外汇管理局宁波市分局 9、对于经营外汇实务的银行来说，贱买贵卖是其经营原则，买卖之间的差额一般
为1%。?5%。，是银行经营经营外汇实务的利润。那么下列哪些因素使得买卖差价的幅度越小（ A ） A、外汇市场越稳定 B、交易额越小 C、越不常用的货币D外汇市场位置相对于货币发行国越远 10、被公认为全球一天外汇交易开始的外汇市场的（ C ）。 A、纽约 B、东京 C、惠灵顿 D、伦敦 11、下列不．属．于．外汇市场的参与者有（D ）。 A、中国银行 B、索罗斯基金 C、国家外汇管理局浙江省分局 D、无涉外业 务的国内公司 12、在有形市场中，规模最大外汇交易市场的是（ A ）。 A、伦敦 B、纽约 C、新加坡 D、法兰克福 13 、外汇市场上，银行的报价均以各种货币对（ D ）的汇率为基础。 A、直接标价法 B、间接标价法C应收标价法D、美元标价法 14、银行间外汇交易额通常以（A ）的整数倍。 A、100万美元 B、50万美元 C、1000万美元D 10万美元 15、以点数表示的远期汇率差价，每点所代表每个标准货币所折合货币单位的（A ） A、1/10000 B 、1/10 C 、1/100 D 、1/1000 16、商业银行经营外汇业务时，如果卖出多于买进，则称为（ B ） A、多头 B、空头 C、升水 D、贴水 1 7 、下列货币名称与英文简写对应错误．．的（B ） A、欧兀一EURO B 澳兀一CAD C、新加坡兀一SGD D 日兀一YEN 18、在伦敦外汇市场上用美元购买日元这样一笔外汇，结算国是（ A ）。 A美国和日本，交易国是英国B、美国和日本，交易国是美国 C美国和日本，交易国是日本D、美国和日本，交易国是美国和日本 19、一般来讲，一国的国际收支顺差会使其（ B ）。 A、本币升值 B、物价上升 C、通货紧缩 D、货币疲软 20、以下是两银行交易的过程，根据其交易过程，下列答案错误．．的（C ）。 A 银行：Hi! Bank of China, Shanghai Branch calling, spot CHF for 6 USD
英文版国际金融试题和答案
PartⅠ.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false (10%)每题1分，答错不扣分1. If perfect markets existed, resources would be more mobile and could therefore be transferred to those countries more willing to pay a high price for them. ( T ) 2. The forward contract can hedge future receivables or payables in foreign currencies to insulate the firm against exchange rate risk. ( T ) 3. The primary objective of the multinational corporation is still the same primary objective of any firm, i.e., to maximize shareholder wealth. ( T ) 4. A low inflation rate tends to increase imports and decrease exports, thereby decreasing the current account deficit, other things equal. ( F ) 5. A capital account deficit reflects a net sale of the home currency in exchange for other currencies. This places upward pressure on that home currency’s value. ( F ) 6. The theory of comparative advantage implies that countries should specialize in production, thereby relying on other countries for some products. ( T ) 7. Covered interest arbitrage is plausible when the forward premium reflect the interest rate differential between two countries specified by the interest rate parity formula.( F ) 8．The total impact of transaction exposure is on the overall value of the firm. ( F ) 9. A put option is an option to sell-by the buyer of the option-a stated number of units of the underlying instrument at a specified price per unit during a specified period. ( T ) 10. Futures must be marked-to-market. Options are not. ( T ) PartⅡ:Cloze (20%)每题2分，答错不扣分 1. If inflation in a foreign country differs from inflation in the home country, the exchange rate will adjust to maintain equal( purchasing power ） 2. Speculators who expect a currency to ( appreciate ) could purchase currency futures contracts for that currency. 3. Covered interest arbitrage involves the short-term investment in a foreign currency that is covered by a ( forward contract ) to sell that currency when the investment matures. 4. （Appreciation/ Revalue ）of RMB reduces inflows since the foreign demand for our goods is reduced and foreign competition is increased. 5. ( PPP ) suggests a relationship between the inflation differential of two countries and the percentage change in the spot exchange rate over time. 6. IFE is based on nominal interest rate ( differentials ), which are influenced by expected inflation. 7. Transaction exposure is a subset of economic exposure. Economic exposure includes any form by which the firm’s ( value ) will be affected. 8. The option writer is obligated to buy the underlying commodity at a stated price if a ( put option ) is exercised 9. There are three types of long-term international bonds. They are Global bonds , ( eurobonds ) and ( foreign bonds ). 10. Any good secondary market for finance instruments must have an efficient clearing system. Most Eurobonds are cleared through either ( Euroclear ) or Cedel. PartⅢ:Questions and Calculations (60%)过程正确结果计算错误扣2分 1. Assume the following information: A Bank B Bank Bid price of Canadian dollar $0.802 $0.796 Ask price of Canadian dollar $0.808 $0.800 Given this information, is locational arbitrage possible?If so, explain the steps involved in locational arbitrage, and compute the profit from this arbitrage if you had $1,000,000 to use. (5%) ANSWER: Yes!One could purchase New Zealand dollars at Y Bank for $.80 and sell them to X Bank for $.802.With $1 million available, 1.25 million New Zealand dollars could be purchased at Y Bank.These New Zealand dollars could then be sold to X Bank for $1,002,500, thereby generating a profit of $2,500. 2. Assume that the spot exchange rate of the British pound is $1.90.How will this spot rate adjust in two years if the United Kingdom experiences an inflation rate of 7 percent per year while the United
国际金融英文版习题
Chapter1 balance of payments Balance of Payments Accounting 1Balance of payments a)is defined as the statistical record of a country’s international transactions over a certain period of time presented in the form of a double-entry bookkeeping b)provides detailed information concerning the demand and supply of a country’s currency c)can be used to evaluate the performance of a country in international economic competition d)all of the above Answer: d 2Generally speaking, any transaction that results in a receipt from foreigners a)Will be recorded as a debit, with a negative sign, in the U.S. balance of payments b)Will be recorded as a debit, with a positive sign, in the U.S. balance of payments c)Will be recorded as a credit, with a negative sign, in the U.S. balance of payments d)Will be recorded as a credit, with a positive sign, in the U.S. balance of payments Answer d 3 Generally speaking, any transaction that results in a payment to foreigners e)Will be recorded as a debit, with a negative sign, in the U.S. balance of payments f)Will be recorded as a debit, with a positive sign, in the U.S. balance of payments g)Will be recorded as a credit, with a negative sign, in the U.S. balance of payments h)Will be recorded as a credit, with a positive sign, in the U.S. balance of payments Answer a) 4 Suppose the McDonalds Corporation imports 100 tons of Canadian beef, paying for it by transferring the funds to a New York bank account kept by the Canadian Beef Conglomerate. i)Payment by McDonalds will be recorded as a debit j)The deposit of the funds by the seller will be recorded as a debit k)Payment by McDonalds will be recorded as a credit l)The deposit of the funds by the buyer will be credit Answer: a 5Since the balance of payments is presented as a system of double-entry bookkeeping, a)Every credit in the account is balanced by a matching debit
《国际经济学(英文版)》选择题汇总版(附答案)
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案） Ch1-Ch3 1.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a “Superpower.” C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. 2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade, A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries. B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S. C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State. D) the U.S. may not impose export duties. E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii. 3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro. B) developed and less developed. C) monetary and barter. D) international trade and international money. E) static and dynamic. 4. International monetary analysis focuses on A) the real side of the international economy. B) the international trade side of the international economy. C) the international investment side of the international economy. D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks. E) the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange. 5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that A)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade. B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods. C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products. D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the European Union. E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada. 6. The gravity model explains why A)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain. B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil. C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products. D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboring
国际法英文单词
绪论INTRODUCTION：NATURES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Public International law国际公法 Universal// general// special international law 普遍/一般/特殊国际法 International custom国际习惯General principles of law一般法律原则Bentham边沁International Law Commission（联合国）国际法委员会 The basis of internationl law and theories thereto国际法的效力根据与学派 Oppenheim奥本海Features of international law 国际法的特征 Natures of international law 国际法的性质Jus gentium 万民法 Writings of publicists 公法学家学说International comity 国际礼让 Effects of IL 国际法的效力Contractual treaty 契约性条约 Law-making treaty 造法性条约Application of IL 国际法的适用Monism 一元论 Dualism or pluralism 二元论adoption//incorporation采纳//纳入 transformation转化（把国际法规则内容制定为国内法规则） 国际法上的国家STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Permanent population固定的居民Defined territory 确定的领土Government 政府Sovereignty 主权Unitary state 单一国 Composite states//union of states 复合国//国家的联合Dependent country 附属国 Federation 联邦Confederation 联邦Permanent neutralized state永久中立国 British Commonwealth of Nations英联邦French Community法兰西共同体 Vatican City State 梵蒂冈市国Vassal state 附庸国Suzerain state 宗主国 Protected//protecting state FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF STATES National fundamental rights 国家的基本权利Right of independence 独立权 Right of equality 平等权Right of self-defence 自卫权 Right of self-preservation自保权Right of jurisdiction 管辖权 Territorial jurisdiction /jurisdiction based on residence?属地管辖 Personal jurisdiction/jurisdiction based on citizenship 属人管辖Protective jurisdiction 保护性管辖Universal jurisdiction 普遍管辖State immunity 国家豁免权 The doctrine of absolute immunity绝对豁免原则 The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 相对豁免原则 RECOGNITION AND SUCCESSION recognition of states and governments国家和政府的承认States succession 国家继承Constitutive theory 构成说Declaratory theory 宣告说De jure recognition 法律上承认 De facto recognition 事实上承认Effective control 有效统治 Principle of effectiveness 有效统治原则 Recognition of national liberation movement民族解放运动组织的承认 Insurgent body 叛乱团体Belligerent body 交战团体Personal treaty 人身条约dispositive//non-personal treaties非人身条约The clean s/plate rule 白板规则 State property 国家财产State debt 国家债务Localized state debt 地方化债务 State archives 国家档案The principle of non-recognition不承认原则 国际争端法 PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNA TIONAL DISPUTES the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes Political methods //legal methods of settlements regional agencies or arrangements 区域机关和区域办法 International Court of Justice国际法院V oluntary jurisdiction自愿管辖
国际经济学题库(英文版)知识分享
Part Ⅰ. Fill in the blank with suitable content. 1.Seven themes recur throughout the study of international economics. These are the gains from trade , the pattern of trade , protectionism the balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination, international capital market. 2. Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons : comparative advantage and economics of scale . 3. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 4. Labor is the only one factor of production. LC a 、LW a and *LC a 、* LW a are the unit labor requirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. If aLC/aLW