Nathaniel Howthorne
必读英美文学经典作品20本
必读英美文学经典作品20本American Literature1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。
因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain《哈克贝利.芬历险记》简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。
十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。
专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。
这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。
一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有过能与之媲美的作品。
3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》亨利.詹姆斯著】美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。
本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。
文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。
希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
4.Moby Dick by Herman Melville 《白鲸》麦尔维尔著小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克的经历，最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。
Nathaniel Hawthorne1
the most influential romantic novelist in 19th century the first great American writer of fiction to work in the moralistic tradition
d) The House of the Seven Gables 1851 七个尖角阁的房子》 《七个尖角阁的房子》 e) The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》 福谷传奇》 d) The Marble Faun 1860 《大理石雕像》 大理石雕像》
g) “Young Goodman Brown”
Hawthorne later formally withdrew most of this early work, discounting it as the work of inexperienced youth. From 1836 to 1844 the Boston-centered Transcendentalist movement, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was an important force in New England intellectual circles. The Transcendentalists believed that human existence transcended the sensory realm, and rejected formalism in favor of individual responsibility. Hawthorne's fiancée Sophia drew him into "the newness," and in 1841 Hawthorne invested $1500 in the Brook Farm Utopian Community, leaving disillusioned within a year.
Nathaniel_Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s House
•"Young Goodman Brown" is a short story published in 1835 by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses theCalvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity, except those who are born in astate of grace.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
American novelist and short story writer， the first greatest Ameican fiction writer in the moralistic tradition
“Like EdgarAllan Poe, Hawthorne took a dark view of human Nature.”
Influences on Hawthorne
Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House. Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692. Belief in the existence of the devil. Belief in detground
Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)
Hawthorne’s Writing Style
• A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in • The use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing. • Revelation of characters’ psychology: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works • The use of supernatural mixed with the actual
• His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson • Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of view
Hawthorne’s major works
Байду номын сангаас
• 2) he was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America • The poverty of materials+the avoidance of offending the puritan taste—— romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize and yet not the offend
Hawthorne
3. Another significant theme is that of male withdrawal from marriage. Many of Hawthorne’ male characters live in isolation. It seems extraordinarily difficult for them to know someone else and to disclose themselves to another person. This kind of alienation, strangely, even becomes extreme in a family setting.
He says of his ancestors, especially Judge Hathorne, “I… hereby take shame upon my self for their sakes, and pray that any curse incurred by them… may be now and henceforth removed.”
“Young Goodman Brown” is the dream experience of Goodman Brown who is young, innocent and, as his name suggests, an average man. Brown is newly wed and one night, he leaves his wife “Faith” behind to go on a journey in the forest. The forest, in Hawthorne’s allegorical tale, is the abode of sin and evil.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Character: The narrative point of view and ambiguity result in a main character whom we hardly know or understand. In spite of his mysterious nature, we can find that Hooper is self-reliant, strongwilled and full of strength and definite in purpose, perhaps carried to the point of absurdity. Many phrases throughout the story suggest that Hooper is an individual in torment (e.g., p. 76).
What are people’s toward the black veil? Astonished, nervous, suspicious, fearful
reactions
disgusted, worried, frightened,
What is the subject of Mr. Hooper’s sermon on the day? Does the subject have any relationship with the meaning of the veil? Paragraph 12 on P. 73 Secret sin.
Major works
• The Scarlet Letter (1850) , • The House of Seven Gables (1851) • Twice-Told Tales (1837, 1842)
_Nathaniel_Hawthorne
Much of Hawthorne’s work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background.
(塞勒姆女巫审判案)
Hawthorne’s place of birth
College 1821 - 1825
• Attended Bowdoin College in 1821; • Friends: - future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Franklin Pierce who became the 14th President of The United States.
In the manner that Hawthorne describes it, the prison embodies the unyielding severity of puritan law: old, rusted, yet strong with an "ironclamped oaken door." Puritan law is coated in the rust of tradition and obsolete purpose. But despite the evolution of society, the laws have not kept up. As a result, the door remains tightly shut and iron-clamped. It seems it will take a superhuman force to somehow weaken the mores that control the society in which the story will take place.
英文文献论文：《十字》女性形象分析
AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a great writer in the 19th century in the United States. The Scarlet Letter is the masterpiece of his literary career. In the book, Hawthorne portrays Hester Prynne, the heroine of brave and strong character and the spirit of rebellion against the traditional moral system in the patriarchal society. This paper is an attempt to analyze the female image of Hester.Keywords: The Scarlet Letter; female image摘要《红字》是美国十九世纪伟大的作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的代表作。
霍桑在书中描绘了女主人公海丝特·白兰勇敢、坚强的性格和对男权社会中传统道德体系的反叛精神。
本文主要对女主人公海斯特·白兰的女性形象进行分析。
关键词: 《红字》；女性形象ContentsAbstract (I)摘要 (II)Introduction (1)1 A Great Novelist, a Great Novel ................................................................. (3)1.1 Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Great Novelist .......................................................... (3)1.2 A Great Novel: The Scarlet Letter (3)2 A Great Female Image: Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter (4)2.1 A Brave Woman (4)2.2 A Persevere Woman (7)2.3 A Sacrificial Woman (9)Conclusion (10)Notes (11)References (12)Acknowledgements (13)IntroductionNathaniel Hawthorne (1804--1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. He was the famous romantic writer in the late nineteenth century. His novel was set in colonial New England, often describe Puritan rule of situation and fate, revealed the religious persecution of human nature. He is best known for his novels of using the profound meaning of symbolism implied theme, and the character psychology nuanced characterization and analysis. The Scarlet Letter, one of Hawthorne’s masterpieces, is the novel. It with its abundant of implicit and subtle expression is unique among American classic literature. "The Scarlet Letter" caused a huge stir, today after a lapse of half a century is still immortal classics. The book appeared in the start-up of the United States of literature, that is, the so-called American Renaissance, Hawthorne and Emerson are representative, Melville, Thoreau, etc. During this period, the flag of the United States in the spirit of mature independence and literary.And the representatives of the sea silk for female character's inner world and destiny to explore it. Hawthorne subverts the women in the patriarchal society as the tradition of“object”, built the “subject”of Hester status, show the male writers in the work one of the few female consciousness, set up the Hawthorne's feminist ideology pioneer image. This paper will use full of representative of feminist criticism theory and method, through the analysis of the heroine, explore Hawthorne in the novel of the scarlet letter potential female conscious, and the compromise of Hawthorne female consciousness, reveal the novel contains the positive social significance.1 A Great Novelist, a Great Novel1.1 Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Great NovelistNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864), America's greatest novelists of the 19th century and a half. His representative works are: collection of short stories, Mosses from an Old Manse (1846 ), Young Goodman Brown(1835), Rappaccini's Daughter(1844)and so on, the novel The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance(1852) The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni(1860)and so on. These are rare in the history of world literature classics.Hawthorne said: compared to civilization and ancient Europe, the United States, no shadow, no antiquity, no secret, no brilliant but faint Mo's Turn of the Screw, only light dull boom days under the offer to writers material is minimal. Therefore, Hawthorne turned his attention to the past, trying to dig the aid imagine the history of the creation of useful material, in order to put us in front of an era gone fleeting now linked." This also implies that the ancient metaphor of his creative intent. But for Puritan prudence, Hawthorne took a creative form of romantic fiction. He believes that the only way the author can choose their own ideas and creative ways, but not necessarily tied to the details of the real, to find the combination of reality and imagination to the "middle ground" between the "real world" and "Wonderland" . Hawthorne's great being able to face his mild stroke while exposing the dark essence sharp, wicked satire, revealing the truth.The concept of D.L.Carmody is in the traditional literature, women's image was originally discriminated against. Ever since the woman is considered less than a man. Patriarchal ideology has been spread, the status of the man's total is higher than a woman, a woman was considered inferior to men. This view of the traditional women's literature is full of contempt and hostility. In the 20th century, feminist literary criticism was born in Europe, which emphasizes the value of women's presence and status, is a thousand years of male chauvinism challenge. “Hawthorne is a feminist who attracts writers, especially in his The Scarlet Letter, the shape is different from our previous literature Women --- Hester Prynne new image.”[1] 1.2 A Great Novel：The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter to teach the harsh colonial rule of the North American rights to the background , describing a place in England 's love tragedy. Heroine Hester Prynne is a strongcourage to protest the fate of women. She is a young and beautiful , passionate woman , she " tall, Yung-chi complete beautiful to stately degree black lush hair so shiny, shine sunlight colors ; her face, removing moist skin outside and correct the beautiful features , as well as imposing brow and deep black eyes. based on the prevailing genteel femininity , she seems to be a noble lady . " born in a dilapidated old aristocratic family , childhood by the family pet , but unfortunately married and a decline in body deformity old scholar Roger , not to mention the love between them. Later, Roger disappeared at sea , never heard from again , Hyster lonely life, spirit is very painful. In widowed life, her handsome young pastor Arthur Dimmesdale love, and gave birth to a daughter, Pearl . As punishment , the penalty Calvinism her chest wearing a red letter A , eat humble pie spent the remaining years.RichardRorty think, “Hyster is a deeply insulting and full of rebellious spirit of strong female image, the author gives her multiple identities——commit adultery Puritan betrayed husband, wife, beloved pastor's lover, the mother of an illegitimate child, and let her bear the social, religious and moral aspects content.” [2]John Dewey think, in the face of difficulties and humiliation, she not only did not bow, but the y “saw her flash a very beautiful light, “teased everyone showed “arrogant smile”, “leisurely look around he r neighbors and city residents,” “exhibit a natural majesty and strength of character. ”[3]2 A Great Female Image: Hester Prynne in TheScarlet LetterSince the publication of Tess of the D’Urbervilles in 1891, innumerable critics and reviewers have been decoding this great novel from various perspectives. All their critical works have enriched the meanings of this great novel. However, among these critical works, there are a few works that have given a comprehensive decoding of this novel from the perspective of the female image of Hester Prynne, Therefore, this paper attempts to decode this novel from this aspect. Here we begin the analysis with virtues of the Heroine Hester, one of the main female image of Hester Prynne2.1 A Brave WomanHester, a beautiful and charming woman, marries an old doctor Chillingworth whom she does not love at all. When a rumor that her husband is dead comes, she falls in love in with a young handsome minister Dimmesdale and gives birth to a daughter. The behavior of Hester reflects a healthy person’s natural need and inevitable result of pursuing the liberation of self-independence and happiness. However, this disobeys purita n’s rules and therefore she is tried and sentenced to wear a red “A” identifying adultery. In the following days she has to bear this unfair treatment alone and is isolated from the public. Yet facing this unfortunate fate and men-dominated world, she does not give up but fight endlessly. She is a woman who dares to be against fate and fight for her rights.The story of “The Scarlet Letter”happened in 17th century colonial Boston in New England.Beautiful young Hester Prynne too simple, when she was still immature, haven't figure out what love was, in failure, deformity of old Roger Chillingworth, scholars had lied to her, made her his wife,Hester youthful and Chillingworth decrepit withered, and have a disability, all day long he addicted to judgments in the cadastral, lack of care and considerate to his wife. As you can imagine, the marriage of Hester in the field of her spirit is very empty, very poor. Hester later recalled she and Chillingworth's life, “can only count them as her most ugly recalled. She believes that she had endured his tepid also shook to shake hands with him, and have the heart to use her lips and eyes smile to meet him, is her greatest the confession of sin. Moreover, she believes, in knew she didn't choose love period, Chillingworth deception she called her obsession with him is happy, then commits sin, is better than people later on she commits any crime, more despicable“Such a combination, can only reflect a kind of compulsive, absurdity, it should be said that the ugly and immoral. And Chillingworth was not regarded his wife as people with needs, but as her own property, when watching Hester punished in the scaffold, he didn't have any compassion, cajole instead, trying to threats, put her on the edge of the more painful. What he did is not out of love for Hester, but the result ofselfishness, insidious revenge. Therefore, Hester is the victim of a marriage. She is the victim of darkness.Hester and Chillingworth this a couple of huge differences in age, different appearance of beauty and ugliness, character, marriage signifies that they will not have a good ending. Chillingworth take Hester to Boston, after he finished handle their own affairs in the UK, on its way home sea-going ships wrecked, therefore people legend he has died. Hester in the lonely life and youth pastor Dimmesdale in love, as a result of pregnancy had braved in jail, and gave birth to a girl's name "Pearl". Hester's behavior are the natural language of the healthy human nature, life is the inevitable result of individuals pursuing their own liberation and happiness, but it has violated the at that time the patriarchal culture and consult moral law specified by a woman to finally her husband unconditionally chastity concept. Hester was relentless push to set the sta ge for trial, was sentenced to with red “A” word.In the later days, she has been forced to silently under the unfair treatment, alone with pearl, away from the town of "seaside hut solitude, a sewing to make a living, feed themselves and her daughter". The French feminist Julia Christie Eva Once put forward the maternal for resisting center of revolutionary significance. She believes that women having children does not mean that she cannot be engaged in professional work, on the contrary, birth is always consistent with cultural activities, because in the process of nurturing life woman can more deeply understand the connotation of life. In the custody of the pearl and defend aspects of custody. When the governor refuses to Hester Prynne's request, “Hester Prynne seize the pearl, against to drag her into his arms, with a look of almost a face fierce glare at the old Puritan Sir, She has been abandoned by the world, alone. Only the treasure to her feelings die, so as to to life, she felt she has an inalienable right with the world, and ready to defend her these rights” As a mother, she is strong and great. In history, in a lot of level, Confucianism culture on women's constraint is far more than men, especially in colonial times, puritanism's harsh laws and religious traffic rules under the notice of New England, women in the political, economic must rely on men, submissiveness, pious chastity, “there can't be a strong, independent and self existence" there can be a strong, independent and self existence”(p21). In order to protect the rights of man, the rulers also provides that the type of women's life can't cross the fetters of marriage, the bible says, and law books and prostitute are the bane of seduce men moral, is the man on the death of the devil, the whore is the most commonly used means of sexual insults, kill the body and reputational damage, which Hester is punished by. And the public's attitude toward Hester is also had no sympathy, the second chapter of the novel mentioned, both men and women, old or young, have no pity in that kind of look in the eyes fixed on the red “A” word in her bosom. Even her fellow sisters also think “she is a slut, bitch, lost the face of the woman, to say this plainly sin”. However, in the face of tragic fate and strong patriarchal society, Hester did not succumb, he always fight tenaciously in. Hester outstanding appearance fully shows her a distinct personality characteristics. Boston to Hester in the power to impose the most severe punishment -- in the market of scaffold, in an attempt to embarrass her, but Hester put wordlessaction as a breach of their plot. As a puritan, Hester chest with red A word which is the symbol of shame can imagine his inner pain and embarrassment, but people are surprised to find that when the cross out the door of the prison, she smiled, deliberately looked around, she bravely show all the humiliation of A word that means, as well as his children, such as cool as A cucumber the behavior of the sea, in the face of evil religion reproach and without fear of persecution, showing A natural dignity and force of character. While Hester in the scaffold without succumbing to Wilson trap, refused to account the name of the adulterer, women's heart is a striking force and wide! For the sake of the one you love is not affected by shame, she refused to say. She bore her misfortunes alone and pain, even though her lover Dimmesdale is weak, did not have the courage to admit his identity, to share the stigma, Hester did not compromise and give up her beliefs, her strong survived. With strong rebellious spirit, strong and independent self and the longing for a new life, she is in the red with shame, survivor in people disdain and cold eyes, and set up a new life. Seven years of loneliness, pain, suffering contributed to her more consciously and more sacred self spiritual power, independent personality and the awakening of female consciousness.Can reflect Hester most mature female consciousness in her brave encourage pastors and fled together, this is her revolt against the old traditional morality is the most favorable. In the forest, the pastor's last tryst, Hester's personality, emotion got the full release, "for sudden and desperate tenderness, she hold him with open arms, put his head gripping on the chest"-- seven long years of painful separation, Hester's passion for Dimmesdale and no cooling, her heart strong emotions at this time finally got the vent. When she saw the beloved spirit and the flesh was almost complete collapse due to withstand the pressure, she can't put up with it. So she brave encourage pastor come away with me together with her, Fled Boston, go overseas to rebuild a happy life. She firmly to the priest said: "the tragic and burst will stay where it happened, don't tangle with it! Everything start again! A test fail, you have to give up all possible? Not so future in full of opportunities and success.”Although later because the priest died eventually failed to realize this plan, but this behavior is the most direct, the most vividly reveal her to the Puritan laws and secular bold rebel and challenges. She is a dare to resist fate, dare to fight for their rights of women.Hester is pursuit of pure love and freedom for sex, to make a wordless rebellion against the darkness of the society. At the same time, from her attitude towards the daughter pearl, we can see her brave, strong and persistent. Hester has been devoting her love for Dimmesdale in to their daughter-- pearl. Through the cradle, Hester that innate maternal reflect incisively and vividly. Colonial rulers that Hester is a fallen woman, children raised by her will also fall. When Hester knew that several gentlemen will devise seizing Pearl in the town, she has no concessions, she came to governor Bellingham's home with Pearl. Alone, she was abandoned by the world, only the baby girl to keep her heart dies. "You can't take her away from me, otherwise, I will be the first to die. God to give her my raise, I'll never let her go ". Hester these complaints and fighting to make people aware of a mother have a sacred right, and she will beready to defend those rights, "when a mother has nothing to remove her child and the scarlet letter , the power is strong". Due to the pastor's help, Hester fight won this time, the male patriarcha l secular society for the first time to an “Adulteress” caved.From the attitude to her daughter's education, we can also see her self-awareness and rebellious spirit. In the society of the male notice hungry, my father put into practice to son, while the mother warned her daughter must comply with all kinds of collecting the regular rule of social, cultural restrictions. Boys should learn how to keep the men privilege, however, girls should learn how to obey men. Hester doesn't like other women to education daughter, despite the family rules is very strict, but her won't be too strict to Pearl. She repressed by the scarlet letter maternal subconscious to Pearl. In her unusual factory environment met the female body and female sex. American critics Ninabem professor once said “Pearl has the Puritan doctrine, all the bes t to the quality of the natural”(p23), and the pursuit of natural is advocated by feminists. As Hester wish, Pearl doesn't repeat her life. She broke the only son have a conventional inheritance Internet access, inherited the property of the Roger·Chillingworth, became the richest heiress, when the new people to her evaluation is also changed. Pearl, then left the Puritan New England, lived a happy life in a foreign land.2.2 A Persevere WomanHester's strong and brave performance not only in the above aspects, also reflected in her with unremitting pursuit for life. Inhuman punishment, she has not given up on life, the pursuit of love. With her Puritan forces fight in a strong unyielding spirit, to show people the kind of women themselves have strong vitality. In the lonely beach house, in almost isolated environment, She counted, natural and graceful, whether in expression, verbal, psychological, nor in action makes people dislike coquetry, no more poor compliance. That allows her to in extremely painful life, bravely under people's contempt and cold, and remain in that had brought her hurt and shame on land, i n “still continually monitor of the judge's permission to her, in her own little income es tablished his own life”. At the heart of the England women's economic must rely on a man, to be involved in the work of children, sewing is her only can be engaged in art, on which Hester or earn meager income strong to survive, raising his daughter grow gradually. Although she has enough reasons to do so, but she is not to the husband also did not seek help from the priest. She is done independent economically and mentally. In addition to work to earn money to feed themselves and daughter, she is all the money in the handout. As soon as she met can give a person favor, She admitted that she is human compatriot sister immediately. For each request to the poor, who also have no way she took out her weak aid are convenient. Hester indomitable life will and a natural goodness that touched people. Although the hard-hearted the poor will also often to the door of the food for her, for her by the finger of embroidery yellow robe woven clothes with abuse, but many people are no longer in the original meaning to expl ain the scarlet “A”, they said the meaning of the word is “Able”, is “Angel”, people in the eyes of the original "adulteress" h as become a “angel” in thetown. “H ester of inherent character and remarkable ability in life finally got a role of herself”, Changed his fate in the largest extent. Recalling his own experience, Hester believe women in society are in a desperate, very shabbily status, women should seek their own liberation, we must act: “The first thing must do, is to achieve the whole society sys tem, to build again. Second, the nature of man, or men form the nature of the long-term genetic habit, must fundamentally transformed them, at that time, women can enjoy similar to a reasonable position”(p36). In this sense, Hester is supposed to be a feminist, and because of her personal history rose to the height of the development and progress of all mankind, at the same time, we can also see that Hawthorne the outpouring of feminist tendency in the novel. When the end of the novel, we find that Hester is full of hope and happiness, so people, especially the women “Come to her house, their sorrow and trouble talking to her, seek her advice”. “H ester doing everything they can to comfort and to persuade them, and solemnly told them: she believes that when the world is getting mature, a much better and brighter era, will be in a more reliable guarantee on the basis of mutual happiness, build up the relationship between men and women ”(p75).Hester Prynne's rebellious spirit is through her in China and foreign countries in the performance of the novel and the two aspects of internal performance. In Hawthorne's works, Hester Prynne is a dare to resist fate, daring to fight for life right and brave women. The external performance of Hester Prynne rebel spirit, Hester holding baby appeared at the door of the prison, the movement showed a natural dignity and force of character. Her eyes and deliberate with proud smile, looked her in the same city residents and neighbors. In such a crying shame, Hester has not fallen, lead in doomed to endure generally heavy pressure, she bravely under it. When she walked to the front of an audience, people amazed to find that she is not only eclipsed in a cloud of disaster, it flashed a beautiful light. If more rebellious behavior shows his strong personality and she only early female consciousness, then later rebellion marked the maturity of her feminine consciousness, Hester's female consciousness from germination to awakening, from awakening to the sign of maturity, finally reflected in the forest she brave, boldly encouraging Dimmesdale and she fled together, to seek for their new life. Hester Prynne rebel spirit of internal performance, Hester's rebellion spirit is also reflected by her inner world. On the surface, it seems that Hester began to clear the Canon to discipline yourself, a poor, ascetic life, as a matter of fact, she is in this way to express her inner dissatisfaction and revolt. At the start of the novel, when Hester appeared in public, in her clothes in the chest, showed “A”form of the words are made with exquisite red cloth, surrounded by gold thread embroidery, the details of the woven in the eyes, the scarlet letter is the symbol of Hester violate Puritan precepts. When they see the scarlet letter on her breast-- the symbol of shame, all people were very surprised and angry. With such an elaborate embroidered letter, Hester put it as a weapon of his heart to subvert and overthrow it in the Puritan society represented by sin and shame. This delicate the scarlet letter, it seems that also can represent her spirit, she is more of a Puritan to defy authority, son is not committed to herconfession “crimes”. In addition to Hester embroider the exquisite visible in his the scarlet letter, she also use their daughter pearl, dab hand sewing clothes to express pent-up passion inside and rebellious spirit. Pearl doesn't dress coarse clothes. Hester village mouth luxurious fabrics, try our best to search and use her biggest imagination, decorate the child to wear clothes in front of people. She used her dexterous hands, prominent, elegant with her bosom, with pearl, wearing bright, colorful clothes to express her inner dissatisfaction and resistance of puritan's hair. There is no language, no action, but in her inner repression and rebellion, and yearning for a better life are expressed by means of the implicit.2.3 A Sacrificial WomanThe story of The Scarlet Letter happened in 17th century colonial Boston in New England. Beautiful young Hester Prynne too simple, when she was still immature, haven't figure out what love was, in failure, deformity of old Roger Chillingworth, scholars had lied to her, made her his wife, Rogge herself admitted: “first of all is I hurt you, I put you bud of the decadence of the youth and me into a false and unnatural relationship”(p45). Hester youthful and Chillingworth decrepit withered, and have a disability, all day long he addicted to judgments in the cadastral, lack of care and considerate to his wife. As you can imagine, the marriage of Hester in the field of her spirit is very empty, very poor. Hester later recalled she and Chillingworth's life, “can only count them as her most ugly recalled. She believes that she had endured his tepid also shook to shake hands with him, and have the heart to use her lips and eyes smile to meet him, is her greatest the confession of sin. Moreover, she believes, in knew she didn't choose love period, Chillingworth deception she called her obsession with him is happy, then commits sin, is better than people later on she commits any crime, more despicable “Such a combination, can only reflect a kind of compulsive, absurdity, it should be said that the ugly and immoral. And Chillingworth was not regarded his wife as people with needs, but as her own property, when watching Hester punished in the scaffold, he didn't have any compassion, cajole instead, trying to threats, put her on the edge of the more painful. What he did is not out of love for Hester, but the result of selfishness, insidious revenge. Therefore, Hester is the victim of a marriage. She is the victim of darkness.In the 17th century, the puritans authority leads New England at that time, the novel Boston gloomy scaffold that stand on the market and it is a vivid reflection of the fist of the Puritan political prison. This “ugly” prison “oldest old” is the new world, its front door both “ferocious and grim” and “desolate and dim”. From the ferocious, eerie warder, people can experience the majesty of “spooky”Puritan code. The establishment of the scaffold purpose is, under the eyes of the maximum exposure of criminals each a spark of shame, it is for humanity's greatest blasphemy. Hester lives in a rule of the Puritan society, patriarchal society. She is a woman in her struggle against fate, the pursuit of happiness, her life is in your lover's defection, husband's revenge, religion and society played a female under the suppression of elegy. The three men associated with the fate of Hester Prynne was filled with thick male colorseveral forces pushed the brandy in the bottom of suffering. So She was the victim of Puritan rule, she not only at the expense of his flesh, and dignity. She is the victim of the society at that time.ConclusionTo sum up, Hester is peculiar to a woman who is both nature and temperament, with rebel spirit of female image. She fights with rotten Puritan rule stubbornly, bold to pursue your own happiness, showing impressive brave and strong. Through her own unremitting struggle, hard more economic freedom, mentally and physically, make her model to the heart of many women. Her resistant life gives women, especially unfortunate women a lot of enlightenment. She told the women should be how to survive in the adverse circumstance, how to win their own should enjoy equal rights and freedom rights, realize self value. The image is unremitting pursuit, with the modern women's independence, vibrant compared to the beauty of the female image.Reading The scarlet letter, we are surprised to find that, the original Hawthorne as early as 150 years ago on Hester created the prototype of the modern women for us. At the end of the story, he also envisions a future society of equality of men and women, this both in the historical environment at that time and in human civilization highly developed today, is a very progressive and valuable. Therefore, there is reason to believe that only we know the past again, to rediscover the future.。
NathanielHawthorne
NathanielHawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1.LifeHawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors were notorious for the persecution of the Quakers and for the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692. The family fortune declined gradually. His sea-captain father died of yellow fever when he was only four years old in 1808. This left the family somewhat destitute. The family moved to Maine and his mother relied on the assistance of the relatives in rearing her four children. By his mid-teens Hawthorne extensively and formed an ambition to be a writer himself.Hawthorne studied at Bowdoin College in Maine from 1821 to 1825. While he was at Bowdoin, he was a friend of two very important people, the poet Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (1804 -1869), the 14th U.S. President. After graduating from college in 1825, he returned to Salem to live in his mother?s house and pursue his literary career.2.Literary CareerHawthorne wrote Fanshawe, a novel based on his college life, and published it at his own expense in 1828. It was a failure. So he devoted most of his energies to short tales and sketches which appeared in The Token in Boston in the early 1830s. Then he wrote a collection of short stories --- Seven Tales of My Native Land, but he burnt most of them. In 1837 he published his first collection of short stories entitled Twice-Told Tales which brought his name before the reading public and won him critical acclaim, but little money. This marked a turning point in its author?s career and in his personal life. He expanded it in 1842.In 1839, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. In order to earn some money for his marriage, Hawthorne did three things. He took a job as a surveyor at the Boston Custom House. Then he wrote children?s books to make money in 1840 and 1841. They were Grandfather’s Chair, Famous Old People, and The Liberty Tree. The third thing is that he invested his savings at Brook Farm, a utopian agricultural commune set up by transcendentalists. Hawthorne joined this adventure for five months, hoping that he could make a profit. He left disillusioned at the end of summer in 1841. In 1842 Hawthorne was married and went to live at the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts. In 1846, he published his second collection of short stories Mosses from an Old Manse, but earned little money. Meanwhile he worked as surveyor of the Customs at Salem.While working at the Custom House at Salem from 1846 to 1849, he studied his family history and became intensely sorry for the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors. In order to expiate the sin of his ancestors, he wrote parts of his most famous novel The Scarlet Letter, which was published in 1850. It was a literary sensation and Hawthorne was proclaimed as the first American romance.The Scarlet Letter is set in the 17th-century Boston and opens as Hester Prynne walks out of prison to stand exposed on the public scaffold with a scarlet letter “A” on her breast as lifelong sign of her sin of adultery. Hester gives birth to her daughter Pearl but refuses to reveal her sexual partner. When her long-separated husband Chillingworth comes to America and discovers her relations with the minister Dimmesdale, he is determined to punish the lovers spiritually. When Dimmesdale cannot endure Chillingworth?s humiliation and inner torment any longer, he confesses his sin on the public scaffold before his death. Hester sustains all humiliation and proves to be a strong-minded and respected by people in the town. She continues her life of penance and becomes a model of endurance, goodness, courage, and victory over sin.The most powerful appeal of the novel to the reader is the remarkable way Hawthorne managed to evoke emotional sympathy for the heroine. He received wide recognition and earned some money this time. It was not exactly a best-seller, but it had firmly consolidated his literary position. His publisher chose to reissue Twice-Told Tales in 1851 to enhance Hawthorne?s reputation. He then published The Snow Image and Other Tales and The House of the Seven Gables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance and The Life of Franklin Pierce in 1852. Besides, he also produced more books for children. True Stories from History and Biography, A wonder-book for Girls and Boys, Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys. Hawthorne was rewarded when Pierce was elected President. Hawthorne was made U.S. consul in Liverpool from 1853 to 1857, and he traveled in England, in Florence, Italy, and in London until 1860.Hawthorne had more influence of European literature after his time of living on the Continent than before. He wrote The Marble Faun (1860) about Americans in Rome whereas all of his other works had been set in Puritan New England. In 1860 he returned home in Concord and spent the last four years of his life in illness and depression. He published Our Old Home, a book of essays on England, in 1863. While visiting the White Mountains of New Hampshire with Franklin Pierce, he died on May 19, 1864 and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord. Four unfinished novels eventually appeared as Septimius Felton: or, the Elixir of Life, The Dolliver Romance, Dr. Grimshawe’s Secret, and The Ancestral Footstep.3.Significance“Hawthorne was imbued an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man?s being. He was an anatomist of …the interior of the heart, conscious of loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joys, and of the need of man to look into his own soul”. Hawthorne was essentially a moralist, believing that evil was at the core of human life and his fiction still ranks among the best America has produced.At his best, Hawthorne was a master of psychological insight. Hawthorne?s novels were perhaps the deepest and most psychological in the 19th century because he was interested in “the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their pride”. His significance as a writer can be summarized mainly in three aspects.(1)Hawthorne is significance as romantic writer because he used the New England regionalpast as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past. He was interested in legends, in the remote, and in things that were clouded and obscure because of the passage of time. Hawthorne went back just about as far as he could in white civilization in the New World in order to gather the material for his past.But he wrote about the past, especially about Puritanism. His stories display a psychological insight into moral isolation and human emotion. He distrusted the claim of objective reason to be able to arrive at humanly relevant truth. His interest in the moral and the religious is primarily subjective and psychological. He was the first major novelist in English to wed morality to art, to combine high moral seriousness with transcendent dedication to art.(2)He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt;the conflict between lighthearted and somber attitudes towards life; the impingement of past (especially the Puritan past) upon the present; the futility of comprehensive social reforms; the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart; alienation and solitude;nature and natural impulses; and unconscious fantasy and dream.Puritan New England was an appropriate setting for developing Hawthorne?s themes for three reasons. First, people at that time believed that the agents of goods and evil were literally present and were engaged in constant battle --- the fight between God and Satan over everyone?s soul. Puritans believed that this was the actual literal fact. Secondly, Puritans searched the external events in life for their moral meaning. Thirdly, for Puritans, the relationship of each individual to the community was an important concern.Such a setting helps generate Hawthorne?s themes at work: his fiction shows the effect of time and history, especially the relationship between the past and the present; his fiction reveals the moral isolation with the individual isolated from the community; his fiction examines the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt; his fiction explores the tension between the head (intellect) and the heart (warmth and feeling), and the destructive impulses of the human mind uncontrolled by the emotions of the heart; and his fiction highlights the sanctity of the individual, the necessity of warm human relationships, the nature of sin, and a distrust of science and intellect. It is said that he was at his best when dealing with sin, the New England past, and the supernatural.The moral growth of the individual comes through, or as a result of, sin and suffering.The guilt can be seen as a strategy for achieving the self, and alienation can be interpreted not as the punishment for guilt but as the opportunity for achieving an independent self, one which can morally transcend society and culture. For Hawthorne, the journey from innocence to maturity requires a confrontation with evil. In much of his fiction, he examined the development and results of evil. The dark side of human character attracted him profoundly as he was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life.(3)He is significant for his style.A.Hawthorne wrote romance because he thought it the predestined form of Americannarrative. He presented on the alienation between fact and fancy. The purpose of a novel, as it developed in 18th century Europe, was to record the actual events of life., to stick to what actually happened, but Hawthorne explained that the purpose of romance was to present the truth of the human heart by the writer?s own choice or creation. He wanted to reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan conventions. For Hawthorne, romance, unlike the novel, was not tied to conventional reality. Romance had the freedom to depart from novelistic realism. Hawthorne felt that the literary artist was justified in changing events around if that could better get to the truth of the individual psychology. Psychological truth was more important than actual truth.Hawthorne used atmosphere to help reach the truth of the heart. Often he would use shadows to create effect. He used this because the world of light and shadow was the world of imagination. Therefore, for Hawthorne romance was the meetingplace of the actual and the imaginary. In his stories, there is a strong fairy tale element. He would use his imagination to change the actual events, but the purpose was to reach psychological truth. Hawthorne mingled the supernatural with the actual and developed analytic, psychological romanticism.B.Hawthorne used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. It ischaracteristic of Hawthorne. He used masks, veils, shadows, and emblems to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemma of humanity. A black veil stands for the wickedness of man; a marble heart symbolizes an individual?s unpardonable sin; and agarden of poisonous flowers represents hell.C.He wrote stories with narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity.One of the means he adopted is making stories parable in form and symbolic in style. D.His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His tought is light, but his observation issomber.E.He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty. Important questions arenever fully resolved. The simple word or enjoys high frequency in his stories.Hawthorne gave the reader many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose. To create ambiguity, the author often employed the technique of multiple views.。
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
thehouseofthesevengables带七个尖角阁的房子?1852
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）
Contents
Life Major works
Themes Writing styles
Life
• Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts • Family background: a family with a long Puritan tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children • Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.
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包括著名的《夜 的赞歌》、《生 命颂》A Psalm of Life）、《群 星之光》等音韵 优美的抒情诗。
For a long time Hawthorne felt guilty about his family. He added a “w” in his name to show he was different from his ancestors. As a moralist（伦理学者） and allegorist(讽喻作家，寓言作家) he probed deeply into the human soul, concerning himself with the mystery of sin and suffering from crime. He was good at psychological exploration. Hawthorne was constantly haunted by something supernatural which he conveyed implicitly(含蓄地) in his writing. He raised questions but rarely answered them.
III. His main works 1. Twice –Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》 was a collection of 39 stories. 2. Mosses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》 was a collection of tng Goodman Brown”. 纳撒尼尔· 霍桑最好的短篇小说《小伙子 布朗》 3. The Scarlet Letter 《红字》, generally recognized as a classic— some critics say it is one the finest novels— of American literature. 4. The House of the Seven Gables 《有七个尖角阁的屋子》 5．The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 6. The Snow Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪影》 7. The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》
The seven deadly sins(七宗罪): pride (vanity), covetousness (greed), wrath (anger), lechery (lust), envy, gluttony（贪吃）, and sloth（懒惰）. 骄傲、 贪婪、发怒、肉欲、嫉妒、贪吃、懒惰 The seven heavenly virtues（七大美德）: faith, hope, charity(慈善), fortitude（坚韧）, justice, temperance（节制） and prudence（审慎） 信任、 希望、仁慈、、毅力、公正、节制、谨慎
Compared with Emerson and Thoreau he seemed to be not so certain and even pessimistic, when confronted with social problem. Symbolism was another effective and profound skill with which Hawthorne enriched the meaning in his fiction. A black Veil represents the wickedness of mankind; a marble heart represents an individual‟s unpardonable sin; a garden of poisonous flowers represents hell. The use of symbols, on the one hand, made the theme of his writing more durable, but on the other hand, caused his characters to be recalled as the embodiment of psychological traits or moral concepts more than as living figures.
4. American Puritanism: It is the practices and beliefs
of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Puritan Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination宿命论, original sin and total depravity 性恶说, and limited atonement 有限的救赎 through a special infusion 浸渍 of grace from God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.
5.Symbolism：It is the writing technique of using
symbols. It‟s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It‟s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔· 霍桑
电影《红色禁恋》
I. The life of Hawthorn Nathaniel Hawthorne was born at Salem, Massachusetts, of a prominent puritan family. His ancestors were known in history as notorious persecutors of Quakers(贵格会会员，教友派信徒) and the Salem witches in the early days of New England. When Hawthorne was four years old his father died and left the family an estate of only a few hundred dollars. The widowed mother returned to her father‟s home with her children and they began years of secluded(隐退的) and solitary life. His mother was beautiful and talented. In 1821, Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College. There he was a classmate of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and of Franklin Pierce, who was to become the fourteenth President of the United States. After his graduation in 1825 he returned to Salem and began his literary career.
V. The Story of Ethan Brand
A lime-burner named Bartram and his son hear a disturbing roar of laughter echo through the twilight in the hills. Soon thereafter, Ethan Brand arrives at the lime kiln and is questioned by Bartram. Brand says that he used to keep the very same kiln before he went off in search of the “unpardonable sin”, which he claims to have found. When asked what the unpardonable sin is, Brand replies, “It is a sin that grew within my own breast. A sin that grew nowhere else! The sin of an intellect that triumphed over the sense of brotherhood with man and reverence for God, and sacrificed everything to its own mighty claims! The only sin that deserves a recompense报应 of immortal agony! Freely, were it to do again, would I incur the guilt. Unshrinkingly（毫不退缩地） I accept the retribution报应!” Bartram doesn‟t understand, and mutters to himself that Brand is a mad man.