外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）
外文文献翻译
译文题目：南非房屋涂料对儿童铅暴露潜在影响的个案研究学生姓名：祝国民
专业：地理科学
指导教师：郝汉舟
2010年3 月 1 日
HOUSE PAINT IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE STUDY
The toxic effects of lead have been known for centuries. Its many useful properties gave rise to a dramatic escalation of lead use around the time of the industrial revolution, when lead poisoning was common amongst workers in the smelting, painting, plumbing, printing and other industries. With the advent of motor vehicles early in the 20th century, and the use of lead in petrol, environmental lead contamination increased substantially. Lead continues to be widely used, especially in developing countries, for example in petrol, paints and pigments, ammunition, cabling, television sets, computers, protective gear, ceramics and cosmetics, and many other ways (Tong et al 2000).
Children are at particularly high risk of exposure to environmental lead, because of their elevated rates of development, ingestion and metabolism, and because of their developmental and behaviour patterns (Landrigan 1999). Hand-to-mouth activity, as part of normal play and development, constitutes the main pathway of childhood exposure to leadrich dust and soil. Children with a tendency to pica may be at particular risk of lead exposure. Even at relatively low concentrations, lead has been shown to interfere with human biochemical pathways, causing wide-ranging health effects. At levels around 10 g/dl biochemical and neurobehavioural effects (such as decrements in intelligence scores, shortened concentration spans, reading and language problems) have been demonstrated. Other health effects associated with elevated lead levels include anaemia, hearing loss, and abnormal development of tissues and organs,such as the kidneys, heart and brain. At extremely high levels of exposure, ataxia, cerebral oedema, paralysis, coma and death may result (Goyer 1993, Needleman & Bellinger1991, Hammond &Dietrich 1990).
Several epidemiological studies undertaken in cities over the past two decades indicate that large proportions (over 90%) of South African children have had, and in some areas continue to have, unacceptably high blood lead levels.
In a blood level survey conducted in 2002 amongst 383 grade one children attending schools in the Johannesburg suburbs of Alexandra, Soweto, Westbury, River lea and an inner city area, the mean blood lead level equaled 9.4 g/dl. Around 42% of children were found to have blood lead levels equaling or exceeding the internationally accepted blood lead level of 10 g/dl. In impoverished areas, such as Alexandra, as many as 62% of first grade children had elevated blood lead concentrations. This case study illustrates the potential vulnerability to lead exposure amongst South African children with a pica tendency, living in older housing developments, or attending schools in which lead-based paint has been used. Preliminary data from the current MRC survey indicated that around 9% of children in the Johannesburg phase of the study were ingesting paint, cigarette ends, cement, sand or other non-food items.
During follow-up home interviews conducted with the parents, it emerged that the girl was often observed to ingest putty, paint from indoor and outdoor walls, and soil from around the apartment building in which they lived. Concern over their daughter’s pica tendency and health had
previously prompted the parents to take her to a local hospital for investigation. However, over-exposure to lead had not been considered at the time.
The highest blood lead concentration (44.4 g/dl) was determined in a 7-year old female subject. Analysis of a repeat blood sample taken one month later showed an increase in the blood lead concentration to 51.5 g/dl; more than five times higher than the internationally accepted action level of 10 g/dl.
Subsequent analyses of lead concentrations in samples of paint, putty, soil and water taken from the girl’s home and surrounding areas showed that lead levels in water were below detectable levels, while soil lead concentrations ranged from 11.4 to 87.5 g/g. The levels of lead in paint samples taken from the walls of the girl’s home were high (up to 3940 g/g), as was the lead concentration in a paint sample taken from a classroom of the school she attended (2601 g/g). A subsequent medical examination revealed evidence of microcytic anemia.
Given the health effects associated with even relatively low blood lead concentrations (10 g/dl and below), including hearing loss (Schwarz et al 1987), hyperactivity, shortened concentration spans, reductions in IQ, poor school performance (Burns et al 1999 ) , the emergence of aggressive/violent behavior (Nevin 2000), as well as anemia at higher concentrations, it is important that South Africa follow the example of many other countries around the world in taking wide-ranging actions to address the preventable risk of childhood lead exposure.
In respect of aspects associated with lead in paint specifically, these actions should include appropriate research and surveillance programs to identify high risk settings and groups, improved public access to information on the risks associated with lead exposure, the development and enforcement of standards for childhood blood lead levels, as well as for maximum permissible concentrations of lead in paint used in housing and school buildings, and in consume products such as children’s toys and furniture, be these locally produced or imported. Landlords may need to be obligated to alert prospective tenants to the presence of lead-based paint in dwellings.
REFERENCES
Goyer RA. Lead toxicity: current concerns. Environ Heath Perspect 1993; 100: 177-87. Hammond PB & Dietrich KN. Lead exposure in early life: health consequences. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1990, 115: 91-124.
Landrigan PJ. Risk assessment for children and other sensitive populations. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 895: 1-9.
Needleman HL & Bellinger D. The health effects of low level exposure to lead. Annu Rev Public Health 1991, 12:111-49.
Schwartz J, Otto D. Blood lead, hearing thresholds, and neurobehavioral development in children and youth. Arch Environ Health 1987, 42(3): 153-60.
Burns JM, Bathurst PA, Sawyer MG, McMichael AJ, Tong SL. Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead
and children’s emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 years. The Port Pirie Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(8): 740-9.
Nevin R. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed
pregnancy. Environ Res 2000, 83(1):1-22.
Tong S, von Schirnding YER, Prapamontol T. Environmental lead exposure: a pubic health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organization 2000,78(9),1068-77.
Figs 1 & 2: Paint and putty removed and ingested by the study subject
Fig 3: Peeling paint in degraded housing stock
南非房屋涂料对儿童铅暴露潜在影响的个案研究
Mathee A1, Rollin HB1, Ditlopo NN2, Theodorou P3
1.南非医学研究理事会,Po Box 87373 ,Houghton 2041,Johannesburg tel+27 11
643-7403,email amathee@mrc.ac.za
2.Coronation Hospital
3.国家职业卫生中心
介绍
几世纪以来铅的毒性效应为人们所了解。它的诸多有用的属性加剧了在工业革命时代对铅的急剧升级使用，这时期铅中毒已经在冶炼、油漆、管道、印刷和其它工业的工人中很普遍了。随着20世纪初机动车辆的到来和石油中铅的使用，环境铅污染大幅增加。然而铅仍然得到广泛的使用，尤其是在发展中国家，汽油、油漆和颜料、弹药、电缆、电视机、电脑、防护装备、陶瓷和其它诸多方面。（Tongetal 2000）
由于儿童发育、摄取、代谢的速率快和发育和行为模式，使他们深受环境中铅暴露的危害。（Landrigan1999）。作为通常行为活动的一部分，手口活动成为儿童暴露富铅尘埃和富铅土壤的主要途径。有异食癖趋势的儿童尤其易受到铅暴露的危害。即使相当低浓度的铅也会表现出干扰人体的生化途径，造成广泛的健康效应。在10微克/分升左右的水平对生化和神经行为影响（如智力分数低，注意力时间的缩短，出现读写障碍）已经得到了论证。与铅浓度上升有关的其它的健康问题：包括贫血、听力丧失、组织和器官如肝脏、心脏和脑的不正常发育。在极其高的铅暴露水平下，可能导致共济失调、脑水肿、瘫痪、昏迷和死亡（Goyer 1993，Needleman＆Bellinger1991）。
在过去的20年终基于对城市的一些流行性病的研究指出，南非有90%以上的儿童，在一些地区还会持续维持一个无法接受的高的水平。
结果
在一个2002年进行的对就学于约翰内斯堡郊区的Alexandra，Soweto，Westbury，Riverlea 和城里的一地区的学校的一年级的学生的血液水平的调查显示平均血铅水平为9.4微克每分升。研究发现有42%左右的儿童的血铅水平超出或与国际上承认的地血铅水平10微克每分升持平。在诸如Alexdra这类贫困地区一年级儿童血铅浓度上升的人数达62%之多。高血铅浓度在7岁女性主体中被确定。对一个月后所采血液样本的重复分析表明血铅浓度上升到了51.5微克每分升；是国际可接受水平（10微克每分升）的5倍之多。
在对父母的后续家庭访问的结果表明：女孩儿被经常观察到摄取内墙和外墙上的腻子和油漆还有他们所居住公寓楼附近的土壤。关注到他们女儿的异食癖和健康曾促使他们带孩子去当地的医院作检查。但是在那时并没有注意到铅的过度暴露。随后做的对那些女孩儿家和周围环境提取的油漆、腻子、土壤和水的铅浓度的分析表明：水中的铅水平低于检测水平，土壤铅浓度在11.4至87.5微克每克之间变动。在女孩而家提取的油漆样品中的铅浓度高达3940
微克每克，与此相同的还有她们所在学校教师提取的油漆样品。之后的一个医学测试解释了小细胞性贫血的证据。
图一图二
注：图一和图二为实验所取油漆和腻子样品
结论
此案例研究说明了南非那些有异食癖、住在旧房子里和在涂有含铅油漆的教室里的儿童对铅暴露的潜在脆弱性。目前医学研究委员会调查的初步数据表明，在约翰内斯堡研究阶段有约9%的儿童仍旧在摄入油漆、烟蒂、水泥、沙子或其它非食用物质。
Fig 3: Peeling paint in degraded housing stock
相当低的铅浓度也会给健康带来危害，如丧失听力、多动、注意力集中时间短，IQ降低，学校表现差，暴力倾向，浓度高时还会出现贫血症状。对于南非来说，效仿世界其它得到国家采取多方面的措施来解决儿童铅暴露危险的预防是极其重要的。在特别尊重油漆中铅之一方面的情况下，上述行动应该包含适当的研究和监测计划已确定高危设置和群体。提高公众获取关于铅暴露危害信息的途径，改善关于儿童铅水平、房屋和学校建筑涂料铅的最高接受浓度还有当地生产的或进口的孩子的玩具等其它消费品的制定和实施标准。业主可能有义务提醒准租户注意住房上存在的含铅的油漆。
REFERENCES
Goyer RA. Lead toxicity: current concerns. Environ Heath Perspect 1993; 100: 177-87. Hammond PB & Dietrich KN. Lead exposure in early life: health consequences. Rev Environ
Contam Toxicol1990, 115: 91-124.
Landrigan PJ. Risk assessment for children and other sensitive populations. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 895: 1-9.
Needleman HL & Bellinger D. The health effects of low level exposure to lead. Annu Rev Public Health 1991, 12:111-49.
Schwartz J, Otto D. Blood lead, hearing thresholds, and neurobehavioral development in children and youth.
Arch Environ Health 1987, 42(3): 153-60.
Burns JM, Bathurst PA, Sawyer MG, McMichael AJ, Tong SL. Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead and children’s emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 years. The Port Pirie Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(8): 740-9.
Nevin R. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environ Res 2000, 83(1):1-22.
Tong S, von Schirnding YER, Prapamontol T. Environmental lead exposure: a pubic health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organization 2000, 78(9), 1068-77.
中英文文献翻译
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英文文献翻译
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,