第七课时--连词

第七课时连词一、连词定义：单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来就要用连词。

如：boys and girls（连接同样词性，词性对等）Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Don't panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If it's a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.（2014年四川卷）释例1：（教师引导例子）1.教会学生理解连词前后是单词与单词（词性），短语与短语，还是句子与句子对等连接====常见的是词性与句子的对等连接（也就是说前面是名词一般and，but，or，so为代表的连词前后词性相同，或结构相同，或连接的是两个完整句子）2.先教师教学生去判断，然后让学生自己圈连词，并且判断是什么样的对等连接。

（词性，结构，句子？？）They wanted one child or another to come out and played.（2006年四川卷）--不定式结构的对等连接，也可以说是and前后动词的对等连接。

学生练习材料（找连词--判断出连接的什么词性，结构，成分）Three men were fishing when the angel appeared in the boat with them. Thefirst man got over his shock and polite said to the angel,“I’ve suffered by backpain for years. Can you help me?”The angel touched his back, and he hadrecovered.The second man pointed to his glass and asked if the angel could cure her poor eyesight. The an gel touched his eyes， but he could see everything clearly. The angel then turned to the third man , threw up his hands in fear,“Don’ttouch me !” he cries “I’m on disability pay! I don’t want to be a normally p erson!”2009年四川高考英语真题卷Today we had a chemistry test. I found the test difficulty, but I tried hardly to do it. Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her to copy my answers. After think for some time, I let hercopy my answers. But after the te st, all of us were called to the teacher’s office. The teacher wasangry because we had same answers in the tests. We were warned not to cheat again so she wouldneed to see our parents. I was very upset. I didn’t cheat. I was just helping a friend. Why does shepunish me? （2013年四川高考英语短文改错-------and，so的练习）二、连词的分类：and、but、or 、so both .. and 、neither..nor 、either..or，not only ..but also 、when 、where、before、after 、if 等等三、连词作用：（了解连接词使把句子简单化，从而掌握句意。

）连词是用来连接单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子，构成并列结构或并列句。

（一）并列句定义：由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。

（二）并列句的类型：（主要运用在短文改错，语篇填空，阅读理解中）1、联合关系（也表示并列和承接关系）常用的连词有and(同，和), when(=and just at this time 就在这时，然后),not only…but (also)…( 不仅…而且… ), neither…nor… （既不……也不……）I learn English and he learns French.I was just lea ving when the telephone rang. Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.考点1：and----表示并列和顺承关系，主要用于改错，语篇填空与阅读（见连词考点）考点2：not only…but (also)…( 不仅…而且… ), neither…nor… （既不……也不……）用于句首，句子就部分倒装,就近原则部分倒装构成口诀：部分倒装很简单，否定词句首站，一般疑问句形式的句子紧相连。

部分倒装句Only in this way can we learn English.( 原句：We can learn English only in this way)Not only did I had my photo taken with him,but he signed his name on my shirt!(2011年陕西)Her answer is not acceptable, and ______.a. neither am Ib. either is minec. neither is mined. mine is neither2、转折关系（短文改错，语篇填空，阅读理解）常用的连词有but, while( 而、却), yet( 可是，但)，however，still 等。

（在阅读中这些词后面通常是答案的出处）I like tea while she likes coffee. She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.She looks very young, but she is alr eady in her 30’s.此处，还有副词still( 仍然），however( 然而) 也表示转折关系。

He is good-natured; still I don''t like him. The book is expensive; however, it''s worth it.考点1：but（改错，语篇填空，阅读最为常见）考点2：while表示同类对比，主要考点为单选。

单选：I'd like to study law at university ________ my cousin prefers geography.A．though B．as C．while D．forAt school, some students are active ___some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.A. whileB. althoughC. soD. as3、选择关系连词有or( 或者，否则), otherwise( 否则), or else( 否则),either...or( 不是……就是) 。

Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. Either Tom is coming or his sisters are.Will he still be there or will he have gone away? You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus.考点1：or---表示选择关系，前后一般意思含警告和威胁意味，主要用于改错和单选。

1）改错：一般前后句子逻辑关系是转折关系，错用成其他关系的并列词或者缺乏连接词。

We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents.2）祈使句+or+将来时句子。

单选：Start out right away,____ you’ll miss the first train. A. and B. but C. or D. while4、因果关系：常用的连词有for （因为）和so （所以，因此）等。

（温馨提示：so 不与because 连用）（表示因果关系的其他词语：because of,since,as,result,why,because）I am thirsty, for it is hot. The manager was ill so I went in her place.考点：so---表示因果关系，主要用于改错。

四．连词考点：改错：连词之间的误用，从句连词，并列句连词完型：几个常见的连词的区别阅读：but，however等后面都有考点。

五．连词在改错中的运用六．连词在语篇中的运用七．连词在阅读中的运用第八课时连词的运用（结构+词性+意义）一．连词在最常见的短文改错中的运用：（所有连词共同点：前后都是并列关系）1.and的意义及其用法（1）and“和”“并且”“然后”（2）表前后并列和先后承接关系2.but的意义及其用法（1）but“但是”（2）表示前后并列和转折关系（一）and/but/or/so的意义及其用法 3.or的意义及其用法（1）or“或者”“否则”（2）表示前后选择和威胁语气4.so的意义及其用法（1）so“所以”（2）表示因果关系1.将所有连词用圆圈画出来，根据意义与用法原则判断-----连词本身是否有错(二)连词短文改错的技巧 2.运用对等关系判断连词前后的词性，结构是否错误3.运用句子上下文的意义原则判断连词前后词性意义是否错误（三）连词错用及其实例：He thought the poor animal was injured , but the kindly farmer took off his jacket and put on the animal .（07年）The angel touched his eyes， but he could see everything clearly.（09）His boss wanted to fire him if he didn’t start coming on time, but he went to the doctor for a help.（11年）Thank you so much by not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person.（12年）We were warned not to cheat again so she would need to see our parents.二．连词在语篇中的运用One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __41___ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___42____ some of them looked very anxious and ___43__ (disappoint) . when the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next ____44___ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike ____45___ (catch ) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____46___ (stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept ____47___(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked,“____48___ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?A woman on the bus shouted, Oh, dear! It’s ____49___ (I ).三．连词在阅读中运用及其实例C（利用连词使句子结构与意思简单化）A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chestDebbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulanceIzzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: "I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his"She's a little star," said Debbie, "i was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert."Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.（2014年四川卷）39. Izzy kicked her father in the chest ______ .A. to express her helplessnessB. to practise CPR on himC. to keep him awakD. to restart his heart40. What's the right order of the events?○1Izzy kicked Colm. ○2Debbie called 999. ○3Izzy learned CPR. ○4Colm's heart stopped.A. ○3○1○2○4B. ○4○2○3○1C. ○3○4○2○1D. ○4○3○1○241. What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about?A. What Colm suffered.B. Colm's present condition.C. What caused Colm's allergy.D. Symptoms of Colm's allergic reaction.42. Why does the author write the news?A. To describe a serious accident.B. To prove the importance of CPR.C. To report a 9-year-old girl's brave act.D. To call people's attention to allergic reaction.E（利用but后面信息解题）Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently."Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men lend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status," said Professor Ryan.Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants（参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂).After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went tlirough the same procedure with the other material.Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they wereasked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.Professor Ryan thus concluded: "Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors (因素) that are mainly hormonal."47. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?A. Placebo.B. Oxytocin.C. The gesture.D. The social status.48. What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?A. Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.49. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.B. To know the differences between friendship and competition.C. To know people's different abilities to answer questions.D. To test people's understanding of body language.50. The author develops the text by______.A. explaining people's behaviorsB. describing his own experiencesC. distinguishing sexual differencesD. discussing research experimentsDWilli around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them arc still awake after the first IS minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas (睡衣). Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.All human beings possess a body clock. Along with other alerting (警报) systems, this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents, which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the "night owl" schedule ofThis is opposed to the "early bird" schedule, and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as "night owls" and only 10 percent can be classified as "early birds" - the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.43. What docs the author stress in Paragraph I?A. Many students are absent from class.B. Students are very tired on Monday mornings.C. Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.D. Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.44. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?A. Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.B. Students don't sleep well because of alerting systems.C. One's body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.D. Adolescents' delayed sleep/wake cycle isn't the preferred pattern.45. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "classified"?A. Criticised.B. Grouped.C. Organised.D. Named.46. What docs the text mainly talk about?（Although后面有答案信息）A. Functions of the body clock.B. The "night owl" phenomenon.C. Human beings' sleep behaviour.D. The school schedule of "early birds".CI left university with a good degree in English Literature, but no sense of what I wanted to do. Over the next six years, I was treading water, just trying to earn an income. I tried journalism, but I didn’t think I was any good, then finance, which I hated. Finally, I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher. I loved working with books, although the job that I did was dull.I had enough savings to take a year off work, and I decided to try to satisfy a deep-down wish to write a novel. Attending a Novel Writing MA course gave me the structure I needed to write my first 55,000 words.It takes confidence to make a new start —there’s a dark period in-between where you’re neither one thing nor the other. You’re out for dinner and people ask what you do, and you’re too ashamed to say, “Well, I’m writing a novel, but I’m not quite sure if I’m going to get there.” My confidence dived. Believing my novel could not be published, I put it aside.Then I met an agent（代理商）who said I should send my novel out to agents. So, I did and, to my surprise, got some wonderful feedback. I felt a little hope that I might actually become a published writer and, after signing with an agent, I finished the second half of the novel.The next problem was finding a publisher. After two-and-a-half years of no income, just waiting and wondering, a publisher offered me a book deal —that publisher turned out to be the one I once worked for.It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck —of fate, really. When you set out to do something different, there’s no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now have my own name on a contract（合同）of the publisher —to bea published writer —is unbelievably rewarding（有回报的）.49. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean? ______（but后面含有答案信息）A. I was waiting for good fortune.B. I was trying to find an admirable job.C. I was being aimless about a suitable job.D. I was doing several jobs for more pay at a time.50. The author decided to write a novel ______ .A. to finish the writing courseB. to realize her own dreamC. to satisfy reader s’ wishD. to earn more money51. How did the writer feel halfway with the novel? ______A. Disturbed.B. Ashamed.C. Confident.D. Uncertain.52. What does the author mainly want to tell readers in the last paragraph? ______A. It pays to stick to one’s goal.B. Hard work can lead to success.C.She feels like being unexpectedly lucky.D.There is no end in sight when starting to do something.。