西北民族大学2011.11.21.ExplorationonIntonationPattern
Unit1MyAmazingNaadamExperience文章单词讲解讲义高中英语人教版

MY AMAZING NAADAM EXPERIENCE我的那达慕大会奇妙经历——讲解Iexperienced the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for the first time this year. The festival falls on the fourth day of the six monthof the lunar calendar, usually lasting for three days. Naadam means “games” inMongolian, and it is represented by three events: horse racing,wresting, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch!今年,我第一次体验了中国内蒙古自治区的那达慕大会。
该节日于每年农历六月初四开始的,通常为期3天。
“那达慕”在蒙古语中的意思是“游戏”,主要表现为三大赛事:赛马、摔跤和射箭,每项运动都动人心魄!On the first day, I set off to the gamesearly with my friend Burin.I saw a lot of people wearing fancy Mongolian robes. Someothers were chatting or taking photographs. Burin told me that Mongolianstravel every year from near and far to attend the festival, just as theirancestors had done for centuries.(那达慕大会的)第一天,我和好友布林早早出发来到了会场。
西北民族大学 大英3期中考试12个口语话题docx

1. My FamilyHello, everyone, I’m Liu Dongdong. I’m a student. There are three people in my family—my father, mother and I.My father is 40 years old. He is a worker. I think he is a good worker. Because he works very hard. He gets up very early every day and he works for more than 10 hours a day. So he is always busy, he looks very tired when he gets home. He likes reading newspapers. He usually reads it after supper. So he gets lots of news.My mother is 38 years old. She is a worker too. She works in a very small factory. She is not tall and she has two big eyes. She loves me and she is good for me. She always buys some books for me. She wants me to be a top student. She also cares for my diet and life. I’ m 15 years old. I wear glasses. I like reading. I always read books after school. I like singing, too. My favorite singer is Jay Chou. His music is very nice. What do you think of him? I also like making friends. If you want to meet me, please write to me.Oh, my parents love me and I love them, too. My family is a happy family.(责任编辑:英语作文网)2. Self IntroductionHello,everyone. Now please allow me to do an introduction. My name is Li Lei. I’m 14 year old. My birth day is on October 11th. My favorite book is twilight. I really love to read the books about vampires. My hobby is singing. Some people say I’m a good singer.My favorite singer is Justin Biber.I think he is a great singer. I love to sing his songs. Besides singing, I love shopping very much. If I have time, I will g o shopping with my friends.I’m really good at English, if you have any questions, you can ask me, I will do my best to help you. We can be the best friends forever. Thank you.3. Food例一Chinese food is very famous around the world, if you ask a foreign people about his opinion on Chinese food, he will speak highly of it. When we see the movie, Chinese food is praised by the people. Recently, there is a famous movie called A Bite of China, the movie is popular, it introduces Chinese food from different places. The audience is attracted by the delicious food, they never thought Chinese food would be so various. Now the second part of the movie has been made out, more and more Chinese traditional food has been introduced. After appreciating the movie, I begin to learn more aboutChinese food, I want to have taste of them. I am so proud of our food, when we talk about it to foreign friends, we can feel their favor of our food. The food is part of our culture, they should be inherited.例二Fast food is widespread in China,it might be the best reaction to modern fast rhythm society.There are two crucial reasons that fast f ood is popular.On the one hand,nowadays,numberous individuals are busy with their jobs and activities.Consequently,eating fast food is a favorable choice to save time.On the other hand,the price of fast food is also lower than other food.However,from the perspective of nutrition,and comparing with oth er food,fast food has no advantage.In a word,for health,we are supposed to eat fast food occasionally In the end,it's fine to reap added nutrients from a functional food,b ut remember to fulfill the majority of your needs with naturally rich sources4. Leisure Activities例一Leisure Activities(2011/10/12英语作文)As we all know, the most important duty for us college students is study. We channel the majority of our energy and time into study e veryday. Sometimes college students have little time to participate i n and enjoy leisure activities. However, in my opinion, leisure activit ies are as important as study for every college student in daily life. After a whole day study, students’ body and heart are tired, and it i s harm to students’ health. Therefore, college students should spen d the member of their time taking part in leisure activities so that th ey can relax themselves and enjoy their lives.There are many ways to spend the spare time on leisure activities. Some people like playing basketball or football, another people ma y enjoy swimming or skating, others will be used to reading or liste ning music. Each one has his or her special style to engage in leisur e activities. Take myself for example, I am mostly a stay-at-dormito ry type, but I do love cycling. I used to ride my bicycle alone wonde ring around the Hang Zhou. I was enjoying the views and the excitement of discovering new places. The heart when I cycled by m yself was so delightful and the taste of freedom was fantastic. I was addicted to it. Whenever I decided to go further about a direction, I was always as excited as a kid who just got a new toy. My leisure a ctivities make my heart peaceful and develop me positive attitudes t owards life.In a word, I hope that everyone will take active part in leisure acti vities like me and enjoy personal life例二I enjoy lots of activities in my leisure time such as playing piano, listening to music, reading and swimming. I have no set schedule for my leisure activities. Usually I do whatever I feel like doing when I am not busy. Playing a piano is not only relaxing, but exercising my mind as well. So is reading a novel. I also like swimming a lot because it is the best sports in my opinion that can give me good physical exercise.I truly believe that we can improve our life by making wise use of our leisure time; and also can do better work as leisure activities give us both the physical and mental strength for challenges.5、college life例一时间:2011-12-22Hello everyone.Today I'm glad to be here to give a speech about my fresh experience in China Agriculture University.First I must say the campus life is really different from what I have experienced in high school.Forinstance,I used to lean upon my dormitory teacher to wake me up on time.But now I have to set several alarm clocks to make myself could hear them in the morning otherwise I would miss my class.And then even worse there would be nobody remind me except my teacher!So the differences are everywhere and I could easily find them.The change of life is great and it's wonderful:I have more time of my own and the rights to decide how I live.First I must say the campus life is really different from what I have experienced in high school.Forinstance,I used to lean upon my dormitory teacher to wake me up on time.But now I have to set several alarm clocks to make myself could hear them in the morning otherwise I would miss my class.And then even worse there would be nobody remind me except my teacher!So the differences are everywhere and I could easily find them.The change of life is great and it's wonderful:I have more time of my own and the rights to decide how I live.Our university has the first level equipments and the most experienced teachers,also has the best students(laugh).I consider itto be a honor that I've got a chance to study here and I sincerely hope that we could live wonderful lives in our campus!例二时间:2013-04-14From 2005 to 2008, I spent my college life in Hunan First Normal College. Reminding my college life, I think it was of great significance. From 2005 to 2008, I spent my college life in Hunan First Normal College. Reminding my college life, I think it was of great significance. In English class, I was always the first one to open my mouth, so my teachers always praised me for my good pronunciation, and my classmates also admired me for my courage. It seemed as if I were on top of the world.In English class, I was always the first one to open my mouth, so my teachers always praised me for my good pronunciation, and my classmates also admired me for my courage. It seemed as if I were on top of the world.6. HolidayOh! It was winter holiday. I was very happy. I read my favourite books. I have many wonderful books. But I could not read these books too much. I also had a lot of homework to do. I like playing computer games, too. It’s very interesting. But I could not play it too much. I wear glasses, I’m very sad. It’s not good for my eyes to play computer games too much.Oh! It was the Spring Festival. It’s Chinese traditional festival. People were very happy. They went shopping, cleaned their houses, had supper together……I went to my grandparents’ home with my parents. My grandparents were very happy to see us. They prepared many kinds of nice food, such as fish, meat, vegetables and fruit. In the evening, we watched TVand lighted fireworks. We also knocked on people’s doors and gave some presents to them. After the Spring Festival, we went to Shanghai to go shopping. We bought clothes, shoes and some delicious food.I had a good holiday, I think. I also have very nice school life now. (责任编辑:英语作文网)7. SportsA ll over the world people enjoy sports. Sports help to keep people healthy and happy, and to live longer.Sports change with the seasons. People play different games in winter and summer. Swimming is fun in warm weather, but skating is good in winter.Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere go in for them. Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in all countries near the sea or in those with many rivers. Some sports or games go back thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese wushu, for example, has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new. People are inventing new sports or games all the time. Water skiing is one of the newest in the family of sports.People from different countries may not be able to understand each other, but after a game together they often become good friends. Sports help to train a person's character. One learns to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace. (胜不骄,败不馁)8. FriendsFriends play an important part in our lives,and although we may take friendship for granted,we often don't clearly understand how we make friends.While we get on well with a number of people,we a re usually friends with only a very few----for example,the average a mong students is about 6 per person.In all the cases of friendly rela tionships,two people like one another and enjoy being together.but beyond that,the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons f or the shared interests vary enormously.As we get to know people we take into account things like age,race ,economic conditions,socia l position,and intelligence.Although these factors are not of prime i mportance,it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background.Some friendly relationships can be kept on argument and discus sion,but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs, to have attitudes and interests in commen ---they often talk about " being on the same wavelength ".it generally takes time to reach this point.And the more intimately involved people become,the more th ey rely on one another .people want to do friends favours and hate t o break a promise.Equally,friends have to learn to put up with anno ying habits and try to tolerate differencesof opinion.In contrast with marriage ,there are no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the association between two persons.But the supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experienc es and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond ,which can ov ercome differences in background ,and break down barriers of age, class or race.9. TravelWith the improvement of people's living standards, more andmore people tend to travel to relax and enjoy their life.In daily life, we are often very busy with our work and other thin gs. So travel is a good way for us to relax. By traveling we can enjo y the beautiful scenery in different places. We will see many places read of in books with our own eyes, and visit some famous cities an d scenic spots. We can get ideas of the conditions and customs of o ther people. In a word, Travel will not only help us to gain knowledg e of geography and history and other knowledge, but also will help us keep healthy and make us less narrow-minded. Travel does bene fit us both mentally and physically.But travel also has some negative impacts. For example, too ma ny tourists would increase litter, noise and pollution and so on. And the more tourists, the more difficult to protect heritage and environ ment .And some low-morality tourists would damage the culture reli c while they are visiting the place。
西北民族大学英语作文

The Unique Role of English in the NorthwestMinorities UniversityIn the vibrant academic landscape of the Northwest Minorities University, English holds a unique andprestigious position. This is not merely because English is a global language but also due to its significant role in promoting cross-cultural understanding and academic excellence among the diverse student population.The university, situated in the heart of the northwest region, is home to students from various ethnic backgrounds, each with their unique languages and cultures. This diverse student body brings a rich tapestry of perspectives and experiences, making the academic environment truly vibrant and inclusive. English, as a common language, acts as a bridge that connects these diverse cultures, facilitating communication and understanding among students.The English department at the Northwest Minorities University is not just about teaching grammar or vocabulary. It is an incubator for cultural exchange and intellectual growth. The courses offered are designed to not onlyimprove students' language skills but also to sensitizethem to the nuances of global culture and perspectives. This approach encourages students to think beyond their own cultural boundaries, fostering a generation of globally aware and culturally sensitive individuals.The emphasis on English also reflects the university's commitment to preparing its students for the globalized world. In today's interconnected era, proficiency in English is crucial for accessing internationalopportunities and resources. The Northwest Minorities University recognizes this and strives to equip its students with the necessary language skills to compete and succeed on the global stage.Moreover, the integration of English into various academic disciplines enhances the learning experience for students. From literature to history, from science to technology, English is used as a tool to delvee deeper into different fields of knowledge. This approach not only improves students' understanding of their respective subjects but also broadens their horizons, enabling them to appreciate the global context of their学术研究。
西北民族大学学位英语真题

西北民族大学学位英语真题A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement(新拓居地)spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation.By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental, system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.Actural work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, usedChinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish labourers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.Many visitors came there for the great occasion.There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging Westward Movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.1.The major problems with America‘s railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _______.A. lack of financial support for developmentB. poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsC. limited railroad linesD. lack of a transcontinental railroad2.The building of the first transcontinental system ________.A. brought about a rapid growth of industry and farmingin the west.B. attracted many visitors to the construction sitesC. attracted labourers from EuropeD. encouraged people to travel all over the country3.The best title for this passage would be ________.A. Settlements Spread WestwardB. The Importance of Railroads in the American EconomyC. American Railroad HistoryD. The Coast-to-Coast Railroad:A Vital Link4.The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.A. 3 yearsB. 7 yearsC. 4 yearsD. 9 years5.What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?A. The possibility of government support for such a task.B. The need to explore Utah.C. The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.D. The need to connect the east coast with the west.If you look closely at some of the early copies of theDeclaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded(宣布,预示)the support of all thirteen colonies.Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When her proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing The Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore‘s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard‘s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (报头) for the first time.When the Continental Congress fled there fromPhiladelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore‘s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies."She was also the city’s postmaster from 1775 to 1789 ——appointed by Benjamin Franklin –and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.6.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A. The accomplishment of a female publisher.B. The weaknesses of the newspaper industry.C. The rights of a female publisher.D.The publishing system in colonial America.7.Mary Goddard‘s name appears on the Declaration of Independence because____.A. She helped write the original documentB. She published the documentC. She paid to have the document printedD.Her brother was in prison8.According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she ____.A. was appointed by Benjamin FranklinB. signed the Declaration of IndependenceC. took over her brother‘s printing shopD.moved to Baltimore9.The word "there"in paragraph 3 refers to____.A. the coloniesB. the print shopC. BaltimoreD.Providence10.It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was ____.A. an accomplished businesswomanB. extremely wealthyC. a member of the Continental CongressD.a famous writer。
西北民族大学大学作文考试题目)

大学英语(写作)整体教学与考试计划申请书教务处:现将2013/2014级大学英语写作教学与考试计划申请如下: 根据学校教学工作总体安排,大学英语写作考试将于十五周周末进行。
本次教学检查活动涉及:2013级(大英3)、2014级(大英1)两个级别。
考查方式:笔试。
组题方案:2013级A、B、C、D类写作以作文形式考查;E 类以课文及课后练习翻译形式考查。
2014级A、B、C类写作以作文形式考查,D类课文及课后练习翻译考查,E类以课文及课后练习翻译形式考查。
注:每阶段考核应包括前阶段试题任务的总合,如:大英3应包括大英1、2、3的全部作文任务。
经过教务处审定,现将大英1、2、3、4作文题目修正如下:大英1:A级作文题目五选一:1.Development and Environment(大英1)puter and Education. (大英1)3.Negative Effects of Television(大英1)4.The Importance of Physical Exercises(大英1)5.Health is Better Than Wealth(大英1)B级作文题目五选一:1.Development and Environment(大英1)puter and Education. (大英1)3.Negative Effects of Television(大英1)4.The Importance of Physical Exercises(大英1)5.Health is Better Than Wealth(大英1)C级作文题目五选一:1.College Friendship(大英1)2.My Information Sources(大英1)3.My working experience(大英1)4.How To Learn English(大英1)5.My free time activities(大英1)2013级D、E级:课文或课后练习翻译。
综合英语 unit 11 salvation(课堂PPT)

Key phrases
• go on (a certain age)
• by/in leaps and bounds
• speak of
• feel … in one’s soul
• hold out one’s arms
• say in a whisper
• swirl all around sb.
5. My aunt knelt __a_t my knees and prayed _f_o_r me. 6.My aunt sobbed _o_u_t my name _to__ the priest.
7. Westley grinned down _a_t_ me proudly.
8. I would rather die than take the God ’s name _in__ 15
4
Am I really saved?
Para 15:
16. What did I do at the night of my salvation? Why? What did my aunt thought why?
17. Was I really saved?
18. What was the effect on me of the false salvation?
12
• The conclusion (Pa. 15):
• The concluding paragraph reveals the narrator's
remorseful disillusionment with religion. The
revelation is satirical and indignant due to the fact that he is saved in the sense that the religious ritual has been completed or he has answered the expectations of the old people, but he is not saved in any sense of reality. • Q: According to the last paragraph, do you agree with the statement that the author feels he has committed a sin by lying to everyone?
2011年考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案-七绝俗手版

2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案(七绝俗手版)2011-01-16七绝俗手21-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say theleast.“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥,从那时起一直到现在,这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说,从总体上看,反应还是不错的。
如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼托姆西尼就这样写:万岁,最后。
然而,这次任命还是令人意外。
原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。
就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼,也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬,缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。
高二哲学思考与文化分析英语阅读理解30题

高二哲学思考与文化分析英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Ancient Greek philosophy is one of the most important intellectual achievements in human history. It laid the foundation for much of Western thought and has had a profound impact on modern society.The ancient Greeks were thinkers who questioned everything around them. They sought to understand the nature of the universe, the meaning of life, and the proper way to live. Some of the most famous Greek philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.Socrates is known for his method of questioning, which he used to challenge people's beliefs and encourage them to think deeply. Plato, Socrates' student, developed a complex theory of forms and believed that the physical world is a mere shadow of a more perfect realm. Aristotle, Plato's student, was a great scientist and philosopher who made important contributions to many fields, including biology, physics, and ethics.The ideas of these philosophers have had a lasting impact on modern society. For example, the concept of democracy, which originated in ancient Greece, is still an important political ideal today. The pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, as advocated by the ancient Greeks, is also a fundamental value in modern education.In addition, ancient Greek philosophy has influenced modern art, literature, and culture. Many works of art and literature draw on themes and ideas from ancient Greek philosophy, and the study of ancient Greek literature is an important part of many educational curriculums.Overall, ancient Greek philosophy continues to be a source of inspiration and intellectual stimulation for people around the world.1. Socrates is famous for his ___.A. theories of formsB. method of questioningC. contributions to scienceD. works of literature答案:B。
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和下线起伏度Qc。据此作出句子语调起伏度图型。 图中语句的时长采用归一的方法。
(石锋等 2008)
陈述句跟疑问句语调对比 (王萍等2009)
(一)音高起伏度的计算
一般疑问句有两个特征:调域提高和调域扩展。
调域提高:句调域上线和下线的整体抬高,各词 调域上线和下线的提升。 调域扩展:表现为上线的提高和下线的降低,特 别是句末词调域的最大化扩展,常常达到句调域 的跨度。 (王萍等2009) 起伏度数据可以将不同年龄和性别的发音人语句、 不同语气和口气类型的语句、不同语言或方言的 语句放置在同一空间中进行量化比较。
四种语气句末中线分布图
单调群
双调群
三调群
(五)日语语调的起伏度分析
日语词调的有核与无核带进句子语调成为语调 核。四位日本关东发音人用陈述语气说出例句。 通过实验测算音高数据,进行统计作图。 无核调组与有核调组,“无+无、有+有”都出 现自然音高下倾。有核调跟无核调组合就会出 现较大的调域起伏变化。 “有+无” 会出现调 域上限陡降;“无+有” 会有调域下限的陡降。 结果都是有核调域更宽,无核调域更窄。 英语是重音语言;日语是词调语言;汉语是字 调语言。不同类型的语言具有语调的共性。与 汉语语调研究相互促进。可以建立语调类型研 究领域。 (根本晃 2009)
一、语调和词调的区分
语言学的成分(linguistic)语调和词调的区分。 词汇层:英语的词重音和汉语的字音声调是负载词 义的,跟语调不同,是词汇层面的内容成分。不能 随语调改变,要在语流中保持稳定。代数和、橡皮 带、大波和小浪。 (赵元任1929,1935,1959) 语调层:语调是大系统中的一个子系统。语调问题 在音高方面是调域问题。(参见沈炯1985;吴宗济 1996 )语调是一个综合体,也需要划分层次。这是 一个立体的层级系统。 (石锋等 2010) 声调的起伏格式在语调上的贡献就是构建调域的上 限和下限,实现它的调域负担。词重音也是如此。
焦点句语调 音高格局图
(陈怡 2009)
(二)时长停延率的计算
停延率是相对时长的计算:
Dx = (Sx + Gx )/
(D为某单字停延率; Sx 为该音节时长; Gx为该音节后的停顿 时长; 为本句音节的平均时长。)
这种相对时长有可比性,更具语言学的意义。 如果一个字音的D>1,就是发生了音段延长。 不同声调及不同发音人的表现具有一致性,对 停延没有明显影响;韵律边界前的字音都有延 长;句首词末字多为最长;句中词的中字多为 最短。句末词的动宾结构首字单音动词少量延 长。句末并没有更(一)音高起伏度的计算
语调音高的量化分析指标是起伏度。
起伏度依据语句中各韵律词调域上线和下线的 百分比数据计算,用Q值表示,计算方法是:
Qx=Kx-Kx1
(其中,x1,2,3,……是韵律词在语句中位次序列数; K是群调域的相同位置的百分比数值。)
可以分别计算词调域上线起伏度Qa、中线起伏度Qb
(三)内部音量比的计算
焦点句调群音量比(田野 2009)
赵树庆毕业后到教育部
去声句焦点1
去声句焦点2
去声句焦点3
去声句焦点4
(四)英语语调的起伏度分析
从宏观角度分析英语单调群、双调群和三调群语 调起伏的变化规律。四位母语发音人所说出的陈 述、疑问、祈使和感叹四种语气的语句语调表现 具有共性特征。 调域特征的判定: 1.相对位置:句首-句末-焦点之间。句中浮动。 2.宽窄三等: 50左右为中,大于为宽,小于为窄。 3.高低四级:疑问句>感叹句>祈使句>陈述句 疑问句最高;感叹句较高;祈使句较低;陈述句 最低。 (郭嘉 2010)
五、语调格局分析
语调格局的音高表现是语句调型曲线的起伏格 式及各韵律词调域的宽窄和相互的位置关系。 (石锋 1999) 单句型的语调格局即以同一个发音人所说的同 样语气和结构的语句为样品作出的量化模型。 组合型的语调格局分析同一个人所说的一组语 句,即句群格局。 聚合型的语调格局考察同一个人所说的几种典 型语气的语句或者不同语义结构的语句,即句 型格局。 量化的语调格局数据可以进行人际和语际之间 的对比和统计。
一、语调和词调的区分
说话时的音流分层---韵律分层: 一、非语言学成分(nonlinguistic) 哭、笑、咳嗽、哈欠、清嗓子…… 二、副语言学成分(paralinguistic) 喜、怒、哀、乐、犹豫、果断…… 三、语言学的成分(linguistic) 词汇层、语调层 所谓语流,同时是音位流、音节流、词语流, 这正是各种语言学手段具体有声的表现。 (沈炯1999) 语调形式是综合的。音高、音长、音强、有 时还会用到音质。纵横交织,纠缠相混。 语调的共现叠加成分:语调分析独特之处。
语音的能量是跟音强相对应的。表示语音能量的 幅度积计算公式为: 某段语音的幅度积=平均振幅×时长 幅度积转换为相对化的音量比,算法为: 音量比(E值)=后字幅度积 / 前字幅度积 在语句中,可分别计算调群音量比和单字音量比: 调群音量比 = 某调群幅度积 /调群幅度积平均值 单字音量比 = 某单字幅度积 /单字幅度积平均值 音量比使音强具有可比性。 (梁磊 2008;田野 2009)
(二)时长停延率的计算
不同声调语句四位发音人的停延率平均值数据:
(二)时长停延率的计算
每位发音人不同声调语句的停延率平均值数据:
(二)时长停延率的计算
强调焦点句的停延率表现: (孙颖 2009)
五组语句单字停延率总体分析
自然焦点所标示的曲线上的圆点代表音节的取值点。
(三)内部音量比的计算
西北民族大学
2011.11.21.
Exploration on Intonation Pattern
语调格局研究
石 锋 南开大学语言所
语调格局研究
一、语调和词调的区分
二、
五、语调格局分析 六、语言的心理和生理机制的探索 七、结语
一、语调和词调的区分
语音是语言的物质外壳。什么是语言?所有的词汇、 句法、语义、语用、包括属于副语言学的情感等等, 这些都要通过语音表现出来。 语音的负担太重了啊,但是没有办法,不通过语音表 现出来我们怎么知道,怎么能听得懂。你知道我心里 想什么,我不讲出来大家怎么会知道?所以我们不管 心里怎么想,都要适当地讲出来,言为心声。 音段和超音段的不可分离性。音质不能独立存在。 语流(音流)的层次。超音段成分的韵律层次。