英文政治演讲语篇分析
美国政治系统英语作文
The American political system is a complex and multifaceted structure that has evolved over centuries.It is a federal system,which means power is divided between the national government and the states.This essay will delve into the intricacies of the American political landscape,exploring its foundations,the branches of government,and the unique characteristics that define it.At its core,the American political system is based on the Constitution,a document that was drafted in1787and has been amended27times since then.The Constitution establishes the framework for the federal government and outlines the rights and responsibilities of its citizens.It is a living document that has been interpreted and reinterpreted by the Supreme Court,shaping the nations political and social fabric.The American government is divided into three branches:the legislative, the executive,and the judicial.This separation of powers is designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to ensure a system of checks and balances.The legislative branch,composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives,is responsible for making laws. The executive branch,headed by the President,enforces these laws and carries out the daytoday operations of the government.The judicial branch, led by the Supreme Court,interprets the laws and ensures they are consistent with the Constitution.One of the most distinctive features of the American political system is the twoparty system.The Democratic and Republican parties have dominated American politics for most of the countrys history,although there havebeen periods of thirdparty influence.This system has both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand,it provides stability and predictability in the political process.On the other hand,it can limit the range of political ideas and perspectives that are represented in government.Another notable aspect of the American political system is the role of interest groups.These organizations,ranging from labor unions to business associations to advocacy groups,play a significant role in shaping policy and influencing the political process.They provide a way for citizens to participate in politics beyond voting,by lobbying elected officials and raising awareness about specific issues.The electoral process in the United States is also unique.The President is elected through the Electoral College,a system in which each state has a certain number of electors based on its population.This system has been the subject of much debate,with critics arguing that it can lead to a candidate winning the presidency without winning the popular vote.In conclusion,the American political system is a complex and dynamic structure that has been shaped by history,the Constitution,and the evolving needs of its citizens.It is characterized by a separation of powers, a twoparty system,and the influence of interest groups.While it has its flaws and challenges,it remains a system that many around the world look to as a model of democracy and governance.。
政客演讲稿英文版范文
Today, I stand before you not just as a representative of the people, but as a steward of our nation's future. It is with a heart full of gratitude and a mind brimming with hope that I address you today.As we gather here today, our nation stands at a crossroads. We face challenges that seem insurmountable, but I believe that with unity, determination, and a shared vision, we can overcome these obstacles and build a brighter future for our children and grandchildren.First and foremost, we must address the economic challenges that have plagued our nation. We have seen jobs disappear, wages stagnate, and opportunities diminish. It is our duty to create an environment where businesses can thrive, innovation can flourish, and every citizen can achieve the American Dream.To achieve this, we must invest in our infrastructure. Our roads, bridges, and ports are crumbling, and it is time we invest in their repair and expansion. By doing so, we will create jobs, improve safety, and position our nation as a global leader in trade and commerce.Furthermore, we must invest in education. Education is the cornerstone of a thriving society, and it is our responsibility to ensure that every child has access to quality education. We must invest in early childhood education, expand access to higher education, and provide lifelong learning opportunities for all.But economic prosperity is not the only challenge we face. We must also address the social issues that divide us. Racism, discrimination, and inequality continue to plague our nation, and it is time we take a stand against these injustices. We must work to bridge the gap between communities, promote inclusivity, and ensure that every citizen is treated with dignity and respect.In addition, we must confront the environmental challenges that threaten our planet. Climate change is real, and it is a threat to our economy, our health, and our very way of life. We must commit to reducing our carbon footprint, investing in renewable energy, and protecting our natural resources for future generations.As we embark on this journey, we must remember that we are not alone. We have the support of our families, our friends, and our neighbors. We have the strength of our values, our traditions, and our history. And we have the power of our votes and our voices.Ladies and gentlemen, the future of our nation is in our hands. It is up to us to choose a path of progress and prosperity, or to succumb to the darkness of division and despair. I choose progress, and I urge you to join me on this journey.Let us come together, let us work together, and let us build a nation that is not just great, but good. A nation that is just, fair, and prosperous for all. A nation that stands as a beacon of hope and opportunity for the world.Thank you, and may God bless our great nation.。
英语政治演讲中主位及主位推进模式分析
英语政治演讲中主位及主位推进模式分析
作为美国首届黑人总统,奥巴马能够很有技巧性地进行演讲以赢得支持。
他的就职演说也被很多中国学生作为论文的研究对象,然而他的每周电台研究却很少被关注。
因此,本研究随机选取了奥巴马的二十篇每周电台演讲作为语料,目的在于总结出奥巴马每周电台演讲的语篇特点以及其组织演讲的技巧,以期为政治演讲的组织谋篇提供一些建议。
另外,本文的理论框架是主位结构以及主位推进理论。
从1844年开始,主位理论得到了快速的发展。
其中韩礼德为主位结构理论的发展做出了很大的贡献。
之后,丹尼斯补充了主位推进理论,这对于语篇功能理论的发展起了很大的推动作用。
本论文采用韩礼德的主位结构理论以及黄国文的主位推进理论来分析二十篇奥巴马的每周
电台演讲。
得到的结论如下：(1)奥巴马使用的简单主位多于多重主位和小句主位.在简单主位方面,代词使用的频率高于其他成分。
其中,“我们”和“我”两个代词使用比其他人称代词都多,但是“你”使用最少。
在多重主位方面,主题主位比篇章主位以及人际主位使用的多。
另外,奥巴马使用的非标记主位明显多于标记主位。
(2)奥巴马的演讲中使用最多的为平行型主位推进模式、延续型主位推进模式、集中型主位推进模式。
而交叉型主位推进模式、并列型主位推进模式以及派生型主位推进模式则使用较少。
本研究的意义在于将语篇功能的相关理论运用到政治演讲的分析中,验证了该理论用于分析政治演讲的可行性以及从不同的角度对奥巴马的每周电台演讲进行分析。
另外,对政治演讲的语篇功能分析使听众能更好地理解政治演讲,也为演讲
者在准备政治演讲时,提供理论参考。
关于美国政治的英语作文.doc
关于美国政治的英语作文英语优秀文章1从这次开始我们要讲流行在美国政坛的一些习惯用语。
今天先讲的两个起源于五十年代宇宙探索事业。
第一个是：countdown。
Countdown原意是倒数计时。
曾经从电视上看到火箭发射现场转播的人一定都听到过在发射前如何倒数秒数：5，4，3，2，1，直到火箭从发射台升空那一瞬间。
航天专家把这倒数计算秒数称为countdown，不久这个说法就进入日常生活，用来指某一事件正式开始前的最后准备阶段。
比方说是航天飞机升空前，也可以是奥林匹克开幕前，或者是大选日投票开始前的最后阶段。
我们来听个例子，特别注意里面用到的countdown是什么意思。
例句-1：Tonight only four days are left in the countdown toward election day and the candidates are busy campaigning as hard as they can -- it s their last chance to get support from the voters.他说：今夜离大选日只有最后四天了。
候选人正竭尽全力地开展竞选活动，因为这是他们赢得选民支持的最后机会。
这里的countdown指投票前竞选的最后阶段。
我们再学个也来自航天事业但应用于政界的习惯用语：all systems are go。
System，在这个短语里原来指机械设备装置，就是电脑和其它各种控制设备。
All systems are go这句话是控制部门的负责人在下令发射火箭前最后收到的报告，意思是一切有关设备装置都已启动并且运行正常。
换句话说是一切准备就绪就等发射了。
All systems are go 随即在日常生活中流行，也包括政坛。
我们来听个例子，说话的是某主要总统候选人的竞选先遣人员。
他已经为候选人安排好明天在芝加哥的演说，现在正向在华盛顿的上级汇报有关情况。
英语政治演讲的文本特点及翻译策略
英语政治演讲的文本特点及翻译策略
英语政治演讲的文本特点：
1. 短句：政治演讲常使用简短精练的短句，以便让听众更容易理
解和记忆。
2. 重复：政治演讲中会重复一些重要的词汇和句子，这些重复可
以加强听众的印象和情感共鸣。
3. 列举：演讲者会使用列举的方式来表达自己的观点和提供证据。
4. 排比：政治演讲中使用排比来强调观点和创造韵律感。
5. 引用：演讲者可以引用历史、文学、圣经或其他重要的文件来
支持他们的观点和证明他们的合法性。
翻译策略：
1. 保留原意：尽可能地保留原文中的语言风格和表达方式，以使
译文更接近原文。
2. 灵活翻译：在某些情况下，为了使译文更易于理解，可以使用
更接近目标语言的翻译方式，同时保证译文的准确性和完整性。
3. 注重语言的效果：政治演讲的翻译应该注重语言的效果，以使
译文更有感染力、情感共鸣和文学价值。
4. 条例化翻译：政治演讲常常以简洁、良好的组织结构为特点，
因此在翻译时要保持逻辑清晰和结构简洁。
关于政治人士的英语作文
关于政治人士的英语作文标题，The Role of Political Leaders in Shaping Societies。
Politics and governance are integral parts of any society, and political leaders play a crucial role in shaping the destiny of nations. Their decisions and actions have far-reaching consequences, impacting the lives of millions. In this essay, we will delve into the responsibilities, challenges, and impact of political leaders on society, drawing insights from historical and contemporary examples.Firstly, political leaders are entrusted with the responsibility of representing the interests of the people who elected them. They are expected to formulate policies and enact laws that promote the welfare and progress of the society. Effective leaders possess vision, empathy, and integrity, enabling them to understand the needs of their constituents and work towards fulfilling them. For instance,Nelson Mandela, as the President of South Africa, demonstrated remarkable leadership by advocating for reconciliation and unity in a deeply divided nation, thereby laying the foundation for a more inclusive society.Moreover, political leaders serve as role models and influencers, shaping public opinion and values throughtheir words and actions. Their leadership style and personal conduct set the tone for the entire nation. Therefore, it is imperative for leaders to uphold ethical standards and demonstrate commitment to justice, equality, and democracy. Mahatma Gandhi, through his philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience, inspired a nation to strive for independence and social justice, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to resonate worldwide.However, the path of political leadership is fraught with challenges and complexities. Leaders often face competing interests, conflicting ideologies, and institutional constraints that make decision-making a daunting task. Moreover, the dynamics of power and the pressures of public office can lead to ethical dilemmas andmoral compromises. It is during times of crisis and uncertainty that the true mettle of leaders is tested. Winston Churchill's steadfast leadership during World War II, with his resolute determination and eloquent oratory, rallied the British people and bolstered their resolve against adversity.Furthermore, the impact of political leaders extends beyond their tenure in office. Their policies andinitiatives shape the socioeconomic landscape for generations to come. Whether it is implementing progressive reforms, fostering economic development, or championing environmental sustainability, the legacy of effective leadership endures long after leaders have left office. For example, the New Deal programs initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression not only alleviated immediate suffering but also laid the groundwork for the modern welfare state in the United States.In conclusion, political leaders wield immense influence and responsibility in shaping the trajectory ofsocieties. Their leadership qualities, decisions, and legacies leave an indelible mark on the course of history.It is incumbent upon them to govern with wisdom, compassion, and foresight, keeping the interests of the people paramount. As citizens, we must hold our leadersaccountable and actively participate in the democratic process to ensure that our collective aspirations for a better future are realized. Only through effective and ethical leadership can societies progress and prosper inthe face of myriad challenges and opportunities.。
英文演讲稿实例分析范文
Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. Today, I would like to talk about atopic that is undoubtedly prevalent in our society – the impact of technology on our lives. In this speech, I will analyze the positive and negative effects of technology on our daily lives, and argue that while technology has brought about numerous benefits, it also poses some challenges that we need to address.Firstly, let us consider the positive aspects of technology. The advent of technology has revolutionized our lives in countless ways. It has transformed the way we communicate, work, and access information. For instance, the internet has made it possible for us to connect with people from all over the world in an instant, thereby fostering global relationships and promoting cultural exchange. Moreover, technology has made our lives more convenient and efficient. With the help of smartphones, we can access information, make purchases, and even control our home appliances with a few taps on our screens.In the realm of work, technology has brought about significant advancements. Automation and artificial intelligence have streamlined various processes, making businesses more productive and cost-effective. This has, in turn, created more job opportunities and improved our standard of living. Additionally, technology has made education more accessible. Online learning platforms and educational apps have enabled students to acquire knowledge from the comfort of their homes, thereby bridging the gap between rural and urban education.However, despite its numerous benefits, technology also poses some challenges. One of the most significant concerns is the negative impact of technology on our mental health. With the increasing use of smartphones and social media, many people are suffering from anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. This is mainly due to the constant exposure to unrealistic portrayals of life and the pressure to maintain a perfect online persona.Moreover, technology has led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, which can negatively affect our social skills and relationships. As webecome more engrossed in our devices, we may lose touch with our loved ones and the world around us. Additionally, the rapid development of technology has created a digital divide, where those who cannot afford the latest gadgets and internet services are left behind.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on our lives, both positively and negatively. While it has brought about numerous benefits, such as improved communication, convenience, and efficiency, it has also raised concerns regarding mental health, social skills, and the digital divide. To mitigate these challenges, we need to strike a balance between embracing technology and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This can be achieved by setting boundaries, promoting digital literacy, and fostering face-to-face interactions.Thank you for your attention.。
特朗普胜选演讲的批评性语篇分析
吐行实践 。二语 动机策 略研究 在 Ｈ后 的发展 中 ，最重 要 拘是要 继续探索策略和途径 ，更 为全面地进行综合发展 。
４ ． ２二语 动机策 略研究的展望
【 中图分类号】Ｈ０ — ０ 【 文献 标识码】Ａ 【 文章编号ｌ １ ０ ０ ９ ． ６ １ ６ ７ （ ２ ０ １ ７ ） ０ ５ ． ０ ０ ４ ０ — ０ ２
畏 不能统一。
批评性语篇分析
上 海 理 工 大 学 外 语 学 院
【 摘 要】批评 性语 篇分 析 ， 旨在通过 语 言 的表 现形 式 ，
揭 示 语 言 、 文 本 与 意 识 形 态 之 间 的 深 层 关 系 。本 文 试 将 费尔克 劳夫 （ Ｆ ａ ｉ ｒ ｃ ｌ ｏ ｕ ｇ ｈ ）提 出的关于 批评性语 篇分 析 的
－＿ 引言
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摘要：本文以系统功能语法中的及物性理论，情态化，词汇衔接为根据，并以以色列总理伊扎克·拉宾的《要和平，不要暴力！》这篇英文政治演讲稿为语料对政治演讲这一体裁进行话语分析，找出了与这一语篇体裁相适应的语言表现形式所体现出的微观特征。
关键词：及物性情态化词汇衔接语篇分析政治演讲一、前言韩礼德（1970，1973，1985/1994/2004）把语言的纯理功能分成三种：概念元功能(ideational function)、人际元功能（interpersonal function）和语篇元功能(textualfunction)。
而韩礼德所说的概念功能包括经验功能和逻辑功能两个部分。
经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界）中各种经历的表达。
换言之，就是反映客观世界和主观世界中所发生的事，所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点等环境因素。
逻辑功能指的则是语言对两个或两个以上的意义单位之间逻辑关系的表达。
（胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李占子，2005：74）经验功能主要是通过“及物性”（transitivity）和“语态”（voice）得到体现的。
人际功能主要通过语气系统和情态系统来体现，而情态系统所表达的意义是从说话者的角度对命题的成功性和有效性所做出的判断，或在命令中要求对方承担的义务和在提议中要表达的个人意愿。
功能语言学认为任何选择都是有意义的。
“选择就是意义”是一条广泛应用的原则。
形式是意义的体现，形式不同，表达的意义就不一样。
在英语政治演讲的演讲稿的语篇中，演讲者因为所要表达的政治观点，意识形态的需要，以及其演讲过程中相关的“参加者”（participant）和“环境成分（circumstantial element）的不同，所以演讲者在撰写政治演讲稿时对其语言要有所选择，如及物过程类型的选择，选择不同的及物性情态量值，语篇衔接方式，就意味着表达不同的意义，撰稿者需要反复考虑琢磨怎样措辞怎样组织篇章结构才能使使信息更容易为听众所接受，从而增加信息被听众认可的机会，以便更有效地达到其政治目的。
不同的英语政治演讲稿因其演讲者的身份，演讲目的，演讲的内容的不同，其语言必有各自不同的特征，但是其语言使用特征上在某些方面却存在共性，现在我们以以色列总理伊扎克·拉宾1995 年11 月4 日的最后一次演讲《要和平，不要暴力！》为语料对其及物性、情态动词、语篇衔接词分别进行分析。
《要和平，不要暴力！》这篇演讲稿出自由高等教育出版社出版的《大学体验英语的综合教程3》（第二版）的第八单元的passsge B。
二、政治演讲通常情况下，“演讲”和“演说”被人们视作同义。
所谓的演讲，是“在特定的时空环境中，以有声语言和相应的体态语言为手段，公开向听众传递信息，表述见解，阐明事理，抒发感情，以期达到感召听众的目的”（李元授、邹昆山2003：4-5）。
政治演讲是“指人们针对国家内政事务和对外关系，表明立场、阐明观点、宣传主张的一种演讲”（李元授，周昆山2003：29）。
政府首脑的竞选演讲、施政演讲、就职演讲，各级领导宣传大政方针和实施计划的演讲，以及人们在政治集会上代表一定阶级，政党或个人发表的演讲等，都是政治演讲（ibid: 29-300）。
在具体的演讲活动中，演讲者以各种身份登场，带有各种各样的演讲目的，演讲的内容包罗万象。
根据演讲的内容来分，演讲可以分为政治演讲、学术演讲、生活演讲、法庭演讲、宗教演讲等五种类型（邵守义1991;49）。
由于篇幅有限，本文仅以以色列总理伊扎克·拉宾1995 年11 月4 日的最后一次演讲《要和平，不要暴力》作为英语政治演讲的语料进行分析。
三、伊扎克·拉宾的《要和平，不要暴力！》英语政治演讲稿的微观语言特征1、及物性分析及物性是英语中表现概念功能的一个语义系统，其作用在于把人们在现实世界的中的所见所闻，所作所为分成若干种“过程”（process），并指明与各种有关的“参加者”（participant）和“环境成分”(circums tantial element)及物性包括六种不同的过程：（1）物质过程（materialprocess）；(2) 心理过程（mental process）；（3）关系过程（relational process）；（4）行为过程（behavioral process）；(5) 言语过程（verbal process）和（6）存在过程（existential process）。
通过对伊扎克·拉宾的《要和平，不要暴力！》的英语演讲稿中各小句进行及物性分析，我们发现六个过程类型出现了五个过程类型，其中行为过程没有出现，其他五个过程出现的频率大不相同，现统计如下：过程类型过程数量过程总数量过程百《要和平，不要暴力！》英语政治演讲稿的及物性分析从上面的表格中我们可以看到，用的最多的过程类型是物质过程（41，43.6%），其次是关系过程（28，29.8%），物质过程和关系过程占总的物质过程类型（69，73.4%）。
心理过程排第三位（14，14.9%）。
第四位是存在过程（6，6.4%；），最后一位是言语过程（5，5.3%），行为过程没有用到。
在伊扎克·拉宾的《要和平，不要暴力！》的英语政治演讲稿中，伊扎克·拉宾对物质过程和关系过程的使用比例相对大于其他过程，过程类型呈现上述分布比例的原因是因为一篇强有力的演讲稿以客观地陈述事实，合理的逻辑结构，或强烈的情感表达为基础的。
将物质过程运用于英语政治演讲中，尤其象伊扎克·拉宾《要和平，不要暴力！》的英语政治演讲稿具有说服性的政治演讲，通过物质过程向听众展示民众及演讲者本人对和平的向往，对暴力的痛恨。
号召鼓动听众起来采取行动。
伊扎克·拉宾通过物质过程的使用清楚地阐明自己的目标，而不至使听众困惑。
2、情态分析：情态量值Quirk 等人（1985：219）把情态看作是演讲者对命题的真实性的判断。
在客观上，真实性存在归一性（polarity），非此即彼。
Halliday 把情态和归一性联系在一起，认为情态指的是“是”与“非”之间的意义领域，即肯定和肯定之间的中间区域。
既然情态表达的是肯定和否定意义之间的中间区域，所以演讲者可以在肯定和否定之间通过不同的情态词把他的命题表达的更趋于肯定或否定。
不同点情态动词通过其具有的不同的量值可以表达不同的程度的可能性、经常性、义务和意愿。
在任何语篇中情态动词（如will，should，could，can 等）是实现情态化的方式之一。
情态量词大致可分为高、中、低三级。
下面表格是情态动词must，need，will，would，shall，should，may，can，be able to 的情态量值（Holliday 1994:362;2004:624）:情态动词must need will would shall should may can be able to情态量值高量值中量值低量值在伊扎克·拉宾《要和平，不要暴力！》的英语政治演讲稿中总共有3 个情态动词出现，分别是will、must，can，每个情态动词的出现频率如下：情态动词频数%will 7 63.3%must 3 27.3%can 2 18.1%从表中可以看出will 作为情态动词出现的频率最高（7，63.3%），其次是can，must，（3，27.3%；2 ，18.1%；）。
伊扎克·拉宾用限定性情态动词，且是中量值的情态动词will 来表达实现以巴和平进程的概率，即用情态动词表达可能性，政治演讲家用情态动词来表达可能性可以看作是运用了礼貌原则中的一种礼貌策略。
因为情态表达是肯定和否定之间的中间区域，所以情态的使用是避免将事情绝对化的一种方式，从而使听众更愿意接受政治家们所传递的信息，这样就会增加听众认可信息的机会，避免听众对其主张或观点挑战和批评，最终与听众产生情感上的共鸣，一起为共同的目标而努力。
在《要和平，不要暴力！》中作者用高量值的限定性情态动词must 来说明在现实生活中，整个以色列人，所有犹太教民，许多阿拉伯世界人民，全世界的人民的为争取和平，反对暴力和恐怖主义所承担的义务。
在英语政治演讲中有较多用高量值的情态词来表达义务的现象，因为强有力的鼓动力量需要蕴涵于英语政治演讲中。
政治演讲者在演讲过程中，或鼓动，或宣传，或批驳，这都需要引起听众的强烈的共鸣，需要有强有力的鼓动性和号召性，需要表达政治演讲家为了实现某个目标承担的责任和义务。
比如美国总统通常在其就职演说中表达与其人民的共同的美好希望和英雄梦想，并展示其雄才大略和施政纲领，除此之外，总统们往往要表达为了实现其英雄梦想和远大宏伟的目标自己和全国人民应该承担的责任。
演讲稿作者用can，说明实现巴以和平进程的潜在性与能力。
鉴于从语义上讲，表潜在性的成分任隶属与情态系统，韩礼德视其为情态的另一种类型。
在英语中，潜在性可分为三类：非明确主观取向，由can 来体现（无明确主观取向）；非明确客观取向，由be able to 来体现；明确客观取向，由it is possible (for) 来体现（胡壮麟朱永生，张德禄，李占子，2005：152）。
在伊扎克·拉宾《要和平，不要暴力！》的英语政治演讲稿我们可以找到用低量值，possble 表示可能性，如：1、it will be possible to make peace.（明确客观表可能性）2、But，more than anything，in the more than three years of this Government’s existence，the Israeli people has proven that it is possible （明确客观表可能性）to make peace，that peace opens the door to a better economy and society; that peace is not just a prayer还出现用动词表达情态意义，这可用来表达作者本人的主观性，具有明确主观取向。
例如：1、I have always believed （明确主观）that the majority of the people want peace and are ready to take risks for peace.2、I believe that there is now a chance for peace，a great chance. （明确主观）3、衔接连贯分析：词汇衔接（1）词汇衔接的定义Halliday & Hasan 合著的《英语的衔接》( 1976) 认为衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接和词汇衔接两种。