俄罗斯政治体系【英文】
《大国崛起俄罗斯》课件
科技创新
俄罗斯在科技领域拥有较强实力，其科技 创新成果对全球科技进步和产业发展产生 积极影响。
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俄罗斯与美国的关系复杂多变，既有竞争也有合作。两国 在政治、经济、军事等领域存在着激烈的竞争，但在某些 领域也存在着合作的可能性。
反导问题
俄罗斯一直关注美国反导系统的部署和发展，认为其威胁 到自身的战略安全，是俄美关系中的一个重要问题。
叙利亚问题
在叙利亚问题上，俄罗斯支持叙利亚政府，而美国则支持 反对派，两国在此问题上存在分歧和博弈。
国投资。
国际合作与区域一体化
03
俄罗斯积极参与国际经济合作和区域一体化进程，如欧亚经济
联盟等。
CHAPTER 04
俄罗斯的文化与教育
文学艺术
总结词
俄罗斯文学艺术源远流长，对世界文化产生了深远影响。
详细描述
俄罗斯文学在各个时期都涌现出了一批杰出的作家和作品，如普希金、托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基等，他们的作 品深刻反映了俄罗斯社会的历史变迁和人民的生活状态。此外，俄罗斯的艺术也独具特色，如油画、雕塑、音乐 等，在国际艺术领域占有重要地位。
蒙古统治
13世纪，蒙古帝国入侵并统治了古 俄罗斯，长达两个世纪，对古俄罗 斯的政治、经济、文化产生了深远 的影响。
金帐汗国
14世纪，莫斯科公国摆脱蒙古统治 ，建立了以莫斯科为中心的统一国 家，即金帐汗国。
近代俄罗斯
01
02
03
彼得大帝改革
18世纪初，彼得大帝推行 了一系列改革，使俄罗斯 进入近代化进程，成为欧 洲强国之一。
轻工业发展不足
相比之下，俄罗斯的轻工业发展相对滞后，消费品市场主要依赖进 口。
俄罗斯历史(英文版)
officially Russian Federation , Russian Rossiya or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), Russia has been an independent country since the dissolution of the union in December 1991. Under the Soviet system it was called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (R.S.F.S.R.). With an area of 6,592,800 square miles (17,075,400 square kilometres), Russia is the world's largest country, covering almost twice the territory of either the United States or China. It ranks sixth in the world in population, following China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The great majority of the people are Russians, but there also are some 70 smaller national groups living within its borders. Most of the population is concentrated in a great triangle in the western, or European, part of the country, although over the past three centuries-and particularly during the early and mid-20th century-there was a steady flow of people eastward to the Asiatic section commonly referred to as Siberia. On its northern and eastern sides Russia is bounded by the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and it has small frontages in the northwest on the Baltic Sea at St. Petersburg and at the detached Russian oblast (province) of Kaliningrad. On the south it borders North Korea, China, Mongolia, and the former Soviet republics of Kazakstan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. On the southwest and west it borders the former Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as Finland and Norway; in addition, Kaliningrad (formerly a part of what was once East Prussia annexed in 1945) abuts Poland and Lithuania. Extending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern Europe as well as the whole of northern Asia, Russia has a maximum east-west extent, along the Arctic Circle, of some 4,800 miles (7,700 kilometres) and a north-south width of 1,250 to 1,850 miles. There is an enormous variety of landforms and landscapes, which occur mainly in a series of broad latitudinal belts. Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character. South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea. Much of the federation lies in latitudes where the winter cold is intense and where evaporation can barely keep pace with the accumulation of moisture, engendering abundant rivers, lakes, and swamps. The capital of Russia is Moscow, which was also the capital of the R.S.F.S.R. and of the Soviet Union. The republic itself had been established immediately after the Russian Revolution of October (November, New Style) 1917 and became a union republic on December 30 (December 17, Old Style), 1922. Following the termination of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, Russia joined with other former Soviet republics in forming the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Historically, the territory of European Russia was the core of the expanding Russian state and suffered onslaughts ranging from that of the Mongol hordes in the 13th century to the Nazi invasion of World War II. This historical heritage, together with the country's vast area and natural wealth, which permitted the development of a large-scale industrial economy, gave Russia a unique place of leadership among the former Soviet republics. Its brooding landscapes and the complexities of the prerevolutionary society inspired the prose and music of such giants of world culture as Anton Chekhov, Aleksandr Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, and Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, while the October Revolution (of 1917) and the changes it brought were reflected in the works of such noted figures as the novelists Maksim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, and the composers Dimitry Shostakovich and Sergey Prokofiev. For the geography and history of Russia's two largestcities, see the articles Moscow and Saint Petersburg. For the history of the Soviet Union as a whole, from the Revolution to 1991, see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. For the geography and history of the other former Soviet republics, see Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Ukraine. From the beginnings to c. 1700 Prehistory and the rise of the Rus Indo-European, Ural-Altaic, and diverse other peoples have occupied what is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium BC, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southernmost portions of what is now Ukraine. Trading empires of that era seem to have known and exploited the northern forests-particularly the vast, triangular-shaped region west of the Urals between the Kama and Volga rivers-but these contacts seem to have had little lasting impact. Between the 4th and 9th centuries AD, the Huns, Avars, Goths, and Magyars passed briefly over the same terrain, but these transitory occupations also had little influence upon the East Slavs, who during this time were spreading south and east from an area between the Elbe River and the Pripet Marshes. In the 9th century, as a result of penetration into the area from the north and south by northern European and Middle Eastern merchant adventurers, their society was exposed to new economic, cultural, and political forces. The scanty written records tell little of the processes that ensued, but archaeological evidence-notably, the Middle Eastern coins found in eastern Europe-indicates that the development of the East Slavs passed through several stages. From about 770 to about 830, commercial explorers began an intensive penetration of the Volga region. From early bases in the estuaries of the rivers of the eastern Baltic region, Germanic commercial-military bands, probably in search of new routes to the east, began to penetrate territory populated by Finnic and Slavic tribes, where they found amber, furs, honey, wax, and timber products. The indigenous population offered little resistance to their incursions, and there was no significant local authority to negotiate the balance among trade, tribute, and plunder. From the south, trading organizations based in northern Iran and North Africa, seeking the same products, and particularly slaves, became active in the lower Volga, the Don, and, to a lesser extent, the Dnieper region. The history of the Khazar state is intimately connected with these activities. About 830 commerce appears to have declined in the Don and Dnieper regions. There was increased activity in the north Volga, where Scandinavian traders who had previously operated from bases on Lakes Ladoga and Onega established a new centre, near present-day Ryazan. Here, in this period, the first nominal ruler of Rus (called, like the Khazar emperor, kha gan) is mentioned by Islāmic and Western sources. This Volga Rus khagan state may be considered the first direct political antecedent of the Kievan state. Within a few decades these Rus, together with other Scandinavian groups operating farther west, extended their raiding activities down the main river routes toward Baghdad and Constantinople, reaching the latter in 860. The Scandinavians involved in these exploits are known as Varangians; they were adventurers of diverse origins, often led by princes of warring dynastic clans. One of these princes, Rurik of Jutland, is considered the progenitor of the dynasty that ruled in various portions of East Slavic territory until 1598. Evidences of the Varangian expansion are particularly clear in the coin hoards of 900–930. The number of Middle Eastern coins reaching northern regions, especially Scandinavia, indicates a flourishing trade. Written records tell of Rus raids upon Constantinople and the northern Caucasus in the early 10th century. In the period from about 930 to 1000, the region came under complete control by Varangians from Novgorod. This period saw the development ofthe trade route from the Baltic to the Black Sea, which established the basis of the economic life of the Kievan principality and determined its political and cultural development. The degree to which the Varangians may be considered the founders of the Kievan state has been hotly debated since the 18th century. The debate has from the beginning borne nationalistic overtones. Recent works by Russians have generally minimized or ignored the role of the Varangians, while non-Russians have occasionally exaggerated it. Whatever the case, the lifeblood of the sprawling Kievan organism was the commerce organized by the princes. To be sure, these early princes were not “Swedes” or “Norwegians” or “Danes”; they thought in categories not of nation but of clan. But they certainly were not East Slavs. There is little reason to doubt the predominant role of the Varangian Rus in the creation of the state to which they gave their name.。
俄罗斯基本情况
对外投资合作国别指南简介——俄罗斯一、俄罗斯概况1、地理位置：俄罗斯地跨欧亚两洲，位于欧洲东部和亚洲大陆的北部，其欧洲领土的大局部是东欧平原，占地1707.54万平方公里〔占原联领土面积的76.3%，占地球陆地面积的11.4%〕，是世界上面积最大的国家。
东西长为9000公里，横跨11个时区；南北宽为4000公里，跨越4个气候带。
2、行政区域：根据俄罗斯宪法，俄联邦现由85个实体，包括3个直辖市、22个国、9个边疆区、4个自治区、46州和1个自治州。
按地域原那么联合成9个联邦区，包括中央联邦管区〔莫斯科〕，西北联邦管区〔圣彼得堡〕，南部联邦管区〔顿河畔罗斯托夫〕，伏尔加联邦管区〔下诺夫哥罗德〕，乌拉尔联邦管区〔叶卡捷琳堡〕，西伯利亚联邦管区〔新西伯利亚〕，远东联邦管区〔哈巴罗夫斯克又称伯力城〕，北高加索联邦管区〔皮亚季戈尔斯克又称五山城〕，克里米亚联邦管区〔国际普遍认为仍是乌克兰领土〕。
3、自然资源：俄有世界最大储量的矿产和能源资源，是最大的石油和天然气输出国，其拥有世界最大的森林储藏和含有约世界四分之一的淡水的湖泊。
俄罗斯石油探明储量252亿吨，天然气已探明蕴藏量为48万亿立方米，占世界探明储量的21%，居世界第一位，煤蕴藏1570亿吨，居世界第二位。
4、气候条件：俄罗斯大局部地区处于北温带，气候多样，以温带大陆性气候为主，但北极圈以北属于寒带气候。
温差普遍较大，1月平均温度为1℃到-35℃，7月平均温度为11℃到27℃。
年降水量平均为150~1000毫米。
西伯利亚地区纬度较高，气候寒冷，冬季漫长，夏季日照时间长。
从西到东大陆性气候逐渐加强，冬季严寒漫长；从北到南依次为极地荒漠、苔原、森林苔原、森林、森林草原、草原带和半荒漠带。
5、人口资源：俄总人口1.431亿，共有民族193个，其中俄罗斯族占77%。
人口分布极不均衡，西部兴旺地区平均每平方公里52到77人，个别地方达261人，而东北部苔原带不到1人。
英美法德日俄政治制度的特点及其形成原因
目录一、英、美政治体制比较及其渊源概述（一）政体（二）宪法和权力配置（三）国家元首（四）行政首脑二、法国政治体制特点及其渊源概述（一）总统由普选产生，任期7年，连选连任（二）政府是中央最高行政机关，对议会负责（三）议会由国民议会和参议院组成（四）政党制度实行多党制三、德国政治体制特点及其渊源概述（一）德国政治体制特点（二）德国政治体制的渊源四、日本政治体制特点及其渊源概述（一）日本政治体制的特点（二）日本政治体制的渊源五、俄罗斯政治体制特点及其渊源概述（一）俄罗斯政治体制的特点1.强大的总统2.孱弱的议会3.无力的政府（二）俄罗斯政治制度的渊源一、英、美政治体制比较及其渊源概述（一）政体英国实行单一制的政治体制，而美国则实行联邦制。
英国单一制是在商品货币关系发展,城市和市民兴起,以及资本主义生产方式的生长过程中,随着王权的加强,封建割据的消灭,而逐步形成和发展起来的。
十五世纪的英法百年战争(1337—1453)以及其后英国国内爆发的玫瑰战争(1455—1485) 也加速了英国国家的统一和政治集中的基本完成。
在百年战争刚刚结束后的两年(1455年) ,英国爆发了以兰开斯特和约克家族各为一方的长达三十年的王位争夺战，史称“玫瑰战争”，几乎英国所有世俗大贵族都卷入了这场战争。
战争对封建贵族实力的削弱为为英国君主专制政体的建立创造了条件。
于是，都铎家族的亨利七世及其后代在英国建立和发展了君主专制。
美国联邦系由原是英国在北美的十三个殖民地在反抗英国压迫的革命斗争中联合而成的，它由邦联演变而来。
美国自1776年宣布独立后，于次年制定了《邦联条例》，给原先各独立州的联盟以邦联的称谓。
作为一个松散的组织，邦联这一政权组织形式愈来愈不能适应独立战争后美国的国内外形势。
为尽快结束十三州各自为政的混乱局面,建立统一和强有力的中央政府，各州于1787 年制定了宪法，并将原先只具有协商性质的中央机构——邦联，改为获得各州授予权力，设有最高立法、行政、司法机构的联邦。
俄罗斯政治制度
一、地方自治制度的概念（一）地方自治和民族自治的区别目前，在俄罗斯联邦有两种自治，一种是民族自治，一种是地方自治。
两种自治之间存在着重大差别。
其表现是：1。
民族自治以民族或民族集团的聚居地为基础，地方自治则以居民居住的一定行政区域单位为基础；2。
民族自治的组织形式是作为俄罗斯联邦主体的共和国、自治州和自治专区，地方自治的组织形式则是作为俄罗斯联邦主体内行政区域单位的区或市（镇、村）的自治；3。
民族或民族集团通过共和国、自治州、自治专区的国家权力机关自主地解决地方事务；4。
民族自治是民族国家组织或者类国家组织的一种形式，地方自治是居民自治的一种形式。
（二）地方自治的概念俄罗斯联邦的地方自治，是俄罗斯联邦宪法确认和保障的宪政制度原则之一，是指在俄罗斯联邦各联邦主体的一定行政区域单位（区、市、市辖区、镇、村居民点）内居住的居民，直接地或通过其选举产生的地方自治机关，自主地解决地方性事务，并受到国家司法保护的居民自治形式。
地方自治的概念包括三个基本点：1。
地方自治是以居居住的一定行政区域单位（区、市、市辖区、镇、村）为基础；2。
居民直接地或者通过其选举产生的地方自治机关行使地方自治权；3。
地方自治是居民自治、社会生活民主化的一种形式，受国家司法保护。
（三）地方自治制度的概念俄罗斯联邦的地方自治制度是指俄罗斯联邦及其联邦主体用法律形式确认的，关于在联邦主体天客隆行政区域单位内居住的居民自主地解决地方性事务的各种制度和组织形式的总和。
它包括地方公决制度、地方自治的选任机关和其他机关、居民社会自治的区域性机关（生活小区、住宅综合体、待道、楼群、楼的苏维埃或委员会）、地方自治联合会（小城市联合会、俄罗斯城市联合会、中小城市联合会）等。
其中，地方自治选任机关和其他机关（简称地方自治机关）是俄罗斯联邦地方自治制度的基本环节。
二、地方自治制度的历史发展俄罗斯联邦的地方自治制度是苏联解体前“戈尔巴乔夫改革”的产物。
它在戈尔巴乔夫实行苏联社会生活民主化的过程中产生，并在苏联解体、俄罗斯联邦独立后得到进一步发展。
美国政治体制英文版介绍【优质PPT】
•headed by the President
•administers the laws
•interprets the laws
•makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitution
3.Constitution •A constitution is a set of rules for a country. It defines how the country should be run and how new rules should be made.
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英语1204
1. em of government of US
•Federalism •there is a federal or national government.
•there are individual states, each with its own government.
4. Major Parties
• The Democratic Party民主党 • The Republican Party共和党
The Democratic Party
• Thomas Jefferson • the Democratic-Republic Party • the dominant political party in the US from
1800s until the 1820s
The Republican Party
• Abraham Lincoln , 1854 • to keep slavery from spreading to other
俄罗斯选举中的选举制度与权力分配
俄罗斯选举中的选举制度与权力分配在俄罗斯政治体系中，选举制度和权力分配起着至关重要的作用。
本文将探讨俄罗斯选举制度的特点以及政府权力的分配方式，并对其对俄罗斯政治格局的影响进行分析。
一、选举制度俄罗斯的选举制度主要由两个层面构成：总统选举和立法机构选举。
总统选举是俄罗斯政治体系中最重要的选举，决定着国家的最高领导人。
根据俄罗斯宪法，总统选举每六年举行一次，由全民直接选举产生。
候选人需要获得绝对多数的选票，否则将进行第二轮选举，最终胜出者成为俄罗斯总统。
立法机构选举分为国家杜马和地方立法机构选举。
国家杜马是俄罗斯最高立法机构，由全民间接选举产生。
选举采用比例代表制，政党根据获得的选票比例在国家杜马中获得相应的席位。
地方立法机构选举则根据地方政权的特点和需要，选举方式不尽相同。
俄罗斯选举制度的特点是强调政党的地位和影响力，政党在选举中扮演着重要角色。
政党必须获得一定数量的选民签名方可参选，这有助于筛选候选人的同时，也加强了政党在选举中的组织能力和竞争力。
二、权力分配在俄罗斯政府权力分配方面，总统权力较为集中，但也受制约于其他政治力量和机构的监督。
总统拥有决定国家政策、任命政府成员、组织安全机构等重要职权，然而宪法规定了总统权力的一些限制，并设立了一系列的制衡机制。
国家杜马在权力分配中起着重要角色。
虽然俄罗斯总统拥有广泛的行政权力，但大部分立法都需要得到国家杜马的批准。
国家杜马有权对政府工作进行监督，并可以提出不信任动议，限制总统权力的滥用。
此外，宪法法院在权力分配中也发挥着关键作用。
宪法法院负责审查法律和政府行政法规的合宪性，确保政府行为在法律框架内进行。
它是司法独立的象征，对权力滥用有不可忽视的制止作用。
三、影响与挑战俄罗斯选举制度和权力分配模式对政治格局产生着重要影响，同时也面临一些挑战。
首先，俄罗斯选举制度的特点加强了政党的地位，但也导致政党系统存在单一化趋势。
目前，主要政党的实力相对较强，而其他小党派的发展受限。
论俄罗斯政体
论俄罗斯政体【摘要】本文以俄罗斯政治转轨中立法机构与行政机构的关系为视角，结合俄罗斯历史文化因素，探究俄罗斯政体的形成及其特点。
俄罗斯总统制的确立是立法权和行政权权力划分矛盾激化的历史结果。
俄罗斯宪法的特点是体现宪政精神。
俄罗斯的国家权力体制以总统制为核心。
叶利钦时代后期和普京时代俄罗斯政体的完善问题成为俄罗斯政治的焦点问题。
【关键词】俄罗斯政体；立法机构；行政机构；总统制【作者简介】庞大鹏，男，中国人民大学国际关系学院博士后，研究方向为俄罗斯政治。
正文：1991年至1993年宪法确立之前，俄罗斯政体的特点是，既有苏维埃制度的遗留特征，又有纯粹三权分立民主制度特征的影子，是一种新旧体制混合政体。
在苏联解体后，立法权限的第二个阶段进入一个新的层次 (笔者认为，1990年6月12日新俄罗斯诞生到1993年俄罗斯现行宪法通过这段时期，从立法机构的权限界定角度看，俄罗斯政治转轨经历两个阶段：立法机构与俄罗斯最高苏维埃主席的权力划分；立法机构与总统的权力划分。
这两个阶段作为政权形态的演变过程，同国际法意义上苏联解体和新俄罗斯诞生在时间划分上有交叉但不完全一致：这两个阶段的划分以1991年6月12日叶利钦当选俄罗斯首届总统为分界点。
参见庞大鹏《论俄罗斯立法机构的重建》，载《俄罗斯中亚东欧研究》2003年第4期。
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这个新层次的特点是，立法机构与行政机构在重建国家宪政制度问题上产生了互相冲突。
这样的政治现实，使俄罗斯在苏联解体后不得不重新选择政体，打破原有理想色彩浓厚的权力分立模式，回归政治现实主义，从而最终确立了符合俄罗斯历史背景和文化传统的宪政制度。
这个阶段是新的政治体制在立宪层次上确立的阶段。
一、俄罗斯政体的形成1立法机构权限划分的新阶段苏联解体后，俄罗斯进入新的发展阶段。
从立法机构的权限界定角度看，俄罗斯的政治转轨经历了两个阶段，其中立法机构与总统的权力划分属于第二个阶段。
1991年6月12日叶利钦当选俄罗斯首届总统是第二个阶段的开始。
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Yeltsin campaign in 1996
• Public opinion polls
– 24% supported Zyuganov – 8% supported Yeltsin
Economic reforms
• Macro-economic stabilization
– structural adjustment
Reformist parties
• liberal democracy
– dismantle political framework of socialism – guarantee individual freedom – rul
– open and free market – property rights
• centrist parties
– “parties of power”
• communist parties
– Communist Party of the Russian Federation
• nationalist parties
– Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
• • • • cut state spending increase taxation end price controls open trade
– “shock therapy”
• all “shock” but no “therapy”
• Privatization
Centrist parties: a paradox
• CPRF
– rather stable electoral share – but unlikely to win parliamentary majority or presidency
• CPRF leader Zyuganov
– 1996 and 2000 presidential elections
• Union of Right Forces and Yabloko
Communist Party of the R.F.
Communist Party of the R.F.
• Major successor party to the CPSU
– oppose radical market reforms – oppose privatization programs – oppose Western influence
Russian political parties
• generally form around a prominent individual • are generally associated with prominent political figures
– increased political fragmentation
Transformation of party system
• Communist Party of Soviet Union used to dominate state and social institutions
– no competition for political office – no mechanism to ensure accountability – party authority couldn’t be openly questioned
• most party-like of all parties
– substantial organizational base – well-defined electoral following – large (but old) membership (~ 500,000)
Communist Party of the R.F.
• Surveys indicate that voters would favor policies and values at the political center
– e.g. social democratic party
• but no one has succeeded in creating a major, lasting centrist party
• do not have a firm social base or stable constituency • a major cleavage: economic policy
4 main categories of parties
• reformist parties
– democracy and market
• confusing array of political organizations have run candidates in elections since ’93
New political parties
• government efforts at tightening the conditions for party formation and registration
Politics in Russia
Political Parties and Elections
Important political change
• Democratization of political system
– introduction of competitive elections – shift from a single-party system to a multiparty system
– effect on small parties – effect on party coalitions
• suppress democratic representation? • bring order to a chaotic and fragmented party structure?