lecture-hydrothermal reaction
托福听力tpo69全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo69全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (2)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (7)Lecture1 (10)原文 (10)题目 (14)答案 (16)译文 (17)Section2 (19)Conversation2 (20)原文 (20)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture2 (29)原文 (29)题目 (32)答案 (36)译文 (36)Lecture3 (39)原文 (39)题目 (42)答案 (46)译文 (46)Section1Conversation1原文Student:Hi I'm Robert West,we had an appointment.University administrator:You hear about your graduation form right?I'm about to print it out.Student:Oh good,thanks,I was kind of wondering what it is all about,I mean,I’ve completed more than enough courses work to graduate.University administrator:All this is strictly routine,of course you have to finish your course work.But this form is just the administrative checklist.It's our way of making sure you don't have any unfinished university business,like unpaid tuition bills or lab fees that’s sort of thing.Student:Well,I do have an outstanding student loan,but I was told that I don't have to start paying that off yet,not until I get a job,I do have a job interview tomorrow.University administrator:well,good luck with it,but not yourloan,it's not an issue here.Let’s see,the only problem I see is um，what’s this fine for…uh,an overdue CD that you borrow from the music library.Student:Really?I…I checked it out,like three months ago,but wasn’t really for me.University administrator:Oh,you checked it out for a friend？Student:No,for a faculty member actually.We need that music for a play we produced.Uh,professor Williams was our director and I was in the show.Anyway,he’d asked me to borrow the recording from the library.University administrator:Okay,but that still doesn't explain why you didn't return it.Student:Well,he ended up with it.He says he’d return it.And I just assumed that was that.Because I never heard anything from the library.University administrator:That’s all,you used it and you know this.Student:Yeah,Oh,but I did recently move to a new apartment, maybe they did send something.University administrator:Okay,well this should’ve been done in a time in manner.But as they say better late than never,if you return the CD now,you get away with just a late time, which is a lot less than the fee to replace it.Student:Yeah,but it's totally not my fault,so now I have to track down the CD to avoid having to pay this replacement fee.University administrator:Well,yes.I mean it sounds like there was some kind of a mix-up,but the burden is still on you to settle your library account.You know it,it might be that their records are wrong,so first I suggest you go there make sure and then you might have to go talk to professor Williams.Student:Oh,I guess I have no choice.University administrator:Don't worry too much,these things always get sorted out.Student:Yeah,you’re right.It's no big thing,I should be more worried about my job,interview,then about this.University administrator:And when it’s all worked out,come back here for your paper work.题目.Why does the student go to see the woman?A.To make sure he has completed enough course work to graduateB.To find out when his student loan must be paid backC.To pick up an administrative formD.To complain about a library fine2.What is the student's problem?A.He forgot to return some library books.B.He cannot start paying off his student loan yet.C.He paid his graduation fee too late.D.He owes money to the music library.3.Who is Professor Williams?A.The head of the libraryB.The director of a play the student was inC.The student's music professorD.The person who arranged a job interview for the student4.What is the most likely reason the student did not receive the notice from the library?A.He recently moved.B.He has been out of town.C.The library just mailed it the day before.D.The library sent it to Professor Williams.5.What can be inferred about the student when he says this:University administrator:Well,yes.I mean it sounds like there was some kind of a mix-up,but the burden is still on you tosettle your library account.You know it,it might be that their records are wrong,so first I suggest you go there make sure and then you might have to go talk to professor Williams.Student:Oh,I guess I have no choice.A.He is not sure how to respond to the woman.B.He feels he has been treated unfairly.C.He wonders if there is another solution.D.He does not think the woman's suggestions will work.答案C D B A B译文1.学生：嗨！我是Robert West，我们之前有约。
水热合成时间对Cu
DOI: 10.19906/ki.JFCT.2022074水热合成时间对Cu/Ce-Zr 催化水气变换反应性能的影响康玉姝1，王丽宝1,2，李永志3，白 金1，张财顺1，刘道胜1，张 磊1,* ，高志贤1,*（1. 辽宁石油化工大学 石油化工学院, 辽宁 抚顺 113001；2. 中国石化石家庄炼化公司化工运行部, 河北 石家庄 050099；3. 沈阳市生态环境事务服务经济开发区分中心, 辽宁 沈阳 110000）摘 要：以硝酸盐为铈、锆原料，以柠檬酸代替碱类沉淀剂，固定n (Zr ∶Ce)为2∶8，采用水热法合成Ce-Zr 氧化物载体，再通过浸渍法制备Cu/Ce-Zr 催化剂。
通过XRD 、BET 、H 2-TPR 、XPS 等手段对载体和催化剂进行表征，研究水热时间对催化剂结构、性质和水气变换反应性能的影响。
结果表明，催化活性主要与Cu 比表面积、CuO 的还原温度以及催化剂表面氧空位含量有关。
其中，Cu/Ce-Zr-12催化剂的Cu 比表面积较大、CuO 的还原温度较低，催化剂表面的氧空位数量较多，表现出较好的催化活性。
在320 ℃、水气比(W ∶M )为2，体积空速GHSV=6600 h −1的反应条件下，CO 转化率为96.9%，与热力学平衡值97.1%接近。
关键词：水热法；水热时间；水气变换；CeO 2-ZrO 2固溶体中图分类号： O643 文献标识码： AEffect of hydrothermal synthesis time on the performance of Cu/Ce-Zr catalysts forcatalytic water-gas shift reactionKANG Yu-shu 1，WANG Li-bao 1,2，LI Yong-zhi 3，BAI Jin 1，ZHANG Cai-shun 1，LIU Dao-sheng 1，ZHANG Lei 1,* ，GAO Zhi-xian1,*（1. School of Petrochemical Engineering , Liaoning Petrochemical University , Fushun 113001, China ；2. Chemical Operation Department , Sinopec Shijiazhuang Refining and Chemical Company , Shijiazhuang 050099, China ；3. Shenyang Ecological and Environmental Affairs Service Economic Development Zone sub-center , Shenyang 110000, China ）Abstract: Ce-Zr oxide support was hydrothermally synthesized from metal nitrates of cerium and zirconium as the raw materials using citric acid instead of alkali precipitant, and then Cu/Ce-Zr catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method. The support and catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, BET, H 2-TPR, XPS techniques, and the effects of different hydrothermal time on the structure, properties and performance in water-gas shift reaction were investigated. The results show that the catalyst activity is mainly related to the Cu specific surface area, reduction temperature of CuO and the number of oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. Among them, the Cu/Ce-Zr catalyst with hydrothermal time of 12 h has a large Cu specific surface area, a lower reduction temperature of CuO, and a large number of oxygen vacancies, so it shows a good catalytic activity. When thereaction temperature is 320 ℃, the molar ratio of water to gas (W /M ) is 2, and the gas space velocity GHSV=6600 h −1,the CO conversion rate is 96.9%, which is close to the thermodynamic equilibrium value of 97.1%.Key words: hydrothermal method ；hydrothermal time ；water gas shift ；CeO 2-ZrO 2 solid solutionCO +H 2O ⇔CO 2+H 2氢气作为合成原料，已应用于合成氨、石油化工等各个领域[1,2]，作为21世纪最具潜能的清洁燃料，氢能具有广阔的发展前景。
大学化学03-lecture-preview
(2)(12.011 amu) %C =
(30.070 amu) = 24.022 amu x 100
30.070 amu = 79.887%
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Stoichiometry
Moles
© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stoichiometry
Formula Weight (FW)
• A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a chemical formula.
• So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2, would be
© 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stoichiometry
Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions are generally rapid reactions that produce a flame.
• Combustion reactions most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air.
Molecular Weight (MW)
• A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule.
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular weight would be
Keynote lecture
LOOKING AHEAD FROM THE PAST: THE HERITAGE OF CEMENT CHEMISTRYJ. Francis YoungProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignThe Proceedings of the International Congresses on cement chemistry document the important scientific advances in the field. This 12th congress is the latest of a line that stretches back to 1919 (see Table 1).Table 1 – International conferences on the chemistry of cementConference Place Year(1st ) General discussion London, UK 1919(2nd) International Symposium Stockholm, Sweden 19383rd International Sympsium London, UK 19524th International Symposium Washington DC, USA 19605th International Symposium Tokyo, Japan 19686th International Symposium Moscow, USSR 19767th International Congress Paris, France 19808th International Congress Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 19869th International Congress New Delhi, India 199210th International Congress Gothenburg, Sweden 199711th International Congress Durban, South Africa 200312th International Congress Montreal, Canada 2007A review of the proceedings of the successive conferences gives a comprehensive view of the development of the field. The large volume of published material in later conferences makes this a challenging task, but an extremely valuable one. I have regularly consulted many of the principal review papers and supplementary communications. In the short time available I would like to review some of the highlights of successive conferences, concentrating more on the earlier ones which may not be as widely available. This view must necessarily be subjective, reflecting my own research interests, but would be duplicated when concentrating on other topicsFirst International SymposiumThe first conference was not designated as such, but a small group of delegates from around Europe gathered in London to participate in “a general discussion” on the setting of cements and plasters. The results were published in the Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 16, pp. 1-68. Among the presentations were papers by Desch, Le Ch atelier, Klein and Rankin.The nature of the setting process was the first great debate of cement chemistry and has been reviewed in detail [1]. On the basis of his work with plaster, Le Chatelier proposedthat setting and hardening was due to the formation of small, elongated crystals of C–S–H which provides a high degree of local cohesion and strength. Michaelis, on the other hand, advanced the theory that it was caused by the d ehydration of an initial hydrogel, which was dehydrated as water was consumed by further hydration. Crystallization processes (e.g. CH) only contributed to long term hardening. These two theories, crystals versus colloids, were the subject of intense debate for about 25 years until the first international symposium in 1919. In the end a compromise was reached that there was an element of truth in both points of view. Desch [2] summed it up as follows:"I think it is very clearly established . . . . that we are dealing largely with a difference in terms; that whether one regards the jelly as a mass of extremely minute interlacing particles or not is not of very much importance. At any rate, the essential point is that in the colloidal substance the particles are extremely small, and therefore the surface forces are very important. When you come to crystals of perceptible size, such as the crystallization of sodium sulfate, the surface forces are very small relatively to the forces of cohesion. In the case of the u ltramicroscopic particles in the colloid, the surface forces are large in proportion to the forces of cohesion, and when that fact is fairly grasped it is seen that there is no great question of fact at issue between the two views." Second International Symposium19 years later the first specifically designated Symposium on the Chemistry of Cements was held in Stockholm in 1938 under the ausp ices of the Royal Swedish Institute for Engineering research and the Swedish Cement Association. The proceedings were published as a separate volume, but it was not designated as part of a series. At this meeting the we can clearly see the elements of mod ern cement chemistry emerging. Bogue [3] presented an comprehensive paper on the constitution of clinker. He discussed equilibrium crystallization, introducing the Bogue equations, as well as the issues of non-equilibrium crystallization and the formation of glass in some detail. He also provided an extended discussion on the issues of unsoundness caused by exp ansions associated with periclase, free lime and C3A.Equally authoritative was Bessey’s [4] summary of the progress that had been made in the systems CaO–Al2O3–H2O and CaO–SiO2–H2O. In the former system the major sulfate-free hydrates had been identified and characterized compositionally, whereas in the latter system the confusion around the exact nature C–S–H was very evident even though there was some progress in characterizing crystalline hydrate phases. Linking these two contributions was a paper by Bussem summarizing the contribution of the new method of x-ray diffraction to understanding the structures of both anhydrous and hydrated phases.Third International SymposiumLondon was again the site of the third International symposium, now recognized as part of the series started in 1919. The emphasis of this symposium, as judged by the number of review papers, was the composition of Portland cement and its phases (7 papers out22) and the characterization of special cements (5 papers). The compositional and structural aspects of the principal components were discussed in detail. The proposed compositional model for alite put forward by Jeffery [5] was still referenced 20 years later [6]. It should be remembered that this work, and that on the other cement compounds, predated the advent of micronanalysis, but despite this handicap the conclusions drawn were essentially confirmed by later experiment.Fourth International SymposiumAs we come closer to the present day the Proceedings become less historical and more relevant to contemporary work. For me the most significant paper in this symposium is that by Powers on the “Physical properties of cement paste” [7]. This is a condensed, yet comprehensive, version of his classical studies spanning a 15-year period. The quantitative relationships that Powers deduced from classical physical chemistry experiments, without the aid of a definitive description of the hydration reactions or the benefits of modern materials characterization techniques, have stood the test of time and, in recent years have been validated by sophisticated computer modeling.Also of note in this symposium were the contributions on hydration of the calcium silicates (Brunauer & Greenberg), hydrothermal reactions (Taylor), and kinetics of hydration (Kondo). These were the first major contributions by these leaders of the modern era. However much of the work reported at Washington was largely overshadowed by the seminal work “The Chemistry of Cements”, edited by Taylor [8] and published only two years later.Fifth International SymposiumAs a young researcher starting out in the field I desperately wanted to go to Tokyo to attend this symposium. Although that wish was not fulfilled, it was to be the catalyst to bring me to the United States when the then President of the Portland Cement Association visited New Zealand, and our laboratory, on his way back from Tokyo. The Proceedings became one of my principal reference works for many years. It ran to five volumes, reflecting the increasing amount of research being done in the field, and reported in a much larger number of supplementary papers. (This trend has further developed in later conferences.) Taken together these papers provided a sharp focus on the directions the field was taking in critical areas. There were several reports of microanalysis of cement phases, which has now become a rou tine tool in experimental work. Easily overlooked was a supplementary paper by Frohnsdorff and co-workers [9], which foreshadowed the computer simulation modelling at NIST 25 years later. Among the most thumbed principal papers in my copy of the Proceedings was the excellent review paper by Guinier and Regourd on the “Structure of Portland cement minerals”, and Taylor’s “Calcium Silicate hydrates”. Principal review papers by Schwiete and Ludwig [10] and Seligman and Greening [11], together with several supplementary papers, on the crystal structures, compositions and properties of hydrated calcium aluminates and ferrites firmly established the chemistry of the AFm phase inhydrated Portland cement pastes. It was also at Tokyo that Kondo [12] first introduced his five stages of hydration of C3S to an international audience.Another review paper that I found very influential was that by Verbeck and Helmuth [13] on the “Structure and physical properties of cement paste” . This paper was less mathematical than Powers’ contribution in Washington, but offered some intriguing insights into how C–S–H behaved under different environmental conditions. Written discussion to this paper by Feldman and Sereda unveiled their ideas about the structure of C–S–H to a major international audience for the first time. During my first years at the University of Illinois every technical meeting in the USA could guarantee hours of animated debate about the nature of C–S–H and the relative merits of the Powers-Brunauer and Feldman-Sereda models. Twenty two years later Taylor [14] suggested that the two models were not incompatible if “…..the nature of the gel porosity [in the Powers- Brunauer model] is reinterpreted ….[to assign] about one third of the gel porosity to the interlayer space, the remainder being microporosity or fine mesoporosity…..The boundary between interlayer space and micropores is ill-defined.” In recent years modern materials characterization techniques applied to the study of C–S–H have the compositional variability of this phase and elements from both models have relevance in the interpretation of experimental data.Sixth International CongressThe Proceedings of this conference were published only in Russian, which has reduced its impact upon subsequent research. The English texts of the papers were available only to delegates.Seventh International CongressThere were several interesting themes developed at Paris. For the first time the rheology of cement pastes was explored in a principal paper by Helmuth, although no commun-ications were presented on this topic. This congress also reported extensively on the many studies to link bulk paste properties with the microstructure of hardened paste and the properties of its constituent hydrates. Principal papers by Sereda, Feldman and Ramachandran and by Wittman highlighted an area of research on the properties of C–S–H that became increasingly important during the 1980s. About 40 communications were presented in this area.Recent work on the early hydration of cement compounds was a small, but important, part of this conference, beginning an intense effort over the next decade to understand how setting, early hardening and microstructure are controlled by initial hydration. Of note was the use of electron optical and analytical methods to characterize these early processes, and the first presentations by Barret and co-workers on their extensive studies on hydrating suspensions. A principal paper by Skalny and Young [15] addressed the rival hypotheses developed to explain the mechanisms of early hydration of C3S: thecontrol of the induction period by either the crystallization of calcium hydroxide or the formation of stable C–S–H. Subsequent work by Nonat and co-workers and by Gartner and Gaidis shows that the latter hypothesis is better able to explain experimental observations [16]. However, stable C–S–H and Ca(OH)2 both share the Ca–OH octahedral layer as a common structural element, so that yet again disparate viewpoints share some elements of commonality.Eight International CongressSeveral themes that were just touched upon at the preceding conference had a much higher profile in Rio. There is an increasing emphasis on the link between microstructure and properties: the paste–aggregate interface(Massazza), the microstructure of hardened cement paste (Diamond), and pore structure and its influence on transport properties (Feldman). Principal reports on all these subjects were presented together with several communications. Also, more attention was given to the chemistry and physics of deleterious reactions.Ninth International CongressAn overarching theme at this conference was the sustainable production of cements and concretes, an appropriate theme for a developing country like India with its immense challenges relating to resources, energy and infrastructure. Congress reports covered the use of low grade fuels and and combustible wastes (Alhuwalia and Page), mineralizers and modifiers during clinkering (Moir and Glasser) and energy conservation and environmental control (Sprung and Delort). For the first time we encounter commun-ications discussing silica fume and DSP cements (reactive powder concretes). MDF cements also feature and these new topics were introduced in a Con gress report by Della Roy.A principal report by Scrivener and Weiker on the “Ad vances in hydration at low, ambient and elevated temperatures” discussed for the first time results from solid state, magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the evolution of hydration products. It also reviewed the remarkable progress made in characterizing and quantifying microstructure development using a combination of electron microscopy imaging and in-situ microanalysis.Tenth and Eleventh International CongressesThe series returned to Sweden in 1997, but because of the lack of invited review papers giving a broad coverage of progress across the field, this conference has had less impact than others. Nevertheless there were some interesting contributions in submitted papers including several on the new hot topic of delayed ettringite formation.The eleventh congress took place after my retirement and I was not been able to attend the conference and have not seen the published proceedings. Thus I am not able to offer any assessments on the impact of this Congress.What will future Congresses report on?I have been asked to offer my thoughts about will be the future directions in cements research. The only thing that I can confidently predict is that my predictions are most likely to be wrong. We now understand the complex processes of hydration of cement quite well and the application of mod ern materials characterization techniques are rapidly increasing the level of detail of that understanding. However I see three important areas where progress is already being made and will continue to advance.The first area is sustainability in concrete construction and here the key is service life prediction, where we will continue to make significant progress. Designing structures for 50-year or 100-year service life is already a reality, although our approach is probably not optimal. Over the past ten years we have greatly increased our ability to probe and predict the internal conditions within hydrating concrete and to appreciate how the external conditions affect this. The relationship of pore structure to transport properties has been a major advance and I think there are similar advantages in relating C–S–H structure quantitatively to properties such as creep and shrinkage. The routine use of supplementary cementing materials, and the development of more complex ternary blends, demands this. While numerical and pixel-based modeling have become powerful predictive tools, there is a need to link these more closely to fundamental structure-property relationships. I don’t believe that simple lab-based accelerated tests for durability can ever be a successful strategy and we must employ more sophisticated model-based approaches.The ability to be able to quantify the extent to which concrete has responded to external conditions is crucial for the assessment of future life expectancy. I consider thermodynamic modeling to be key to this being done su ccessfully and that further progress should be realized reasonably quickly. However, the kinetic aspects of chemical degradation processes have been largely overlooked, as has the relationships between microstructural breakdown and kinetics.The second area is the need to reduce greenhouse gasses to try to reverse the alarming trends towards global warming that are accepted by an o verwhelming majority of the science community. Although the manufacture of cement is now one of the most thermally efficient of high temperature processes it produces large amounts of CO2 (~1 ton per ton of clinker). We will continue to see more extensive use of supplementary cementing materials to reduce the carbon footprint. I expect to see further development of modified Portland or non-Portland cements, and the pioneering of alternative manufacturing processes that sequester the evolved CO2.The third area is the evolution of controlled in situ production of concrete using field computers continually monitoring embedded sensors, which report on the progress of hydration and microstructure development. These same computers will predict the expected physical and engineering performance of the concrete for the medium and long term using computer simulation models, which have already been used to design the appropriate concrete mixture. The computer determines, as necessary, any changes to the curing regimen to bring properties back to required values for the predicted service life. There is also a fourth area that I hope will flower in the future that will allow us to harness cementitious reactions to produce high performance materials using near-ambient processing temperatures. MDF and DSP cements are early examples of this, but this strategy has yet to capture the attention of the materials science community. I believe there is enormous potential in this approach to produce materials for applications where conventional ceramics are used, but where high temperatures are not encountered, but it will up to the next generations of cement scientists to take it to another level. Whatever happens I can safely predict that the progress in the next 35 years will be as exciting, as stimulating and as challenging as in the past 35 years that it has been my privilege to enjoy.References1. RH Bogue, The Chenistry of Portland Cement, Rheinhold, 1947.2. CH Desch, Trans. Farad. Soc., 1918-19, 14 1-7.3. RH Bogue, Proc. (2nd) ISCC, pp. 59-98, Ingeniorsvetenskapsakakademien,Stockholm, 1938.4. GE Bessey, Proc. (2nd) ISCC, pp. 178-215, Ingeniorsvetenskapsakakademien,Stockholm, 1938.5. JW Jeffery, Proc. 3rd ISCC, pp. 30-55, Cement & Concr. Assoc., London, 1952.6. FM Lea, The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 3rd edn/1st Amer. edn, ChemicalPubl. Co., 1971.7. TC Powers, Proc. 4th ISCC, Vol. II, pp. 577-608, Natl. Bur. Stds, Washington DC,1962.8. HFW Taylor, ed., The Chemistry of Cements (2 vol.), Academic, 1964.9. GJC Frohnsdorf et al. Proc. 5th ISCC, Vol. II,pp. 321-7, Cement Assoc. Japan,Tokyo, 1968.10. HE Schweite, U. Ludwig, Proc. 5th ISCC, Vol. II, pp. 37-66.11. P Seligman, NR Greening, Proc. 5th ISCC, Vol. II, pp. 179-19912. R Kondo and S. Ueda, Proc. 5th ISCC, Vol. II, pp.203-247.13. G. Verbeck, RA Helmuth, Proc. 5th ICCC, Vol. III, 1-31.14. HFW Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Academic, 1990.15. JP Skalny, JF Young, Proc. 7th ICCC, Vol. I p. II-1/3, Editions Septima, parius,1980.16. E. Gartner et al. in Structure and Performance of Cements, 2nd edn., J Benstedand P Barnes, ed., Spon Press, 2002.。
应用化学专业英语及答案
黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）1.过滤2.浓缩3.结晶化4.吸附5. 蒸馏6．超临界的7.二氯甲烷8.热力学平衡9.亲电性10.表面张力11.共轭的12.酮13.平衡常数14.丙基15.丁基16.亚甲基18.环己酮19.同位素20.标准熵二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. methyl propanoate2. rate constant3. ethyl methyl ketone4. free energy5. radical intermediate6. isobutyl methyl ether7. 3-chloropropene8. primary radical9. n-propyl bromide10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons12. local magnetic fields13. tetramethylsilane14. mass to charge ratios15 phenylamine16 amide17. amine18. nucleophile19. perchlorate20. carbocation三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points）A卷【第1页共 3 页】1. We can see why benzene is stable: according to resonance theory, the more resonance forms a substance has, the more stable it is. Benzene, with two resonance forms of equal energy, is therefore more stable and less reactive than a typical alkene.2. Membranes can be defined essentially as barrier, which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. A membrane can be homogenous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure, solid or liquid, can carry a positive or negative charge or be neutral or bipolar. Transport through a membrane can be effected by convection or by diffusion of individual molecules, induced by an electric field or concentration, pressure or temperature gradient. The membrane thickness may vary from as small as 100 micron to several mms.3. The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they present enormous surface areas per unit weight.A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to have much capacity for additional binding, but further heating will drive off these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive capacity.Temperature effects on adsorption are profound, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. Graphs of the data are called isotherms. Most steps using adsorbents have little variation in temperature.A卷【第2页共 3 页】4. In the absence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds to peopene via the Markovnikov pathway to yield isopropyl bromide. In the presence of peroxides, however, the order of addition is reversed, and the product is n-propyl bromide; the addition in this case is said to be anti-Markovnikov. This is interpreted in terms of initiation of the addition reaction by bromine atom, rather than by a proton, as is the case for electrophilic addition.四、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese（20 points）1．Benzene and its derivatives can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid. The temperature must be controlled to prevent more than one nitro-group going in.2. Benzene can be made to react with halogen derivatives using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. This is called a Friedel-Crafts reaction.can be sulphonated by reacting it with fuming sulphuric acid(oleum). The benzene reacts with sulphur trioxide in the oleum.benzene is converted into ethylbenzene by reacting it with ethene. The ethylbenzene (also called styrene) is used to make polystyrene.黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷参考答案及评分标准考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）2. concentrate 4. adsorption chlorideequilibriumtensionconstant14. propylmagneticresonanceentropy二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. 丙酸甲酯2. 速率常数3. 甲乙酮4. 自有能5. 自由基中间体6. 异丁基甲醚7. 3-氯丙烯8. 伯自由基9. 正丙基溴化10. 键能11.循环电子12. 局部电磁场13. 四甲基硅烷14. 质荷比15.苯胺16.氨基化合物17.胺18亲核试剂19.高氯酸盐20.碳正离子三、Translation the following into chinese （50 points）1．依据共振理论，物质具有的共振式越多就越稳定。
chapter 8-2013,4,18--4,22
Second Law of Thermodynamics
•The universe is composed of the system and the surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe increases for spontaneous processes.
Example: entropy change for a reaction
A decrease in the number of gaseous molecules leads to a decrease in the entropy of the system. When the NO(g) and O2(g) in (a) react to form the NO2(g) in (b), the number of gaseous molecules decreases. The atoms have fewer degrees of freedom because of the formation of the new N—O bonds, and the entropy decreases. Entropy change for a reaction.
In general: Sgas> Sliquid > Ssolid • In general, entropy increases when
– – – – Gases are formed from liquids and solids. Liquids or solutions are formed from solids. The number of gas molecules increases. The number of moles increases.
水热法合成在可见光照射下具有高催化活性的纳米TiO_2催化剂_英文_
A rticle ID :0253-9837(2004)12-0925-03C ommu nication :925~927Received date :2004-08-23. First author :TANG Peisong,male,born in 1975,PhD student.Correspondin g author :HONG Zhanglian.Tel/Fax:(0571)87951234;E -mail:hong zhanglian@.Fou ndation item :Supported by the Education Department of Zhejiang Province (20030625),SRF for ROCS,SEM (2003-14)and the Na -tional Natural Science Foundation of China (50272059).Preparation of Nanosized TiO 2Catalyst with High Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light Irradiation by Hydrothermal MethodTANG Peisong,HONG Zhanglian,ZHOU Shifeng,FAN Xianping,WANG Minquan(Dep ar tment of Mater ials Science and Engineer ing ,Zhej iang U niver sity ,H angz hou 310027,China)Key words:nanosize,titania,photocatalysis,hydro thermal method,visible light C LC number:O643 Document code :AT he semiconductor T iO 2is the most important photocatalyst for the degradation of pollutants.Anatase T iO 2has a large band gap of 3 2eV that re -quires powerful UV light to initiate the photocataly tic reactions.Many modification methods such as metal ion doping,composite semiconductors and metal layer modification have been used to extend the light ab -sorption of the catalyst to the v isible lig ht region buthave little effect [1~4].Surface sensitization withdyes [5]is not practical in application as most dyes sel-fdegrade easily.Therefore,the preparation of TiO 2w ith good w avelength response in the visible light re -g ion and high photocatalytic activity for pollutant degradation using natural sunlight is an important g oal in TiO 2photocatalysis.In this paper,the nanosized T iO 2catalyst with high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradia -tion was prepared by the hy drothermal method [6]w ith acetone as the solvent.A high pressure reactor (WH F -0 25L,Weihai Reactor Ltd.,China )and analytical reagent grade tetrabutyl titanate,acetone and alcohol were used.The hydrothermal reaction w as carried out at 240 for 6h at a heating rate of about 2 /min.The T iO 2pow ders were taken out from the cooled reactor and w ashed 4times w ith alco -hol,and dried at 50 for 24h in a vacuum dryer.T he dried powders were calcined at 180,250and 365 for 2h,respectively,and samples TiO 2-1,T iO 2-2and T iO 2-3were obtained.T he TiO 2samples were characterized by XRD,T EM and UV -Vis spectroscopy on an XD -98X -ray diffractometer,a JEM -200CX electron microscopeand a Lambda 20U V -Vis spectrometer,respectively.Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS)were measured by PELA -1020w ith an integrating sphere accessory in a Lambda 900U V -Vis spectrometer.The photo -catalytic experiments w ere carried out in a sel-f assem -bled instrument w ith a metal halog en lamp (HQI -BT ,400W/D,OSRAM ,German)as the irradiation source.In a 50ml g lass cup,20mg TiO 2and 10ml methyl orange solution (20mg/L)w ere mixed and dispersed by ultrasonic treatm ent for 5m in follow ed by 30m in irradiation w ith a JB450filter (Shanghai Optical Glass Corp.,China)that transmits visible lig ht of w avelength above 450nm.UV -Vis spectra of the upper transparent solution w ere measured after centrifugation.The photocatalytic efficiency w as ca-lculated using the absorption intensity of the standard methyl orange solution at 464nm.Our test revealed that the adsorption amount of methyl orange on the surface of TiO 2-3in darkness w as about 2%,w hich is within the measurement error of the degradation ef -ficiency and would not affect the result of the pho -catalytic efficiency.The removal rate of COD Cr was determined w ith potassium dichromate. The physico -chemical properties and photo -catalytic efficiencies of different T iO 2samples are list -ed in Table 1.It can be seen that TiO 2-1and TiO 2-2show ed high photocatalytic efficiencies of about 99%and 90%,respectively,under visible light illumina -tion ( 450nm),w hile T iO 2-3and P25gave very low degradation rate.The reduction of the COD Cr value for TiO 2-1was above 90%,w hich was m uch higher than that for commercial P25.All the pre -第25卷第12期催 化 学 报2004年12月Vol.25No.12Chinese Jour nal of CatalysisDecember 2004pared TiO 2sam ples could deg rade methyl orange com -pletely under direct visible light irradiation w ithin 10min.Even T iO 2-3w ith a low deg radation rate undervisible light could fully deg rade methyl orange,andits photocatalytic efficiency w as hig her than that of P25.T able 1 Physico -chemical properties and photocatalytic efficiencies for methyl orange degradation of different TiO 2s amplesCatalyst T reatment condition Crystal type Average grain size (nm)M ass loss at 120~500 (%)Reflection ratio at 500nm (%)Degradati on rate(%)T i O 2-1180 ,2h pure anatase 10 3.6521.399 1T i O 2-2250 ,2h pure anatase 10 2.3739.690 3T i O 2-3365 ,2hpure anatase 110.3290.416 2P25*80%anatase+20%rutile300.6094.38 3*Commerical pow der,Degussa Ltd.Fig 1 DRS spectra of d ifferent TiO 2samples (1)T iO 2-1,(2)TiO 2-2,(3)T iO 2-3,(4)P25As show n in Table 1,all the prepared TiO 2sam -ples had sim ilar crystal phase and average grain size,but their mass loss at 120~500 w as different.T here ex isted difference in DRS behaviors of different T iO 2samples.The reflection ratios of TiO 2-1,T iO 2-2,T iO 2-3and P25at 500nm w ere 21 3%,39 6%,90 4%and 94 3%,respectively.Fig 1show s the DRS spectra of different T iO 2samples.In the v isible light reg ion,T iO 2-1and TiO 2-2had similar DRS spectra w ith a low reflection ratio.How ever,both T iO 2-3and P25showed a high reflection ratio.In g eneral,the sum of transmittance,reflectance and absorbance is about 100%[7]when light irradiates a solid surface.The transmittance could be neglected in the T iO 2samples,which had a thickness of about 4mm for the DRS measurements.Therefore,a hig h reflectance in the DRS spectra meant a low ab -sorbance for the TiO 2catalyst.The results imply that the v isible light absorption of TiO 2-1and TiO 2-2w as higher than that of either TiO 2-3or P25.It is inter -esting that w ith the decrease in mass loss at 120~500,the absorbility and the photocatalytic degradationefficiency of T iO 2decreased.Fig 2 TG -DT A cu rves of TiO 2-1Generally,the crystal structure and grain size are the tw o key factors affecting TiO 2photocatalytic activity.Nevertheless,the difference in photocatalyt -ic efficiency of TiO 2-1,TiO 2-2and T iO 2-3under vis -ible light cannot be explained by either the crystal type or grain size.Fig 2show s TG -DTA curves of TiO 2-1.The mass loss at 120~500 on the TG curve corresponded to the exotherm ic peaks at 185,276and 377 on the DTA curve.The mass loss and ex othermic peaks were likely the result of the desorp -tion and oxidation of adsorbed organic materials on the TiO 2surface [8].Thus,we suggest that the high degradation efficiency should orig inate from the ad -sorbed organic materials.The function,kind and amount of these organic materials are still not clear at present,but they are very im portant and need to be clarified.One possibility is that they have a similar role to surface sensitization dyes w hich have high ab -926催 化 学 报第25卷sorption for visible lig ht.The high absorption under v isible lig ht irradiation,which is in good agreement w ith the high visible lig ht degradation efficiency,may be due to an appropriate amount of adsorbed or -g anic materials for both T iO 2-1and T iO 2-2.As for T iO 2-3,most of the surface organic residues desorbed after treatment at high tem perature,thus the ab -sorbance for visible light absorption and the degrada -tion efficiency under visible light dropped to a low v alue comparable to that of P25.T he adsorbed organ -ic materials are thermally stable under 250 heat treatm ent (TiO 2-2)w hile most of the dyes are easilydecomposed and have no surface sensitization effect after such a hig h temperature treatment process. In summary,nanosized TiO 2catalyst with ad -sorbed organic material residues on its surface synthe -sized by the acetone hydrothermal method showed high photocatalytic efficiency and good thermal stabi-lity under visible light irradiation.This nanosized T iO 2pow der is a prom ising photocatalyst for use un -der sunlight irradiation.References1 L insebig ler A L,Lu G Q ,Y ates T Jr.Chem Rev ,1995,95(3):7352 Asahi R,M orikawa T ,Ohw aki T ,Aoki K,T aga Y.Sci -ence ,2001,293(5528):2693 K han S U M ,A-l Shahr y M ,Ingler W B Jr.Science ,2002,297(27):22434 Z hao W,M a W H,Chen Ch Ch,Zhao J C.J A m Chem Soc ,2004,126(15):47825 R amakrishna G ,Ghosh H N.J Phy Chem B ,2001,105(29):70006 Wu M M ,L ong J B,Huang A H ,Luo Y J,Feng S H,Xu R R.L angmuir ,1999,15(26):88227 F ang R Ch.Spectrosco py of Solids (In Chinese).Hefei:Press U niv Sci T echnol China,2001.1-58 Deng X Y ,Cui Z L,Du F L ,Peng Ch.Wuj i Cailiao X ue -bao (Chin J I norg M ater ),2001,16(6):1089水热法合成在可见光照射下具有高催化活性的纳米TiO 2催化剂唐培松, 洪樟连*, 周时凤, 樊先平, 王民权(浙江大学材料与科学工程系,浙江杭州310027)摘要:以丙酮为溶剂,采用水热法在240 合成了表面吸附有机物的纳米T iO 2粉体光催化剂,并采用XR D,T EM ,U V -V is 和DRS 等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,合成的纳米T iO 2催化剂在可见光激发下具有良好的光催化降解甲基橙的性能和较好的热稳定性.经180,250和365 热处理后,催化剂的晶型和尺寸没有变化,但催化剂表面吸附的有机物发生了明显变化.催化剂表面吸附的有机物、可见光波段的光响应性能和可见光下催化降解甲基橙的效率之间存在良好的关联性,催化剂表面吸附适量的有机物可提高纳米T iO 2催化剂在可见光波段的光响应性能,从而提高其在可见光照射下催化降解甲基橙的性能.关键词:纳米,二氧化钛,光催化,水热法,可见光(Ed YHM)927第12期唐培松等:水热法合成在可见光照射下具有高催化活性的纳米T iO 2催化剂。
哈佛大学高等有机化学讲义Lecture11
(2) CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS/CYCLOREVERSION REACTIONS:
A cycloaddition reaction is the union of two smaller, independent pi systems. Sigma bonds are created at the expense of pi bonds. A cycloaddition can occur in an intramolecular sense, but it must be between two independent pi systems. Cycloaddition reactions are referred to as [m + n] additions when a system of m conjugated atoms combines with a system of n conjugated atoms. A cycloreversion is simply the reverse of a cycloaddition. Examples:
s Woodward-Hoffmann Theory R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1970. s Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory I. Fleming, Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, John-Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976. s Dewar-Zimmerman Theory T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1987. s General Reference R. E. Lehr and A. P. Marchand, Orbital Symmetry: A Problem Solving Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
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How to make a supercritical fluid?
超临界水的性质
• 在超临界点条件 (374℃， 22.1MPa以上 ) ，水的性质不同于标准状态 Nhomakorabea的性质：
• 密度 g/cm3 静介电常数 电离常数 (kmol/kg)2 粘度 cp 374℃，22.1MPa 0.15 2 10-23 0.03 标准状态 1.0 80 10-14 1.0
Solvothermal synthesis at temperatures of less than 260
oC
is
routinely carried by us using Teflon-lined steel autoclaves. In order to utilise more extreme conditions, more heavily-engineered apparatus is necessary.
Development of hydrothermal processing
A hydrothermal reaction cell, for the collection of neutron diffraction
data from reacting mixtures of solids and liquids.
NaA沸石 NaS沸石
基本类型
4. 离子交换反应：沸石阳离子交换；硬水的软 化、长石中的离子交换；高岭石、白云母、 温石棉的OH-交换为F-。 从籽晶培养大单晶。
• SiO2 单晶的生长，反应条件为 0.5mol/L-NaOH ，温度梯度 410～300C，压力120MPa，生长速率1～2mm/d； • 若 在 反 应 介 质 0.25mol/L-Na2CO3 中 ， 则 温 度 梯 度 410 ～
5. 单晶培育：在高温高压水热和溶剂热条件下，
370C，装满度为70％，生长速率1～2.5mm/d
基本类型
6. 脱水反应：在一定温度一定压力下物质脱水 结晶的反应。
Mg(OH )2 SiO2 温石棉
7. 分解反应：在水热和溶剂热条件下分解化合 物得到结晶的反应。
350 ~370 C ,8~ 23MPa
Hydrothermal reactor
水热、溶剂热合成体系示意图
密封结构 釜体 压力，温度 溶剂 无机分子物种（反应物） 合成添加剂 晶核、产物
9
水热、溶剂热合成中的反应釜
Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O体 系
合成效率提高 两个数量级
方钠石
Duncan E. Akporiaye, et al.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, No. 5
醇盐水解等
13. 烧结反应：在水热和溶剂热条件下，实现烧 结的反应。
制备含有OH-、F-、S2-等挥发性物质的陶瓷材料
基本类型
14. 反应烧结：在水热和溶剂热条件下同时进行 化学反应和烧结反应。
氧化铬、单斜氧化锆、氧化铝－氧化锆复合体制备
15. 水热热压反应：在水热和溶剂热条件下，材 料固化与复合材料的生成反应
• These mild, solvent-mediated, reaction conditions have allowed access to many novel materials with important applications.
• Good examples include zeolites and other microporous materials used in gas separation and shape-selective catalysis, and layered cathode (阴极) materials for use in efficient rechargeable batteries.
水热和溶剂热合成与固相合成反应的差别
• 反应性
• 反应性主要反映在反应机理上：
（1）固相反应，主要以界面扩散为主 （2）水热和溶剂热反应，以液相反应为主 • 反应机制不同导致不同机构的生成 • 即使生成了相同的结构也可能由于最初生成机理的 差异而为合成材料引入不同的“基因”，如液相条 件下生成完美晶体
Hydrothermal chemistry is currently one of the principal methods of synthesis for the preparation of new inorganic materials. The hydrothermal method involves the heating of solid and liquid reagents with a suitable solvent (usually water) in a sealed vessel at temperatures of up to 250C.
• 超临界水是指温度和压力均高于其临界点的稠密流体，
• 在此条件下水具有许多独特的性质：如有机物和氧气、 氮气以及二氧化碳等气体可与超临界水完全互溶
What is supercritical fluid?
Here we can see the seperate phases of carbon dioxide. The meniscus is easily observed
• • • 实验温度高达1000 C，压强高达0.3GPa 制备无机物的单晶 值得指出的是，有的单晶是无法用其它晶体制备方法得到的： 如CrO2的水热合成
超临界水
与标准状态水相比具有一些特殊性质，水中的氢键几
乎不存在。因此，超临界水具有极低的介电常数和良 好的扩散、传递性能，从而具有很好的溶剂化特征。 • 临界点：374℃，22.1MPa
特点
4. 水热和溶剂热的低温、等压、溶液条件，有利于 生长极少缺陷、取向好、完美的晶体，且合成产 物结晶度以及易于控制产物晶体的粒度；
5. 由于易于调节水热和溶剂热条件下的环境气氛，
因而有利于低价态、中间态以及特殊价态化合物 的生成，并能均匀地进行掺杂。
History of hydrothermal synthesis
9. 氧化反应：金属和高温高压的纯水、水溶液、 有机溶剂得到新氧化物、配合物、金属有机 化合物的反应；超临界的全氧化物反应。
Cr H 2O Cr2 O3 H 2 Zr H 2O ZrO2 H 2 Me nL MeLn( Me 金属离子, L＝有机配体)
基本类型
10. 沉淀反应：在水热和溶剂热条件下生成沉淀 得到新化合物的反应。
Hydrothermal reaction and solvothermal reactions 水热与溶剂热合成
南京工业大学 材料学院 徐玲玲
Hydrothermal reaction and solvothermal reactions
• 水热与溶剂热合成是指在一定温度 （ 100 ～ 1000C ）和压强（ 1 ～ 100MPa ） 条件下利用溶液中物质化学反应所进行 的合成。 • 水热合成化学侧重于研究水热合成条件 下物质的反应性、合成规律以及合成产 物的结构与性质。
With an increase in temperature the meniscus begins to diminish
Increasing the temperature further causes the gas and liquid densities to become more similar. The meniscus is less easily observed but still evident
• 超临界水是非协同、非极性溶剂
高温加压下水热反应的三个特征
1. 使重要离子间的反应加速 2. 使水解反应加剧 3. 使其氧化还原电势发生明显变化
作为溶剂时水的性质
在高温高压水热体系中，水的性质将产生变化
• 蒸气压变高
• 密度变低 • 表面张力变低 • 粘度变低 • 离子积变高
hydrothermal
• Although elevated temperatures are used and pressure is generated in the sealed container, the conditions are much less severe than the traditional ceramic methods of solid-state chemistry.
FeTiO3 KOH K 2O nTiO2 n 4,6
基本类型
2. 热处理反应：利用水热和溶剂热条件处理一 般晶体而得到具有特定性能晶体的反应；
人工氟石棉 人工氟云母
3. 转晶反应：利用水热和溶剂热条件下物质热 力学和动力学稳定性差异进行的反应； 长石 高岭石
橄榄石 蛇纹石
特点
1. 研究体系一般处于非理想平衡状态，因此采用非平 衡热力学研究合成化学问题； • 在高温高压下，水或其他溶剂处于临界或超临界状 态，反应活性提高； • 物质在溶剂中的物性和化学反应性能均有很大改变，
因此溶剂热化学反应大异于常态；
特点
2. 由于水热与溶剂热化学的可操作性和可调变性，因 此将成为衔接合成化学和合成材料的物理性质之间 的桥梁；
Once the critical temperature and pressure have been reached the two distinct phases of liquid and gas are no longer visible. The meniscus can no longer be seen. One homogenous phase called the "supercritical fluid" phase occurs which shows properties of both liquids and gases