高级英语修辞手法
高级英语修辞手法高级英语》中的修辞手法 (2019-06-16 16:46:24)转载▼标签：教育分类：班内资源Figures of SpeechFigures of speech are forms of expression that depart from nor-mal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.In everyday speech and writing and in literature the chief func-tions of figures of speech are probably to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify. They are used to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples, to stimulate thought by startling the reader or listener, to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to orna-ment. Figures of speech exist in almost endless variety and many are closely related or intricately overlap, hence no completely satisfacto-ry system of classification has ever been devised. The following may be considered one of the serviceableclassifications of the present1. Figures of resemblance or relationship. These are the most important, interesting, and frequent figures of speech.2. Figures of emphasis or understatement. The chief function of these is to draw attention to an idea.3. Figures of sound.4. Verbal games and gymnastics. Some of these are rare and minor figures. 1.Figures of resemblance or relationship1) Simile: a figure that involves an expressed comparison, almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as". The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. a) As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far county. (Proverb)b) The water lay gray and wrinkled like an elephant' s skin. (Nancy Hale)c) My very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves. (Joseph Conrad)2) Metaphor: The substitution of one thing for another, or theidentification of two things from different ranges of thought. It is often loosely defined as "an implied compari-son," "a simile without 'like' or 'as'". Metaphor is con-sidered by many the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest and the most beautiful. a) Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.b) The town was stormed after a long siege.c) Snow clothes the ground.d) He swam bravely against the tide of popular applause. A note of warning:Avoid mixing figures of speech.a) This is not the time to throw up the sponge, when the enemy, already weakened and divided, are on the run to a new defensive position, (mixed metaphor; a mixture of prize—ring and battlefield)b) There is every indication that Nigeria will be a tower of strength and will forge ahead, (mixed metaphor; a mixture of a fortress and a ship)3) Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sen-sibility. There are threechief kinds of personifications:a) That produced by the use of adjectives.the blushing rose! the thirsty groundb) That produced by the use of verbs.the kettle sings; the waves dancedc) That produced by the use of nouns.the smiles of spring! the whisper of leaves4) Metonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. a) The pen is mightier than the sword. (Here you have the instrument (pen or sword) as a name for the people wielding it.)b) Gray hairs should be respected, (the symbol (gray hair) as a name forthe persons (old people) symbolized) c) He is too fond of the bottle. ( = Heis too fond of drink-ing! the container (wine bottle) as a name for the thing (wine) contained)d)I have never read Li Bai. (the poet (Li Bai) as a name for the thing made (poems written by Li Bai))5) Synecdoche: commonly, the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in "hands" for "men who do manual labour", "a fleet of 50 sails" for "a fleet of 50 ships". But various other such substitutions are also included in the term.a) Have you any coppers? ( = Have you any money?) (coppers stand for coins of low value made of copper or bronze (here it is the naming of the material (copper) for the thing made (coin))b) He is a poor creature, (the naming of the genus for the species)c) He is the Newton of this century, (the naming of an individual for a class)Note: Synecdoche can easily be mistaken for metonymy.6) Antonomasia: the term for some common figurative uses of namesa) the use of an epithet or title in place of a namehis majesty for a king or the name of the kinghis honor for a judge or the name of the judgethe Boss for the name of the employerb) the use of a proper name instead of a common noun a Judas (Judas was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ who betrayed Jesus) for a traitor a Quisling (Norwegian fascist politician who led a puppet regime during the German occupation of Norway, later ex-ecuted for treason) for a traitor.c) He is our Gorky. Gorky, (famous Russian writer) for a famous writer.Note: cf. synecdoche. There is a certain degree of overlap-ping here.7) Euphemism: the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeable, as in the use of " pass away or pass on" for "die", "misinform" for "lie" in "the gentleman is misinformed", " remains" for a "corpse' , "visiting the necessary" for "going to the toilet", etc.2. Figures of emphasis or understatement1) Hyperbole: a conscious exaggeration for the sake of empha-sis, not intended to be understood literally. a) The wave ran mountain high.b) America laughed with Mark Twain.c) His speech brought the house down.d) All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.2) litotes: a form of understatement which gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively.a) This in no small accomplishment. (It means this is an accomplishment of considerable magnitude.)b) The German fleet was not an unworthy opponent. (It means the German fleet was a formidable opponent.) c) This is not at all unpleasant. (It means it is quite pleasant.)3) Antithesis: the setting of contrasting phrases opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis thea) The quest for righteousness is Oriental, the quest for knowledge, Occidental. (Sir William Osier)b) Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. (Mark Twain)c) A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy his crimes.d) The convention bought time! it could not bring settle-ment.e) Its failures became a part of history but its successes held the clue to a better international order.4) Paradox: a statement that appears to be logically con-tradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which is to provoke fresh thought.a) One man' s terrorist is another man' s freedom fighter.b) A lover of peace emerged as a magnificent leader of war.c) My life closed twice before its close. (Emily Dickinson) (meaning two truly eventful things occurred in her life before that life ceased)5) Oxymoron: a kind of paradox or antithesis that links to-gether two sharply contrasting terms, as "cheerful pes-simist", "the wisest fool in Christendom", "living deaths", "freezing fires", "glorious defeat", etc.6) Epigram: a short, pithy statement in verse or prose, usually with a touch of wit, often antitheticala) Conscience is the inner voice that warns us that some- one may be looking. (H. L. Mencken) b) Necessity is the mother of invention.c) The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth)(the intended meaning is that the actions of a boy in-dicate what kind of a man he is likely to become)d)Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes.Note: There may be some overlapping of an epigram and a paradox.7) Apostroph: the turning away from the subject and the addressing of an absent person or a personified object or abstraction. The shift is both emotional and dignified, therefore most appropriate in serious and stately contexts. a) "You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!"( Shakespeare, King Lear)b) "Envy, be silent and attend! " (Pope)c) "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour' Eng-land hath need of thee."(Wordsworth)(Milton, famous English revolutionary and poet, who wrote "Paradise Lost . John Milton lived and wrote in the 17th century and the English romantic poet, William Wordsworth in the 18th and 19th cen-turies. )8) Rhetorical Question: a question neither requiring nor in-tended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. The assumption is that only one answer is possible.a) Was I not at the scene of the crime? (Lesson 2)b) O WindIf Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Shelley: Ode to the West Wind.)9) Irony: the expression of actual intent in words that car-ry the opposite meaning. It is an effective literary device because it gives the impression of great restraint.a) ... until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century (Lesson 10)b) He was my friend, faithful and just to me:But Brutus says he was ambitious!And Brutus is an honourable man .(Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)(Antony here is saying just the opposite. He means that Brutus is not honourable, he is a murderer. )10) Sarcasm: a cutting remark, a verbal sneer. Sarcasm pretends to disguise its meaning, but does not intend to be misunderstood.a) "Oh, you're really a great friend, aren't you?" (addressed to one who won' t lend the speaker 5 Yuan)c) Where's y' go for it, man—Jamaica? (Lesson 16) (Hopkins's cutting remark to McNair, the custodian, for not being quick enough with the rum. Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean, world famous for its rum.)11) Satire: It generally refers to a piece of literary work— prose, poetry or drama—and generally not to a single sentence. It uses ridicule to expose and to judge be- haviour or ideas that the satirist finds foolish, or wicked, or both; Swift's "A Modest Proposal" is a piece of satire.12) Ridicule: instance of being made fun ofa) They'll be wanderin' in any time now, sir,—with Old Grape'n" Guts leadin' the pack. (Lesson 16)b) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by hisson ... Tom Stewart. (Lesson 10) c) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (Lesson 10)13) Innuendo: hinting or implying a thing without plainly saying ita) I do not consult physicians! for I hope to die without them, (meaning they are more trouble than help) b) During the last five years my cook has several times been sober, (meaning that he is always drunk)14) Parody: using the words, thought, or style of an au-thor, but by aslight change adapting them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject', the imita-tion or exaggeration of traits of style so as to make them appear ludicrousa) Britannia rues the waves (Lesson 13)(parodying a well-known line, "Britannia Rules the Waves", of the famous British navy song "Rule, Britannia" (see note 1 of Lesson 13)b) ... or will the game be played according to the usu-al industrial rules: from each according to his ability, to each according to his investment (parodying a Marxist saying: from each according to his ability, to each according to his need).15) Climax: arrangement of phrases or sentences in as-cending order of importancea) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon• Of Studies)b) Empire offered a few men a source of profit, many men a sense ofmission and, to the anonymous everyman of Europe's slums, a sense of pride.16) Anti-climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anticlimax is usually comic in effect.a) The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.b) Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters. (Lesson 2)c) The Kaiser was forced to flee to Holland where he lived out his remaining 23 years, " unwept, unhonored, and unhung."3. Figures of sound.1) Alliteration : the use in a phrase or sentence of words beginning with the same letter or sound. Alliteration should be used only when the writer makes a strong e-motional response to his subject.a) We felt strong, smug, secure.(Bailey: The American Pageant )b) Colonel Mueller neither forgives nor forgets.( Sheldon: The other Side of Midnight)c) They pay in taxes needed in part to finance Medi-care and Medicaid. (Time, May 28, 1979) d) Millions depend for their bread and butter on FBI's smile or its scowl. (Cook: The FBI Nobody Knows) e) The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.(Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner )a) a deep green streamb) I arise from dreams of theeIn the first sweet sleep of night (Shelley: The Indian Serenade)c) the rain in Spain falls on the plain ( My Fair Lady )3) Onomatopoeia: the use of words that, when pro-nounced, suggest their meaning, such as " hiss or "buzz". In poetry it involves suiting sound to sense and thereby creating verses that carry their meaning in their sound. a) The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees,( Tennyson: The Princess )b) The ice was all around: It cracked and growled, and roared and howled. (Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)4. Verbal games and gymnastics .1) Transferred epithet: the transference of an adjec-tive to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate, a) Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights,b) throwin'g a reassuring arm round my shoulder (Lesson 10)c) Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland. (Lesson 14)2) Pun: a play on words based on similarity of sound and sharp differencein meaning.a) One shop announced: Darwin Is Right—Inside. (Les-son 10)b) Seven days without water make one weak ( = week) .c) If we don' t hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately. (Lesson16)d) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a graveman. ( Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet)还有我搜集的一些，有些有重复的，一并发给大家，需要的自己整理一下好了！RHETORICMetonymyMetonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be anattribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name.She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.He took to the bottle....little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirtI thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactMetonymy can be derived from various sources:a. Names of personsUncle Sam: the USALu Xun: all the books written by himI am recently reading Lu Xun.b. Animalsthe bear: the Soviet unionthe dragon: the Chinesec. Parts of the bodyheart: feelings and emotionsgrey hair: old aged. Profession:the press: newspapers, reporters etc.He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.the bar: the legal professione. Location of government, business etc.Downing Street: the British Governmentthe White House: the US president and his governmentthe Capital Hill: US CongressWall Street: US financial circlesHollywood: American film-making industryJust as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from MEN's MUSCLES and enormously expandedproductivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from HUMAN BRAIN and thereby expanding the minds capacities...SynecdocheSynecdoche (ti yu) has often been confused with Metonymy, and sometimes even treated synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involve substitution. The distinction lies in the fact that while metonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another, synecdoche involves the substitution of the Part for the WHOLE orvice versa.a. Part for the Whole:...eat your humble BREAD and CHEESE...All HANDS on deck.All of a sudden, I saw a SAIL in the distance....eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...cf: metonymytake over from HUMAN MUSCLES and assume burdens of drudgery from the HUMAN BRAINb. Whole for the Part:China beat Japan at the game.He cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.c. The species for the genus or vice versaAlas, that Spring should vanish with the ROSE! (flowers in general)What a tricky CREATURE he is! (man)d. Name of material for the thing madeShe was dressed in silks and satins....eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...Antonomasia (huan cheng)1. the substitution of another designation for a common obvious, or normal one,a. the use of an official title or an epithet in place of a proper namea有两种，同样是用另外一个指称来代替一个普通明白的，或标准的说法，但第一是实指，因此给了Judge Doe，即用“大人”代替“张（或王、李等）法官”，有如用“先生”、“阁下”指代“张省长”，“邱首相”等，his honour for Judge Doehis / her majesty: king or queenyour honour / highness / mightiness而第二种是虚指，因此没有给姓氏，也没有大写，如用“首席行政长官”来代替“总统”，用“首长”，“中央领导”来代替“市长”，“省长”或“部长”“副总理”等。
高级英语修辞手法汇总
高英修辞Lesson 11. Wind and rain now wiped the house. ----metaphor(暗喻)2. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ----simile (明喻)3. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. -----simile4. …it seized a 600,00 gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ----personification(拟人)5. Rcihelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. ---- …the6. We can batten down and ride it out. -----metaphor7. Everybody out the back door to the cars!—ellipsis (省略)8. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. -----simile9. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-----transferred epithet移就10. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads----metaphor; simile Lesson 41.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operativeventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a power full challenge at odds and split asunder.—antithesis2.Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.—regression (回环:A-B-C)3.All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—allusion 引典; climax递进4. And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.—antithesis, regression回环5.We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. ----parallelism6.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike….—alliteration7.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. ----parallelism; alliteration8.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. ----antithesis对句9.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot savethe few who are rich. -----antithesis10. …to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. ---repetition11. And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion…----metaphor12. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us -----antithesis13.And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.-----metaphor14. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. -----extended metaphor15. …to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak…----metaphor16.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds -----parallelismLesson101.The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young: memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy, of the brave denunciation of Puritan morality, and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road; questions about thenaughty, jazzy parties, the flask-toting”sheik”, and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the “flapper”and the “drug-store cowboy”.—transferred epithet2. Second, in the United States it was reluctantly realized by some—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphor3.War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor4.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitation our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which, after the shooting was over, were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth century society.—metaphor5.The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States, and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens, and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhatby the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt, our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymy6.Their energies had been whipped up and their naive destroyed by the war and now, in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country, they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had “made the world safe for democracy”.—metaphor7.After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and”Puritanical”gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers, and to give all to art, love, and sensation.—metonymy synecdoche8. Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation, who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss, now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor9.These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things, but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where”they do thingsbetter.”—personification, metonymy ,synecdoche。
高级英语修辞总结
Rhetorical Devices一、明喻simile是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现;常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等,例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇;2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me likea spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去;3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动,好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的;二、隐喻metaphor这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的;1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来;2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心;三、Allusion暗引其特点是不注明来源和出处,一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组,将其融合编织在作者的话语中;引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等;英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等;例如：1、Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点;Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士;除了脚踵处,他身上其他地方刀枪不入;2、The project is an economic albatross from the start.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题;Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁,它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后,全船陷入灾难中;四、提喻synecdoche又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象;例如：1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的;句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”巨大的牺牲2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”……他说这是世界上最美的语言;这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”;3、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the . team.很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘;这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”;五、转喻/借代metonymy是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种;1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们;“word”在这里代替了“news, information”消息、信息2、Al spoke with his eyes, “yes”.艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”;“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”;六、拟人personification这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一;1、Necessity is the mother of invention.需要乃是发明之母;2、She is the favoured child of Fortune她是幸运之宠儿;两句中名词mother和child通常用于人,而这里分别用于无生命的名词invention 和Fortune,使这两个词拟人化了;七、夸张hyperbole这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果;1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了;2、When I told our father about this, his heart burst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来;3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动;八、Understatement: 含蓄陈述It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.1、 It is no laughing matter.九、双关语pun是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果;Napoleon was astonished. ”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both,sir”cried the Swede proudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役;十、讽刺irony是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果;Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子;店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已;十一、Euphemism委婉修辞法就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来;这在汉语中叫委婉语;例如：用sanitation engineer替代garbage man清洁工用the disadvantaged替代the poor穷人用industrial action替代strike罢工十二、Transferred epithet移就/转类形容词是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词;这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似;例如：The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.用"疑惑"修饰限定"钦佩"医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情;十三、矛盾修辞法Oxymoron用两种不相调和,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,在矛盾中寻求哲理,以便收到奇警的修辞效果,这就是矛盾修辞法,用这种方法,语言精炼简洁,富有哲理,并产生强大的逻辑力量,产生一种出人意料,引人入胜的效果;例如：in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos混乱 and proud humility侮辱.十四、仿拟Parody根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语,临时更换其中的某个部分,造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句,在保持其原句不变的情况下,更换其中部分词语,这种修辞方式叫仿拟;1、To lie or not to lie-the doctor's dilemma撒谎还是不撒谎——医生的难题看到这个标题,我们不禁想起莎翁戏剧Hamlet中那个永远也解不透的句子“To be or not to be, that is the question”;显然,文章的题目由此模仿而来,给人印象深刻;2、Lady hermits who are down but not out穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们文中的down but not out 源于down and out,原是拳击比赛的术语,后来喻指穷困潦倒的人;十五、Antithesis 对句、平行对照它是把意义相反或相对的语言单位排列在平行、对称的结构里,以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感;Antithesis 有两个特点:一是语义上的对照性,二是结构上的对称性;因此, 该辞格可看作是Parallelism平行与Contrast 对照的结合,故译作“平行对照”;体现Antithesis 的语言单位可分为两个层次,即词语和句子, 所以又将Antithesis 译为“对语”、“对句”;英语Antithesis 形式整齐对称,音律节奏铿锵,内容既适于反衬对照,又适于重复强调,在形、音、义各方面都具有鲜明的修辞功能;Antithesis 的使用能揭示事物的矛盾性,对照的语句往往说得巧妙机智,寓意深刻,蕴含着某种人生的哲理或真谛,常见于英语谚语、名言、演说及文学作品中;例如: 1、Knowledge makes humble , ignorance makes proud. Proverb有知使人谦卑, 无知使人骄矜;2、A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities ; an optimist is onewho makes opportunities of his difficulties.悲观的人把机会变成困难; 乐观的人将困难化为机会;3、Ask not what your country can do for you —ask what you can do for your country. John Kennedy: Inaugural Address不要问国家能为你们做些什么,而要问你们能为国家做些什么;上述两个例句体现了一种特殊的Antithesis ,句中同样采用“交错配列法”,用词巧妙,交叉重复,前后对照,含义隽永;十六、头韵法alliteration头韵是一种语音修辞方式,它指在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感;常用于文章的标题、诗歌及广告语中,简明生动,起到突出重点,加深印象,平衡节奏,宣泄感情的作用;How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.十七、拟声onomatopoeia是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力;1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着;2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀;十八、Epigram: 警句It states a simple truth pithily有利地 and pungently强烈地. It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling., save the poor, feel for the poor.十九、Climax: 渐进It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.came, I saw, I conquered.二十、Chiasmus回文、交错法两个排比结构中第二个所用的修辞上的倒装She went to Paris; to New York went he.二十一、Paradox似非而是的隽语这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法消极修辞Passive Rhetoric Techniques 和积极修辞Active~积极修辞Active Rhetoric Techniques有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧;常见分类如下：1．词义修辞格Lexical Stylistic Devicesmetaphor比喻, metonymy借代, personification拟人, irony反语, hyperbole夸张,understatement低调, euphemism委婉语, contrast对照, oxymoron矛盾修辞法,transferred epithet移就, pun双关, parody仿拟, paradox隽语2．结构修辞格Syntactical Stylistic Devicesrepetition反复, , chiasmus回文, parallelism平行结构, antithesis对句, rhetoric question设问, anticlimax突降,climax 渐进3．音韵修辞格Phonetic Stylistic Devicesalliteration头韵, onomatopoeia拟声高级英语第五册修辞1. Allusion:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until that day… none shall be afraid. a biblical allusion: the 1ion and the lamb shall lie down together; every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraidL5-64: We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak… An implied allusion to Robin Hood, whose trysting place was undera huge oak tree in Sherwood Forest.L5-138: I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. L10-8: Overnight… surreal episodes…a sword of Damocles2. Parody:L10-25: Is our democracy… of libertyThis is a parody of a line in Patrick Henry’s speech: “Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery ”3. Metonymy:L4-1: No demand was made upon the family purse. “purse” stands for moneyL4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. Butcher’s bills stand for meat bought from a butcher.L5-23: She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions. But 1 was not one to let my heart rule my head. to let my heart rule my head: Metonymy. “Heart”stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” for “reason and good sense”.L5-105: …surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation. X-rays stand for X-rays photographsL10-2: Anthrax panic… chambers “Congress” stands for its members4. Synecdoche:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall… a mighty stream.city hall the naming of a part to mean the whole. Here, the naming of the building for thegovernmentL4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. bread and butter: This set phrase means food and the mostimportant and basic things.5. Transferred epithet:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls… the forces of justice. the tragic wallsL5-40: I said with a mysterious wink… the wink was not mysteriousL7-6: our bare upper bodies touching and shining with anticipatory sweat In “anticipatory sweat”, the adjective “anticipatory “ is atransferred epithet.L7-25: He kept coming, bringing the rank sharp violence of stale sweat. the rank sharp violence: Logically rank and sharp modify “stale sweat”, not “violence”.6. Oxymoron:L12-16: And any man or woman… chalice of Fame. willingly drinking the poisoned chalice7. Hyperbole:L5-5: It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. exaggerating for effectL5-50: …he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. It’s an exaggeration to describe his longing for the coat as “mad lust”L5-135: You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.L5-135: I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.8. Understatement or litotes:L5-61: This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first 1 was tempted to give her back to Petey. no small dimensions9. Contrast:L3-22: A contrast is made between old Shanghai and Shanghai in the 1990s.L8-3: While Oppenheimer was interrupting…. had invented the subject. an implied contrastL10-25: How do we… poiseparanoia vs. poise10. Antithesis:L1-5: As long as. . . can never be free. mind vs. body, enslaved vs. freeL1-5: Psychological freedom. . . physical slavery. psychological freedom vs. physical slaveryL1-7: …love is identified…denial of love 1ove vs. power, a resignation of power vs. denial of loveL1-19: For through violence…but you can’t murder hate. You may murder a murderer but you can’t murder murder.L1-25: outer city of wealth and comfort vs. inner city of poverty and despair; wealth vs. poverty economic;comfort vs. despairmood, psychologydark yesterdays vs. bright tomorrows;segregated schools vs. integrated educationon the basis of the content of their character vs. on the basis of the color of their skincontentsubstance vs. color superficialcharacterfundamental vs. skin outward appearanceL1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow.dark yesterday VS. bright tomorrowL5-27: It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.beautiful dumb vs. ugly smartL5-50: Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.Desire waxing vs. resolution waningL5-153: Look at me—a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Petey—a knot-head, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.Brilliant, intellectual and assured vs. knot-head, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from”11. Epigram:L1-20: He who hates… ultimate reality.12. Paradox:L1-18: Without recognizing this…that don’t explain.paralleled paradoxes: solutions that don’t solveanswers that don’t answerexplanations that don’t explainL1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow. to make a way out of no way13. Chiasmus:L1-9: It is precisely this collision… of our times. immoral power vs. powerless moralityL6-6: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.14. Anaphora:L1-25: let us be dissatisfied…15. Onomatopoeia:L3-14: click。
高级英语修辞手法simile
1、生动形象的Simile （明喻）英语辞格simile （明喻）是一种最简单、最常用的修辞方法，也是运用最为广泛的一种修辞手段。
在文学作品中尤其如此。
《文学词汇词典》（A Dictionary of Literary Terms）对明喻是这样定义的：A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.这个定义对明喻的界定既有权威性又有普遍性，许多论述英语修辞的书籍或文章在讲到明喻时，其叙述都没有超出这个概念。
根据定义，明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有 as（如）， like（像）， seem（似乎）， as if （好像）， as though（好像）， such as（像……一样）等。
其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as…as B”。
Simile在英语中应用得很广泛，用以状物、写景、抒情、喻理，可收到生动形象，简单明了，新鲜有趣的修辞效果。
先看引自《大学英语·精读》（笔者按：系指董亚芬总主编的大学英语系列教材(College English)中的《精读（Intensive Reading 1-6册）》[修订本]，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
下同）中的几个例子。
The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. （Book 1, Unit 3）支票像只断了翅膀的小鸟似的飘落在地板上。
高级英语第四版第二课修辞
高级英语第四版第二课修辞摘要：一、引言二、高级英语第四版第二课修辞概述三、课程内容提要1.比喻2.明喻和暗喻3.提喻4.拟人5.反讽6.排比四、修辞手法在英语写作中的应用五、总结与反思正文：【引言】高级英语课程旨在帮助学生提高英语水平，使他们能够熟练地运用英语进行沟通和表达。
在第四版第二课中，我们学习了修辞这一重要主题。
修辞是一种通过语言手段，使表达更加生动、形象和具有感染力的方法。
本篇文章将概括介绍课程中的修辞内容。
【高级英语第四版第二课修辞概述】修辞是一种艺术，通过运用特定的语言技巧，使文本更加吸引人、有趣和易于理解。
在高级英语第四版第二课中，我们学习了多种修辞手法，包括比喻、明喻和暗喻、提喻、拟人、反讽和排比等。
这些修辞手法可以帮助我们更有效地传达思想和感情。
【课程内容提要】1.比喻：比喻是通过将一个事物与另一个事物相比较，从而形象地表达出某种特性的修辞手法。
例如：“时间是金钱。
”2.明喻和暗喻：明喻是直接比较两个事物，而暗喻则是通过暗示进行比较。
例如：“她的眼睛是星星。
”（明喻）和“她是个睡美人。
”（暗喻）3.提喻：提喻是通过部分代表整体或通过整体代表部分的修辞手法。
例如：“杯水车薪。
”4.拟人：拟人是一种赋予非人类事物人类特征的修辞手法。
例如：“月亮害羞地躲在云朵后面。
”5.反讽：反讽是通过表达与字面意义相反的意义，从而产生幽默或讽刺效果的修辞手法。
例如：“祝你度过一个美好的时光。
”（用于分手场景）6.排比：排比是通过重复相同或类似的结构，以强调某个观点或情感的修辞手法。
例如：“生命在于运动，健康在于运动，美丽在于运动。
”【修辞手法在英语写作中的应用】在英语写作中，运用修辞手法可以使文章更具表现力和吸引力。
例如，使用比喻可以使抽象概念更具体化，使用拟人可以让描述更生动有趣。
恰当运用修辞手法有助于作者更好地传达思想和情感，同时也能让读者在阅读过程中获得愉悦。
【总结与反思】通过学习高级英语第四版第二课中的修辞内容，我们了解了多种修辞手法及其在英语写作中的应用。
高级英语修辞
高级英语修辞
高级英语修辞是指在语言运用中使用更加复杂、精细和富有表现力的修辞手法，以达到更高的艺术效果和言语魅力。
以下是一些常见的高级英语修辞手法：
1. 比喻：用一个事物来形容另外一个事物，从而表现出它们之间的相似性。
2. 拟人：将非人的事物拟人化，赋予其人类的行为和品质，以表现出更加生动的形象。
3. 排比：采用连结词将一系列相似的词语或短语排列起来，以强调它们之间的关系。
4. 反复句：在句子中重复使用相同的词组或结构，以强调其中的某个关键点，从而达到增强语言表现力的目的。
5. 借代：用一个字来代替另一个字或一组字，以达到一定的修辞目的。
6. 比较修辞：通过比较来突出某一个方面的特点或优越性。
7. 省略：在句子中省略一些词语或语法结构，以增强句子的简洁度和艺术感染力。
这些技巧可以有助于你在英语写作和口语中达到更高的表达能力。
高级英语修辞
1.生动形象的Simile(明喻)英语词格simile（明喻）是一种最简单、最常用的修辞方法，也是运用最为广泛的一种修辞手段。
在此文学作品中尤其如此。
《文学词典》（A Dictionary of Literary Terms）对明喻是这样定义的：A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as toclarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as oppose to the metaphor where comparison is implicit) recognizable by the use of words ―like‖ or ―as‖.这个定义对明喻的界定既有权威性又有普遍性，许多论述英语修辞的书籍或文章在讲到明喻时，其叙述都没有超出这个概念。
根据定义，明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是大比方，既把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词语另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有as(如), like(像), seem(似乎), as if(好像), as though(好像), such as(像…..一样)等。
其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as…as B”。
Simile在英语中应用的很广泛，用以状、写景、抒情、喻理，可收到生动形象、简明明了、新鲜有趣的修辞效果。
先看引自《大学英语精读》（College English, 董亚芬总主编，下同）中的几个例子。
The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.(College English, Book 1, Unit 3)支票像只断了翅膀的小鸟似的飘落在地板上。
高级英语修辞手法ppt课件
Example of synedoche
If I had some wheels, I'd put on my best threads and ask for Jane's hand in marriage.
The term is often loosely defined as “an implied comparison”, “a simile without ‘like’ or ‘as’”.
E.g. Life is a yo-yo. It's a series of ups and downs. The town was stormed after a long siege.
Version 1:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted mateiral. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
Paraphrase
What is a “paraphrase”?
“the re-expression of sth written or said in different words, esp. words that are easier to understand” ——Longman’s Dictionary of Contemporary English
高级英语中的修辞手法总结带课文中例句
高级英语中的修辞手法总结带课文中例句
高级英语中常见的修辞手法包括：
1. 隐喻（Metaphor）：隐喻是一种不直接说明事物，而是通过比较或比喻来暗示某一事物的修辞手法。
例如，“爱情是一座城堡，每个人都在寻找自己的归属”（隐喻，将爱情比喻为城堡）。
2. 反讽（Irony）：反讽是一种表面说一套，实际上表达的却是与字面意思
相反的修辞手法。
例如，“我很喜欢去健身房锻炼，只是我的床喜欢把我困住”（反讽，表达的是作者不想去健身房）。
3. 排比（Parallelism）：排比是一种通过使用结构相似的句式来表达相近
或相同意思的修辞手法。
例如，“他跳得高，跑得快，游得远”（排比，强调他各方面都很优秀）。
4. 拟人（Personification）：拟人是一种将非人类事物赋予人类特性的修辞手法。
例如，“月亮害羞地躲进了云层里”（拟人，将月亮人格化）。
5. 夸张（Hyperbole）：夸张是一种通过夸大或缩小事物来表达强烈情感的修辞手法。
例如，“他高兴得像中了彩票一样”（夸张，强调他非常高兴）。
以上是高级英语中常见的修辞手法及例句，希望对你有所帮助。
高级英语修辞格汇总
高级英语修辞格汇总一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird .―can I have these old quilts?‖③Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④At last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe isan easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）Antonomasia换称指专有名词和普通名词之间的互替，有背景的专有名词在换称中的专有名词的背景来自三种渊源：宗教，古代及当代的历史和文学。
高级英语修辞手法总结归纳
高级英语修辞手法总结归纳修辞是语言使用中的重要技巧，通过巧妙运用各种修辞手法，能使语言表达更为生动、有力或富有韵味。
以下是对常见的高级英语修辞手法的总结归纳：一、隐喻与明喻隐喻是将一个词或短语用来暗示另一个事物，而明喻则是直接将一个事物与另一个事物进行比较。
例如，“他像一只狮子一样勇猛”（明喻）和“爱情是一座城堡”（隐喻）。
二、拟人及拟物拟人是赋予非生物或抽象事物以人的特性，而拟物则是赋予人或动物以非生物的特性。
例如，“河流唱着轻快的歌曲”（拟人）和“他的怒火如野兽般狂暴”（拟物）。
三、排比与对偶排比是将三个或以上结构相似、意义相近的词、短语或句子并列使用，以增强语势。
对偶则是将意义相对或相反的词、短语或句子进行对比，以突出主题。
例如，“生命在于运动，死亡在于静止”（对偶）和“他跨越了山岭，穿越了沙漠，走过了平原”（排比）。
四、反复与交错反复是将相同的词、短语或句子重复使用，以强调某种情感或主题。
交错则是将不同的词、短语或句子相互交替使用，以达到特定的表达效果。
例如，“永远、永远、永远不要放弃”（反复）和“是与否，对与错”（交错）。
五、借代与提喻借代是用一个事物的某一部分来代替整体或其他部分，而提喻则是用整体来代替某一部分或用类属来代替个体。
例如，“我要用笔墨写下永恒”（借代）和“人是一本书”（提喻）。
六、反讽与戏谑反讽是通过说反话或正话反说来达到讽刺的效果，戏谑则是用幽默诙谐的语言来戏弄或嘲笑某人或某事。
例如，“他是一个天生的傻瓜”（反讽）和“爱情是人生的蜜糖”（戏谑）。
七、矛盾修辞法矛盾修辞法是将相互矛盾的概念或形象结合在一起，以引起读者的思考或表达复杂的情感。
例如，“孤独的狂欢”，“死亡的生命”。
八、头韵与脚韵头韵是使用相同或相似的音韵开头，脚韵是使用相同或相似的音韵结尾。
例如，“美丽的美女”（头韵）和“生活是一首歌”（脚韵）。
九、夸张与弱化夸张是通过夸大事实或形象来强调某种情感或主题，弱化则是通过缩小事实或形象来淡化某种情感或主题。