初中被动语态详细讲解

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语法专练---被动语态

一、语态概述

我吃了一个苹果,那现在苹果怎样了?苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句,英语中的被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。例如:Many people speak En glish.

谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people 来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people. 主语English 是动词speak的承受者。

例如:He opened the door. 他开了门。(主动句)The door was opened. 门被开了。(被动句)二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“ be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。

及物动词---本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾。

不及物动词---本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词。

人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时:am/ is / are + eaten 一般过去时was/ were + eate n

一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be + eate n 过去将来时:would/should/be goi ng to be +

eate n

现在进行时:am/ is / are being + eaten 过去进行时was/ were being + eate n

现在完成时:have/ has bee n + eate n 过去完成时:had bee n + eate n

歌诀是:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如:some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This book was published in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。(没有必要或说出出版者)

(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。

例如:The window was broken by mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by Lunxun. 这本书是他写的。

Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8 小时睡眠必须得至U保证。

歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。

(3)为了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be +过去分词)

(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:

All the people laughed at him. ——He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory. ----The bikes are made by them in the factory.

歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由"情态动词+ be +过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动

语态后“ to ”仍要保留。歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be 加“过分”。例如:

we can repair this watch in two days. --This watch can be repaired in two days.

We must finish this work soon. --This work must be done soon.

六、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.

(1)时态保持一致。I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired.

(2)谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。

His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend.

(3)主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy//get 用for; 动词

give//send/lend/take 用to)

Vivian gave me a book. (双宾语,人间物直,me 为间接宾语,a book 为直接宾语)

-- I was given a book by Vivian.

--A book was given to me by Vivian. (直接宾语提前时,要在间接宾语前加介词)

(4)主动语态若有复合宾语,(即句子结构为主+及物动词+宾+宾补),将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,

宾补不变。They call him Louis. --He is called Louis.

(5)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

(6)主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb 做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to,

feel 等变成被动语态时,后面的不定式需要加上to.

Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. --He was made to wash the dishes.

(7)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

(8)非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

(9)It is said that+ 从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型"It + be +过去分词+ that从句”或"主语+ be +过去分词+ to do sth. ”。有:

It is said that … 据说,It is reported that …据报道,It is believed that …大家相信,It is hoped

that …大家希望,It is well known that …众所周知,It is thought that …大家认为,It is suggested that … 据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (= The boy is said to have passed

the national exam. )

七、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1、(1). 英语中有很多动词如break ,catch ,clean ,drive ,lock ,open,sell ,read ,write ,wash 等,

当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义, 主语通常是物。

例This kind of cloth washes well. 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

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